Ethics in Counseling – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
What are the 5 principles of ethical practice?
answer
autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, and justice
question
What is autonomy?
answer
to have will or freedom to make independent choices
question
What is nonmaleficence?
answer
to do no harm and duty to avoid ineffective treatments
question
What is beneficence?
answer
benefiting our clients
question
What is justice?
answer
fairness, being impartial with our clients
question
What is fidelity?
answer
maintain the trust and confidence of our clients
question
What is mandatory ethics?
answer
letter-of-the-law level, complying with basic ethical codes; self-focused; more interested in covering all of one's bases than on the client
question
What is aspirational ethics?
answer
spirit-of-the-law; focus is on client welfare
question
What is an ethical autobiography?
answer
a way to understand our personal and professional ethics; helps new counselors to explore any preexisting beliefs or values; method of self-reflection
question
What is a counseling ethics audit?
answer
a self-exploration tool intended for practicing counselors
question
When are counselors expected to engaged in an EDM?
answer
when they are faced with ethical issues
question
What are the general steps to the EDM process?
answer
1. identify if an ethical issue exists 2. review the ethical code, rules, and laws 3. consult 4. make a decision and implement it
question
Is lack of knowledge or misunderstanding of an ethical responsibility a defense against a charge of ethical misconduct?
answer
NO
question
Parents have the right to consent to or refuse treatment unless...."
answer
they have lost parental rights
question
What are four ethical traps?
answer
commonsense objectivity, values, circumstantiality, who will benefit
question
Which ethical trap is the belief that if the solution makes sense, then it is right?
answer
commonsense objectivity trap
question
Which ethical trap has to do with distinct differences between our personal and professional values?
answer
the values trap
question
Which ethical trap is the idea that there can never be a right or wrong response to an ethical dilemma because of the circumstances under which the behavior occurred?
answer
the circumstantiality trap
question
Which ethical trap describes the implicit/explicit fact that there is a winner and loser in most ethical decisions?
answer
the who will benefit trap
question
What are some ways we can avoid ethical traps?
answer
by avoiding rationalizations that skew our thinking
question
What do we do when we suspect another counselor of unethical behavior?
answer
determine if an ethical issue exists at all, try to informally resolve the issue
question
Why is continuing education necessary?
answer
helps counselors to stay informed and keep up-to-date
question
What do you do if informal resolution with a colleague is unsuccessful?
answer
report the ethical violation to the state board, credentialing body, or committee
question
When should ethical violations be reported?
answer
when there is a potential for substantial harm to come to a client and if the matter was not able to be resolved informally
question
What do counselors do when there is a conflict between ethics and the law?
answer
make known their commitment to the ACA Code of Ethics - if no resolution can be made, the counselor adheres to the law or other regulations
question
What do ethical autobiographies help you to do?
answer
takes you beyond memorizing the code and places your understanding of morals and values within the code
question
When does ethical decision-making occur?
answer
when counselors are faced with a dilemma and must develop a solution
question
What types of ethical decision-making models are there?
answer
theory-based, practice-based, cultural-based, and speciality-based
question
What are examples of theory-based EDMs?
answer
Kitchener's ethical justification model, Betan's hermeneutic model, and Jordan and Meara's virtue ethics
question
What does Kitchener's Ethical Justification Model say?
answer
it addresses autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice in ethical decision-making
question
What does Betan's Hermeneutic Model say?
answer
highlights the differences that counselors bring in the process of making decisions; counselors interpret things differently; counselors are a PART of the ethical decision; need to acknowledge the gray areas; counselors are required to engage in ongoing self-exploration
question
What does Jordan and Meara's Virtue Ethics Model say?
answer
should not focus on what the counselor should do; should focus on whom the counselor should BE
question
What are the practice-based models?
answer
Sileo & Kopala's ABCDE Worksheet; Corey, Corey, Corey, & Callahan; Forester-Miller and Davis; Tarvydas Integrative Decision-Making Model of Ethical Behavior; and, Kocet, McCauley, and Thompson Decision Making for Student Affairs
question
What are the steps in the Sileo & Kopala Model?
