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Eukaryotes

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_______ are hard to kill because they are too similar to our cells

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Fungi

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there are >100,000 species of ______, but only 20 are pathogenic to humans.

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Mushrooms

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Fungi Characteristics:_______ have a very common shape that we are familiar with.

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Yeasts

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Fungi Characteristics:
_______ are single celled and oval shaped.

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Molds

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Fungi Characteristics:
_____ are filamentous or hyphiae. A mass of hyphiae is knwon as MYCELIUM.

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Dimorphism

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Fungi Characteristics:
-depends on the enviroment
Yeast <----> Mold
-yeast at body temp.
-mold at room temp.
***MOST FUNGI PATHOGENS ARE THIS!

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Mildly Acidic

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Fungi Nutrition:
To grow, Fungi prefer a ____ ____ environment.

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Osmotic Pressure

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Fungi Nutrition:
Fungi tend to resist ______ _____. This is a factor of it's cell wall.

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Increased salt, Increased Sugar, & H2O.

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Fungi Nutrition:
Fungi can tolerate ___(1)___, ___(2)___, ___(3)___. This is a factor of it's cell wall.

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Low

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Fungi Nutrition:
Fungi can grow in ___ moisture. This is a factor of it's cell wall.

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Degredative Enzymes

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Fungi Nutrition:
They tend to secrete ______ _____ to absorb nutrients. Pathogens do this but to break down cells. There are a wide range of these abilities.

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Chitin

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The fungi cell wall is composed typically of ______; a very protective, highly supportive, hard to break down substance.

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Ergosterol

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In place of our Cholesterol, Fungi have ________ in their Cell Membranes.

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TRUE.

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True or False:
Fungi have the same phospholipid bilayer and proteins in their Cell Membrane.

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80S.

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Like our Ribosomes (site of protein synthesis), Fungi have ____. Because of this the Ribosomes should be the target of antibiotics only in a LAST CASE SCENARIO.

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Cell Wall

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Fungi Treatment Targets:
-We target this to block Chitin synthesis, as it is not made in the human body.

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Ergosterol

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Fungi Treatment Targets:
-We attack the synthesis of ______ or block the incorporation of it into the cell membrane.

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Toxin Synthesis

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Fungi Treatment Targets:
In many cases, ______ ______ is the problem being caused by the Fungi.
They can be:
-Aflatoxins(Neurotoxins): where a pin prick amount is deadly
-Ergot
-Psychotrohpic Agents that cause hallucinations.

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Growth, Form, and Type of Infection

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Fungi are classified by these three things:
(1) ______
(2) ______
(3) _____ __ _______.

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Yeast

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_____ are single celled Fungi that may have capsules. If they have capsules, they are much more pathogenic.
-Cryptococcus neoformans is an example.

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Budding

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Yeast reproduce by _______.

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Mold

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_____ are Fungi that have hyphae/mycelium, rapid growth, and reproduce asexually.

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Superficial Mycosis/Mycoses

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are fungi that infect the surface of skin or hair.

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Cuatneous and subcutaneous mycoses

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are fungi that infect nails and deep layers of skin

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Zycomycota

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Fungi that are not pathogenic

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Saprobes

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Zycomycota that get nutrients from dead things.

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Ascomycota

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Fungi that are plant pathogens (rust, powdering mildew)
-they cause food spoilage
-used to produce antibiotics ex. penicillin.

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Mycology

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_______ is the study of Fungi

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--mycota

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and time you see --____ at the end of the word it is FUNGI!

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Basidiomycota

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______ are decomposers; mushrooms that can attack and kill the liver
-Cryptococcus

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Deuteromycota

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____ are known as the "imperfect fungi" because they can not sexually reproduce.

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Lichen

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green, dual partnership.
hypahl fungus + cyanobacterium or algae =
______.
--they are photosynthetic

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Protozoa

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these are:
-eukaryotic
-unicellular
-lack a cell wall
-free living, so they need NO host
-potential parasites of humans and animals
-prevalent in tropical/subtropical regions
-typically motile via flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia
-various sizes
-require a moist environment

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Protozoa

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Nutrient sources of a _______: typically bacteria, decaying organic material, other _____, or host tissue.

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Trophozoites

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Life forms of a protozoa:-motile form where it is actively feeding and requires a lot of moisture and food.
-***this stage typically causes infection

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Cysts

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Life forms of a protozoa:
-dormant stage when decreased water and food are in the environment.
-may be airborne
-infective form must be inhaled/ingested, then goes back to trophozoic stage.

