Essentials of Contemporary Management 5th Ed (CHAPTER 4) – Flashcards
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Achievement Orientation
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A worldview that values assertiveness, performance, success, and competition.
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Barriers to Entry
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Factors that make it difficult and costly for an organization to enter a particular task environment or industry.
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Brand Loyalty
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Customers' preference for the products of organizations currently existing in the task environment.
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Collectivism
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A worldview that values subordination of the individual to the goals of the group and adherence to the principle that people should be judged by their contribution to the group.
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Competitors
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Organizations that produce goods and services that are similar to a particular organization's goods and services.
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Customers
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Individuals and groups that buy the goods and services an organization produces.
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Demographic Forces
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Outcomes of changes in, or changing attitudes toward, the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, ethnic origin, race, sexual orientation, and social class.
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Distributors
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Organizations that help other organizations sell their goods or services to customers.
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Economic Forces
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Interest rates, inflation, unemployment, economic growth, and other factors that affect the general health and well-being of a nation or the regional economy of an organization.
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Economies of Scale
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Cost advantages associated with large operations.
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Free-trade Doctrine
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The idea that if each country specializes in the production of the goods and services that it can produce most efficiently, this will make the best use of global resources.
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Folkways
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The routine social conventions of everyday life.
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General Environment
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The wide-ranging global, economic, technological, sociocultural, demographic, political, and legal forces that affect an organization and its task environment.
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Global Environment
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The set of global forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries but affect a manager's ability to acquire and utilize resources.
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Globalization
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The set of specific and general forces that work together to integrate and connect economic, political, and social systems across countries, cultures, or geographical regions so that nations become increasingly interdependent and similar.
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Global Organization
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An organization that operates and competes in more than one country.
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Global Outsourcing
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The purchase or production of inputs or final products from overseas suppliers to lower costs and improve product quality or design.
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Individualism
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A worldview that values individual freedom and self-expression and adherence to the principle that people should be judged by their individual achievements rather than by their social background.
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Long-term Orientation
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worldview that values thrift and persistence in achieving goals.
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Mores
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Norms that are considered to be central to the functioning of society and to social life.
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National Culture
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The set of values that a society considers important and the norms of behavior that are approved or sanctioned in that society.
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Norms
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Unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and are considered important by most members of a group or organization.
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Nurturing Orientation
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A worldview that values the quality of life, warm personal friendships, and services and care for the weak.
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Political and Legal Forces
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Outcomes of changes in laws and regulations, such as deregulation of industries, privatization of organizations, and increased emphasis on environmental protection.
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Potential Competitors
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Organizations that presently are not in a task environment but could enter if they so choose.
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Power Distance
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The degree to which societies accept the idea that inequalities in the power and well-being of their citizens are due to differences in individuals' physical and intellectual capabilities and heritage.
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Short-term Orientation
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A worldview that values personal stability or happiness and living for the present.
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Social Structure
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The traditional system of relationships established between people and groups in a society.
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Sociocultural Forces
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Pressures emanating from the social structure of a country or society or from the national culture.
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Suppliers
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Individuals and organizations that provide an organization with the input resources that it needs to produce goods and services.
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Tariff
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A tax that a government imposes on imported or, occasionally, exported goods.
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Task Environment
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The set of forces and conditions that originate with suppliers, distributors, customers, and competitors and affect an organization's ability to obtain inputs and dispose of its outputs because they influence managers daily.
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Technology
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The combination of skills and equipment that managers use in the designing, producing, and distributing goods and services.
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Technological forces
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Outcomes of changes in the technology managers use to design, produce, or distribute goods and services.
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Uncertainty avoidance
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The degree to which societies are willing to tolerate uncertainty and risk.
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Values
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Ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, desirable, or beautiful.