answer
A - assessment B - benefit C - consequences and consultation D - duty E - education
question
What are the steps in the Corey, Corey, Corey, & Callahan Model?
answer
1. identify the problem 2. identify the potential issues involved 3. review the relevant ethical codes 4. know the applicable laws and regulations 5. obtain consultation 6. consider possible and probable courses of action 7. enumerate the consequences of various decisions 8. decide on what appears to be the best course of action
question
What are the steps in the Forester-Miller and Davis Model?
answer
1. identify the problem 2. apply the ACA Code of Ethics 3. determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma 4. generate possible courses of action 5. consider the potential consequences of all options and determine a course of action 6. evaluate the selected course of action 7. implement the course of action
question
Which EDM is recommended by the ACA?
answer
Forester-Miller and Davis Model
question
What are the steps in the Tarvydas Integrative Decision-Making Model of Ethical Behavior?
answer
1. interpreting the situation through awareness and fact-finding 2. formulating an ethical decision 3. selecting an action by weighing competing nonmoral values, personal blind sports, or prejudices 4. planning and executing the selected course of action
question
What are the steps in the Kocet, McCauley, and Thompson Ethical Decision Making for Student Affairs?
answer
1. develop an ethical worldview 2. identify the ethical dilemma or problem 3. weigh competing ethical principles 4. select relevant ethical guidelines 5. examine potential cultural and contextual issues impacting the ethical dilemma 6. investigate applicable laws, regulations, policies. 7. search for ethical, legal, and professional precedence 8. engage in collaborative consultation 9. evaluate possible consequences of actions 10. choose a course of action 11. implement the selected course of action 12. reflect on the experience as it relates to ethics
question
What are the cultural-based models?
answer
Cottone's Social Constructivism Model; and, Garcia, Cartwright, Winston, & Borzuchowska's Transcultural Integrative Model
question
What are the steps in Cottone's Model?
answer
makes relationships important 1. obtain info from all involved 2. assess the nature of the relationships involved 3. consult colleagues, experts, ethical codes, and laws 4. negotiate among the first 3 concepts to arrive at a consensual decision 5. engage in interactive reflection throughout the process
question
What are the steps in the Garcia, Cartwright, Winston, and Borzuchowska Model?
answer
1. interpret the situation through awareness and fact-finding 2. formulate an ethical decision 3. weigh competing, nonmoral values, and affirm the course of action 4. plan and execute the selected course of action
question
What are examples of speciality EDMs?
answer
Crisis Counseling and Addictions Counseling
question
What are the steps in the Crisis Counseling EDM?
answer
1. identify the ethical concern within the context of the disaster 2. consider personal self, beliefs, values, skills, and knowledge 3. identify the code of ethics involved 4. determine possible ethical traps 5. frame a preliminary response 6. consider the consequences 7. prepare an ethical resolution 8. get feedback and consultation 9. take action 10. review the outcome
question
What are the steps in Addictions Counseling EDM?
answer
1. increase ethical sensitivity 2. identify and prioritize guiding principles 3. develop an ethical plan of action 4. implement ethical action 5. evaluate the outcome
question
What should counselors do before deciding on an EDM?
answer
read through many and decide which is best for your practice
question
What is involved in an EDM?
answer
identifying key ethical issues, reviewing relevant standards from ethical codes, determining potential legal issues, consultation, reviewing literature, and weighing core ethical principles
question
How frequently are ethical codes revised?
answer
every 7-10 years
question
What is a head and heart process?
answer
a cognitive and emotional response in counselors due to ethical issues
question
What is included in the EDM process?
answer
consultation, reviewing ethical standards and laws, generating possible courses of action and reviewing the consequences of the actions; implementing an action
question
What are the steps in the Seven-Steps Ethical Assessment Screen?
