Essentials of Contemporary Management Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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Controlling
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process where managers monitor and regulate how efficiently and effectively an organization and its members are performing activities necessary to achieve goals
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Control systems
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formal target setting, monitoring, evaluation and feedback systems that provide managers with information about how well the organizations strategy and structure are working
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Feedforward control
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allows managers to anticipate problems before they arise (input stage-ex:admissions)
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Concurrent control
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Gives managers immediate feedback on how efficiently inputs are being transformed into outputs so that managers can correct problems as they arise (conversion stage ex: freshman-senior)
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Feedback control
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gives managers information about customer's reactions to goods and services so that corrective action can be taken if necessary (output stage ex: graduating class)
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Four steps in organizational control
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1) establish standards of performance, goals, or targets against which is to be evaluated 2) measure actual performance 3) compare actual performance to chosen standards of performance 4) evaluate the result and initiate corrective action if standard is not being achieved
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Output control
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- financial measures of performance -organizational goals -operating budgets
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Behavior control
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-direct supervision -management by objectives -rules and standard operating procedures
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Organizational culture/clan control
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-values -norms -socialization
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Organization-Wide Goal Setting: Corporate Level Managers
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set goals for individual divisions that will allow the organization to achieve corporate goals
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Organization-Wide Goal Setting: Divisional managers
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set goals for each function that will allow goals to be achieved
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Organization-Wide Goal Setting: Functional managers
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set goals for each individual worker that allows function to achieve goals
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Operating budgets
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blueprint that states how managers intend to allocate and use the resources they control to attain organizational goals effective and efficient
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Direct supervision
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managers who actively monitor and observe behavior while teaching what is appropriate and correct what isn't - more expensive
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Bureaucratic control
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control of behavior by means of a comprehensive system of rules and standard operating procedures -slow reaction time -too standardized, lose flexibility
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Organizational culture
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shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms and work routines influences how members of an organization interact with one another and work together to achieve goals
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Clan control
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control exerted on individuals and groups in an organization by shared values, norms, standards of behavior and expectations ex: omish, mafia, etc.
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Adaptive culture
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culture whose values and norms help an organization to build momentum and to grow old and change as needed to achieve goals and be effective
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Inert culture
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-leads to values and norms that fail to motivate or inspire employees -leads to failure -goes down the drain because they don't change
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Organization change
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movement of an organization away from its present state and towards some desired future state to increase its efficiency and effectiveness
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Organizational learning
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managers try to increase organizational members abilities to understand and appropriately respond to changing conditions -impetus for change -can help members make decisions about changes
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Top down change
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a fast, revolutionary approach to change in which top managers identify what needs to be changed, decide what to do and then move quickly to implement changes throughout the organization
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Bottom up change
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gradual or evolutionary approach to change in which managers at all levels work together to develop a detailed plan for change
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Benchmarking
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process of comparing one's company's performance on specific dimensions with the performance of other high performance organizations
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Entrepreneurs
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notice opportunity and take responsibility for mobilizing the resources necessary to produce new and improved goods and services
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Intrapreneurs
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employees of existing organizations who notice opportunities for product or service improvements and manage the development process
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Entrepreneurship
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mobilization of resources to take advantage of an opportunity to provide customers with new or improved goods and services