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(1) Intracellular
(2) Extracelular

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If parasites have the ability to cause disease, they may be ___(1)___ or ___(2)___.

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Archaezoa

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Classes of Eukaryotes: -have no mitochondria
-have mitosomes (remnant of mitochondria)
-spindle shaped, point at one end.
**2 or more flagella at anterior end (head)
ex. Tricomonas vaginalis
Giardia intesinalis

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Mitosomes

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remnants of a true mitochondria

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Microspora

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Classes of Eukaryotes:
-have NO mitochondria
-have no microtubules, which make cilia and flagella in a eukary.
-are obligate intracellular parasites
-can have a cyst stage

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obligate intracellular parasites

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________ _______ _______ must have a host cell to move.
Ex. Microspora

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Ciliophora

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Classes of Eukaryotes:
______ use cilia for motility
-have 2 nuclei
-ex. Balantidium coli

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__________ & _______

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Ciliophora parasites have 2 nuclei, they are: ________ & ________.

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Euglenozoa

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Classes of Eukaryotes:
-are free living forms of parasites that have flagella

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Hemoflagellates

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Classes of Eukaryotes:
-are blood parasites that are typically transmitted by blood sucking insects. They have longs slender bodies and undulating membranes.

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True

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True or False: Bug transmissions have no cyst stage because they always have a host.

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Amoebozoa

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Classes of Eukaryotes:
-amoebas. Move by pseudopodia

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Apicomplexa

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Classes of Eukaryotes:
-are transmitted by insects

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Plasmodium

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Classes of Eukaryotes:
a form of Apicomplexa transmitted by mosquitoes.

types:
vivax
ovale
faciparum (nastiest)
malariae

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Babesia

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Classes of Eukaryotes:
a form of Apicomplexa that are transmitted by ticks.
-these infect RBCs
ex. Toxoplasma gondii
-dangerous to pregnant women cuz of the litter box.

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Helmiths

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Classes of Eukaryotes:
______ are multicellular parasitic worms.

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Egg/Larvae

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In worms, the _____ or ____ stage is infective.

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Egg -> Larvae -> Adult -> Egg

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Life cycle of a Helmith

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Multiple

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Helmiths require _______ hosts.

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Larval

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Helmiths use intermediate hosts during the _______ stage.

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Adult

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Helmiths use definitive hosts during the _______ stage.

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Dioecious

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______ means that there are separate sexes. In this case, male and female worms.

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Monoecious

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______ means that worm is hermaphroditic. Both Male/female parts.

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True.

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True or False: Hermaphroditic worms have both parts but still require another worm to mate.

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Worms

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This is how ________ are grouped:
-shape (flat/round)
-size
-degree of organ development
*nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system etc.
-presence of HOOKS, SUCKERS OR BARBS

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Platyhelmith

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Another word for a flatworm is _________.

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Nematode

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Another name for a round worm is a _________.

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Hooks, Suckers, & Barbs

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The 3 ways of worm to host attachment are: ___(1)___, ___(2)___, ___(3)___

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Trematodes

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Platyhelminths/Flatworms:-these are also known as flukes.
-They are leaf shaped
-have oral and ventral suckers.

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Flukes

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_____ are named for the organ the infect.
Ex. liver ____ or lung ____.

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Cestrodes

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Platyhelminths/Flatworms:
-these are another name for tapeworms.
-they have 3 body regions

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Cestode or Tapeworm

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3 regions on a ________:
(1) scolex: head
(2) neck: connects head to body
(3)proglottids: body; the farther away the proglottid section the older it is.

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Taeria

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Platyhelminths/Flatworms:
*********** NEED INFO FOR

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Nematodes

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Another name for a roundworm is ________.
-They are cylindrical
-They are tapered at one end
& can be Egg infectious or Larvae infectious.

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Egg Infectious
Larvae Infectious

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Nematodes can be ___(1)___ infectious or ___(2)___ infectious.

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Pinworms

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Nematodes/Roundworms:
are also known as Enterobious vermicularis.
They are HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS and cause itching of the anal area.

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Larvae

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Necatar americanus is a hookworm that is most common in America. It is a ______ infection.

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In between the toes

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Larvae penetrate the skin. Typically where at?

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Larvae infectious Nematode/roundworm

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This is the cycle of a _________________.

through the skin -> into the blood stream -> to the lungs -> cough, then swallow mucus -> into the digestive/GI tract.

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