answer
1. identify the relevant professional values and ethics, your personal values, and societal values 2. determine what you can do to minimize conflicts between personal, professional, and social values 3. identify alternative ethical options 4. determine which option will minimize the conflicts the most 5. decide on an action that will do the least amount of harm 6. consider and weigh long/short-term consequences 7. is the planned action impartial, generalizable, and justifiable?
question
When do we need to assess our client's cultural needs?
answer
Always
question
In what areas can counselors show cultural sensitivity?
answer
1. support network 2. informed consent 3. differing ways to view confidentiality and privacy 4. not discriminating against clients 5. diagnosis and assessment 6. inclusiveness in training, teaching and supervision 7. disability issues and with technology
question
What does the counseling relationship include?
answer
assessment, theories, techniques, communication, trust
question
What must we be comfortable with?
answer
asking clients questions to learn more about their cultural values, traditions, and beliefs; also, engaging in personal research
question
Every interaction is a ______________________ interaction.
answer
multicultural
question
What does the Counselor Value-Based Conflicts Model (CVCM) do?
answer
designed to help counselors when faced with a conflict regarding a clash in personal/professional values between themselves and a client
question
What are the 5 steps in the CVCM?
answer
1. determine the source/nature of the value conflict within the counseling relationship 2. challenges the counselor to explore the central issue (i.e. his/her personal morals, beliefs, or values) 3. seek guidance and consultation 4. determine the course of action and evaluate its appropriateness - need to evaluate if the issue is in values or competency 5. ensure the formal action promotes the dignity and welfare of the client
question
What are the different types of consultation?
answer
relational and scholarship/research
question
What is relational consultation?
answer
reaching out to a colleague, supervisor, professor, or expert to discuss the issue
question
What are the advantages of relational consultation?
answer
gives you different perspectives, helps to organize your thoughts, formal mechanism to document your EDM
question
When counselors consult, what do they share?
answer
basic and pertinent info about the case - not intimate details about the client's life
question
What is research/scholarship consultation?
answer
looking at counseling literature, reviewing journals
question
What are the advantages of research/scholarship consultation?
answer
helps us to identify practices based on empirical data, demonstrates we are using an EDM, may provide us with a deeper and richer understanding of the client's culture
question
What is relational ethics also known as?
answer
collaborative ethics
question
What values are included in "building and maintaining interpersonal attachments?"
answer
relational connection, autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence
question
What values are included in "building and maintaining expertise?"
answer
competence, humility, professional growth, openness to complexity/ambiguity, and self-awareness
question
What are the steps in the relational ethical decision-making model?
answer
1. examine role of ethics in counseling relationship 2. identify the issue 3. discuss with the client your ethical obligations 4. examine core ethical principles that are most prominent with the client 5. consider things from both the counselor's and client's POV 6. Examine boundaries in the relationship and how they are affected by the ethical issue 7. look into laws and policies 8. consult professional literature and colleagues 9. collaborate with the client possible consequences of actions 10. choose a course of action 11. implement it 12. evaluate how the decision will affect the relationship in the future
question
What is the Brief Ethical Decision-Making Model?
answer
ETHICS E - examine ethical principles T - trust H - have a conversation with the client about your ethical responsibilities I - investigate a safety plan C - Code of Ethics - review it - can it be reviewed right now with the client? S - self-reflect
question
What do counselors need to focus on in relational EDMs?
answer
the involement of the client
question
What is scientific basis for treatment?
answer
using techniques/modalities that are grounded in theory or have an empirical foundation
question
What are empirically sound interventions?
answer
ones that have been tested or proven in an experimental fashion
question
Where do counselors learn about reviewing counseling research?
answer
counselor education programs, workshops, membership in professional organizations
question
What are scientific bases for treatment, empirically based interventions, and evidence-based practices?
answer
treatments that have been shown through clinical research to produce positive outcomes; shown in 2+ studies by different researchers
question
Empirically based interventions should show __________ in symptoms.
answer
improvement
question
Why do some counselors not use empirically-based interventions?
answer
lack of creativity in manuals, empirical interventions may not fit our client's needs, some interventions may be too complex
question
What is competence?
