ethics 13 – Flashcard
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According to the principle of equality, a society that preferred women for the respected and highly paid position of financial advisor would be justified in doing so if it could be proven that women by nature were more talented in such matters than men.
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true
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The principle of equality is a nonconsequentialist moral principle.
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true
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If any group differences exist they will most probably be average differences.
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true
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According to the principle of equality, in order to treat people differently in ways that deny them significant social benefits one need only show that there are real differences between them.
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false
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Affirmative action programs presume that past discrimination and its resulting present disadvantage are relevant reasons for differential treatment.
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true
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Some types of affirmative action do not require preference to be given to members of minority groups or women.
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true
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When giving a consequentialist argument for affirmative action one need show only that these programs can have good consequences.
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false
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Arguments for affirmative action based on reasons of compensatory justice must show that compensation to members of certain groups is justified.
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true
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The U.S. Supreme Court concluded in the Bakke decision that consideration of race in school admissions was unconstitutional.
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false
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In the DeFunis ruling on affirmative action at the University of Washington School of Law in the early 1970's, it was argued that the state had a compelling state interest, which justified this program.
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true
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According to MacKinnon, hate crimes in New York City are a. Up a bit b. Down 10 % c. Up 15% d. Up 32%
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D
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National news magazines and television shows show blacks in stories about poverty about _______% of the time? a. 87 b. 62 c. 29 d. 16
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B
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Now that affirmative action has been around since the early 1960s college graduation rates are a. About the same for blacks as for whites. b. Higher for blacks than for whites. c. Slightly lower for blacks than for whites. d. Significantly lower for blacks than for whites.
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D
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How many Americans have physical disabilities? a. 43 million b. 65 million c. 27 million d. 14 million
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A
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According to MacKinnon, how many women and children are sent across borders into prostitution each year? a. 50,000 b. 200,000 c. 2,000,000 d. 5,000,000
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C
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Which amendment to the US Constitution gave black women the right to vote? a. 24th b. 19th c. 14th d. 13th
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B
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How many races have anthropologists classified? a. 3 b. 4-7 c. 17 d. 6-80
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D
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"It is unjust to treat people differently in ways that deny to some of them significant social benefits unless we can show that there is a difference between them that is relevant to the differential treatment." This quote supports the principle of a. Justice. b. Equal pay for equal work. c. Equality. d. Reverse discrimination.
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C
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Affirmative action plans must be adopted by a. All companies with over 50 employees. b. All companies that receive federal money. c. All companies that with over 1000 employees. d. All companies that have more than 50 employees and receive federal money.
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D
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If we hire people according to their sex or race, they will have less self-esteem than if they are hired on competence.
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Consequentialist considerations
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By using race or sex to favor some groups we are using an irrelevant characteristic and this is not right.
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Justice
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If programs could be designed so that they would achieve the goal of equality, then they ought to be supported.
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Consequentialist considerations
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The fact that some people because of past discrimination are now in a socially disadvantaged position is a relevant reason to treat them differently but now in ways that advantage them
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Justice
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It is not fair to prefer a woman or minority group member over a more well qualified applicant for this is to use an irrelevant difference as a basis for differential treatment.
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Justice
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We ought to make it up to those who have been victims of discrimination by giving them special consideration in hiring and admissions.
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Justice
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Simply trying to get rid of overt unjust discrimination has not had the desired effect of bringing certain groups into the mainstream, and thus more drastic measures are necessary.
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Consequentialist considerations
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Just as race or sex were wrongly used in the past to treat people differently, so also is their use just as inherently wrong in present form in preferential treatment programs.
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Justice
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We ought to realize that if we continue with programs of preferential treatment there will likely be a white male backlash and this will make it even more difficult to achieve racial or sexual equality.
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Consequentialist considerations
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If young girls and blacks, for example, have more role models in certain professions, they will be more likely to seek those positions, and if this is possible only through affirmative action programs, then we ought to support such programs
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Consequentialist considerations