answer
an attribute held by the counselor, and is the extent to which a therapist has the knowledge and skill required to deliver a treatment
question
What is competence based on?
answer
education, experience, and certification
question
Which ACA Division is focused on multicultural counseling competence?
answer
AMCD
question
What is one of the biggest challenges to counselor competence?
answer
impairment
question
What are types of impairment?
answer
compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, or secondary traumatic stress
question
What steps should be taken when intervening with an impaired colleague?
answer
evaluate the info, determine who the colleague should talk to, prepare for the meeting, balance empathy & compassion with clarity and facts, be prepared for the discussion, and follow up
question
What is informed consent?
answer
the client's right to be provided with enough information to make decisions about treatment
question
What does informed consent allow the client to develop?
answer
autonomy
question
What is the purpose of informed consent?
answer
to give the clients enough information to decide about counseling; to help build trust with the client
question
Informed consent is a one-time process.
answer
False
question
How is informed consent done?
answer
implementing best practices: being clear in language and paying attention to culture...should be an ongoing process, and include state/ethical codes
question
What is health literacy?
answer
ensuring your client understands his/her rights in relation to counseling
question
How do we make sure that the client understands the informed consent?
answer
ask them if they understand, invite the client to ask questions, ask them how they prefer to be told info (verbal, reading, on a screen), continuously check in and document the process, know your state statutes and ethical codes
question
Informed consent is a voluntary process.
answer
True
question
What are some important parts of consent documents?
answer
permission to seek info from other treatment professionals, consent for treatment, HIPAA compliance form, support systems and contact info, client contact info and history, intake exam, and approval to tape
question
Informed consent needs to be done with:
answer
assessment, research, supervision of a CIT, with minors or incapacitated adults, involuntary/mandatory clients
question
In assessment, what needs to be addressed in informed consent?
answer
the administration, delivery, and feedback
question
In informed consent with research, what does debriefing involve?
answer
working with the participants to process their experience in the study, discussing future steps to research, and keeping communication open and clear
question
What is assent?
answer
When clients (minors or incapacitated adults) cannot legally give consent, they can give assent, which is an agreement to treatment
question
What other components does electronic informed consent need?
answer
ensure confidentiality of all communications, include others who may have access to the info, how counseling will resume if connection is lost during a session, laws of states involved, a backup emergency contact for the client, list of appropriate referrals, defining emergency, obtain written consent for minors or incapacitated individuals
question
Who does informed consent belong to?
answer
the client
question
What is privilege?
answer
a legal concept that refers to state law granting a right to a counselor to maintain confidentiality
question
What is privileged communication?
answer
communications that are permitted to remain confidential based on who the law grants the privilege to
question
What is privacy?
answer
a legal term and refers to the client's right to nondisclosure of content that is discussed in session
question
What are the primary purposes of confidentiality?
answer
provide privacy for the client and to place control over information shared in their hands
question
What should counselors do before breaching confidentiality?
answer
consult with a colleague, implement an EDM, document all steps and the rationale behind each step
question
What must counselors do when they decide to breach confidentiality?
answer
include the client, discuss the outcomes of the breach
question
What is duty to warn?
answer
came from the Tarasoff case; warning the potential target
question
What is duty to protect?
answer
warning the intended target AND calling the police to warn them of the disclosure
question
Why should counselors not discuss private counseling matters with family or friends?
answer
they may influence our thoughts on the case, they are not qualified, this is inappropriate behavior
question
What is minimal disclosure?
answer
counselors take precautions to provide only the info that is necessary to any inquiring authority or individual
question
Who are approved recipients to minimal disclosure?
answer
judges, law officials, or specific allied health professionals
question
What should counselors do before releasing confidential information?
answer
attempt to retain a written release of info from the client prior to releasing, consult with an attorney
question
CITs need to make it known to clients that they are under supervision.
answer
True
question
When a client/counselor dies, the counselor is still responsible for confidentiality.
answer
True
question
What type of counseling setting is confidentiality not guaranteed?
answer
group counseling or FMT
question
What are 3 potential negative side effects of using client stories in research?
answer
not disguising the info well enough, effects on the counseling relationship, and the public's perception of confidentiality
question
How many methods of lock and key should counselors use to safeguard records?
answer
two
question
What are 5 types of boundaries?
answer
emotional, psychological, social, financial, and physical
question
What is a dual/multiple relationship?
answer
occurs when a counselor engages in a professional-counseling relationship with someone while also engaging in a nonprofessional relationship with that same person; holding 2+ roles with the same person at the same time
question
What is a slippery slope?
answer
once a counselor starts to blur boundaries, there is a greater chance of ethical misconduct
question
What are some steps in deciding whether to engage in a boundary extension or not?
answer
consultation, review code of ethics, review literature, reflect on motivation, examine risks/benefits of the extension
question
What are the EDM steps in relation to boundaries?
answer
1. think about your response; think about the implications on the relationship 2. review the available info 3. identify possible options 4. consult the ethics codes 5. assess the foundational ethical issues 6. identify legal issues and agency policy 7. reassess options and identify a plan 8. implement the plan and document it 9. reflect on the outcome
question
What is ethical identity or ethical idealogy?
answer
examine our motivation to act ethically
question
What should counselors take into account in regards to gifts?
answer
the therapeutic relationship, monetary value of the gift, client's motivation for giving the gift, and the counselor's motivation for wanting to accept/decline the gift
question
What are some terms used to describe counselors taking on roles outside of the counseling relationship?
answer
boundary crossings, boundary extensions, dual relationships, multiple relationships
question
What should always be at the forefront of whether or not to engage in a boundary extension?
answer
therapeutic goals and welfare of the client
question
What is required of counselors working with minors?
answer
knowledge of ethical codes, state laws, school regulations, health care, interpersonal skills, multicultural competence
question
When counseling minors, who is ethically and legally the client?
answer
Ethically - the child Legally - the parent
question
What is mandated reporting?
answer
those individuals & circumstances that require a breach of the minor's confidentiality regardless of whether the client or parents want the info released
question
What EDM is useful when working with minors?
answer
Relational Ethical Decision-Making Model
question
Must informed consent be documented in all 50 states?
answer
Yes
question
What are some occassions where minors are able to consent to treatment?
answer
over age 16 who live independently, and manage their own finances
question
What federal code protects minor's confidentiality?
answer
Title 42 of the Code of Federal Regulations Public Health
question
What settings are minors' confidentiality and consent rights different?
answer
drug/alcohol facility
question
In school settings, the counselor has to make sure the ______________________.
answer
focus remains on the student and their best interests
question
What should be practiced when determining a treatment group?
answer
minimization
question
Counselors should teach students how to?
answer
self-advocate
question
What are the cultural needs of minors?
answer
to assimilate into the culture of their peers while also pleasing their parents and their cultural values
question
Counselors should not ____ their values on their clients.
answer
impose
question
Minors have no right to ____.
answer
privileged communication
question
Why is confidentiality not guaranteed in group settings?
answer
because group members or family members may inappropriately disclose what is mentioned in counseling
question
What must you first decide when working in group settings?
answer
who the client is
question
In group counseling, who is the client?
answer
each individual is a client
question
In family counseling, who is the client?
answer
the family
question
In couples counseling, who is the client?
answer
the couple
question
What must the counselor do when role changes occur in group counseling?
answer
explain any related consequences of the role change to the client, do a new informed consent
question
What must counselors protect clients from in group settings?
answer
physical, emotional, or psychological trauma
question
Counselors cannot ______ clients into participating in group exercises.
answer
force
question
What does screening allow a counselor to do?
answer
see which clients may be inappropriate for the group, assess client fit, see who may be a problem in the group
question
What sort of client diagnosis should not be invited into a general group setting?
answer
those with personality disorders
question
What leads to best client improvement in group settings?
answer
group cohesion
question
What is a good group size?
answer
8-12 members
question
When is termination appropriate in group counseling?
answer
when the client is no longer benefiting from counseling, the client is being harmed from counseling, those who have not paid fees, or if they exhibit threatening behavior
question
Why do we have to refer clients to other counselors after termination?
answer
to avoid client abandonment or neglect charges
question
Group facilitation is a ______.
answer
speciality field
question
What is the most frequent unethical practice in group counseling?
answer
untrained leaders leading groups
question
What should counselors do when dual relationships exist?
answer
document boundary extensions
question
What is included in inadequate family training?
answer
gender bias or paradoxical directives
question
How can counselors remind group clients of confidentiality?
answer
by regularly discussing it, having group rules, having it mentioned on the sign-in sheet, or using a confidentiality contract
question
What kind of notes should counselors keep in FMT?
answer
minimal, effective notes; maintain separate notes for each family member
question
Advocacy should always include....?
answer
client education and participation
question
What are the responsibilities of counselor educators?
answer
create, implement, and supervise educational programs
question
What must be integrated within the counseling curriculum?
answer
ethics and multiculturalism
question
What is appropriate supervision from counselor educators during field experience?
answer
at least 50 minutes to an hour per week
question
How should relationships between students and faculty be kept?
answer
on a professional level
question
How frequently should CITs hear about information related to the program?
answer
multiple times
question
What do CITs have to learn about?
answer
field experience, interpersonal skills work, management of crises, diagnoses and pathology, theory and application, note-taking, self-care, treatment planning, ethical codes, and state law
question
When should orientations be held?
answer
before entering the program, prior to field placement, and about postgraduation
question
Besides teaching students, what else can orientations do?
answer
help determine student fit with the program and the profession
question
What are the responsibilities of clinical supervisors?
answer
reviewing CITs case notes, videos, or actual counseling; reminding the CIT to convey their student/supervisory status to clients, having emergency contact info
question
Why are counseling supervisors discouraged from supervising friends, romantic partners, or relatives?
answer
due to the power differential and associated displacement of judgment that may occur
question
What kind of environment should counseling supervisors create?
answer
a supportive one
question
What is a key aspect of the relationship between a supervisor and supervisee or counselor educator and student?
answer
relationships
question
How can counselors engage in self-care?
answer
exercise, yoga, relaxation, meditation; maintaining a reasonable client load, participating in supervision, having a supportive work environment; spirituality and family connections
question
What is moral turptitude?
answer
a legal concept that refers to conduct that violates or is contrary to generally acceptable standards of morality or justice
question
Who is allowed to give prescriptions?
answer
psychiatrists
question
Where are psychologists allowed to give prescriptions?
answer
New Mexico and Louisiana
question
What is dependent prescribing privileges?
answer
when a counselor, when under the oversight of a physician, is able to prescribe meds to a client
question
What are the levels of assessment?
answer
A, B, and C
question
Which two levels of assessment can a counselor do?
answer
A and B
question
What is a restricted test law?
answer
allows a state psychology board the right to establish a restricted test list, which prohibits qualified counselors from using tests that the publishers deem them able to do
question
What client populations are good for distance counseling?
answer
those living in rural areas, those without transportation, those traveling abroad, those unable to speak
question
What is the difference between ethics and the law?
answer
ethics - values and morals adopted by a code law - standards that a society accepts; has clear punishments
question
What are the 3 components of licensure for professional counselors?
answer
education, competency exam, and supervised clinical experience
question
How many jurisdictions, out of 52, have adopted the ACA Code of Ethics as their ethical standard?
answer
19
question
What are examples of professional membership organizations?
answer
ACA, ASCA, and AMHCA
question
How many divisions does the ACA have?
answer
20
question
What are a few credentialing bodies?
answer
NBCC, APT, and NAFC
question
What are 4 sanctions the ACA is able to do with an accused counselor?
answer
remediation, probation, suspension, and expulsion
question
How can counselors practice risk management?
answer
purchasing liability insurance, practicing aspirational and relational ethics, using EDMs, and staying up-to-date
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New