question

Which of the following is NOT a method of hormone action?

answer

ALL ARE (control of gene expression and protein synthesis, control of electrical signaling pathways, control of enzymatic reaction rates, control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes)

question

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, what happens?

answer

A second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

question

When adenylyl cyclase is activated, what is formed?

answer

cAMP

question

Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ______ of a cell.

answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

question

What is not true about peptide hormones?

answer

Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins.

question

The majority of hormones in the body are ______

answer

Peptide hormones

question

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is ______

answer

ACTH

question

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is ______

answer

Prolactin

question

When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably ______

answer

A steroid

question

Synergism occurs when ______

answer

Hormones working together produce a larger effect than predicted.

question

Hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ______ response compared to hormones that produce genomic effects.

answer

Faster

question

Simple reflexes in a worm are integrated within a segment rather than in the brain, because ______

answer

Worms have a ganglion at each segment.

question

What has the most advanced nervous system?

answer

Segmented worms

question

The peripheral nervous system develops from the ______

answer

Neural crest.

question

Which does NOT contribute significantly to the protection of the brain?

answer

Cerebral space

question

The brain has a ______ (high or low?) demand for oxygen, and receives about ______% of the total blood volume in circulation.

answer

high; 15

question

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ______

answer

Dorsal root ganglia

question

Which is NOT housed in the medulla oblongata?

answer

Centers for control of eye movement.

question

Which of these roles is NOT related to the reticular formation?

answer

Regulation of the menstrual cycle.

question

The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the ______

answer

Corpus callosum

question

The brain area(s) that has/have a cortex is/are the ______

answer

Cerebrum and cerebellum

question

The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli is called ______

answer

Perception

question

Substances that have been isolated from the blood and have been shown to induce sleep have also been linked to the ______ system.

answer

Immune

question

The brain area acknowledged as the center for emotions is the ______

answer

Amygdala

question

Reflexive memories are stored in areas of the ______

answer

Cerebellum

question

Projections of white matter that remain in the spinal cord are ______

answer

Propriospinal tracts

question

A cluster of gray matter in the brain is ______

answer

A nuclei

question

Playing key roles in homeostasis, an area that contains centers for hunger and thirst, as well as controlling the autonomic nervous systems is the ______

answer

Hypothalamus

question

Association areas are found in ______

answer

All lobes

question

Experimental animals become tamer and more sexually active following damage to the ______

answer

Amygdala

question

What contains corticospinal tracts, the pyramids, and control centers for breathing, swallowing, and blood pressure?

answer

Medulla oblongata

question

What is the network that coordinates arousal and sleep, and is also involved in blood pressure regulation and pain modulation?

answer

Reticular Formation

question

What is the small area that relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes as well as eye movement?

answer

Midbrain

question

What is an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor?

answer

Oxygen

question

A receptor potential is ______

answer

A graded potential

question

A decrease in ones perception of a stimulus whose intensity has not changed due to higher neural inhibition is ______

answer

Habituation

question

The intensity of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by ______

answer

Population coding and/or frequency coding.

question

The modality of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by ______

answer

Adequate stimulus for the sensory receptor cell.

question

Tonic receptors ______

answer

Slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus.

question

Visceral pain is poorly localized and can be perceived to originate from a region of the body that is different from its actual location; this is called ______

answer

Referred pain

question

The pitch of a sound wave is related to its ______

answer

Frequency

question

The ion channels that transduce the vibration of the cochlea into receptor potentials are located on the ______

answer

Stereocilia

question

The structure that overlies the organ of Corti and is attached to the tips of the hair cells is the ______

answer

Tectorial membrane

question

Our perception of the pull of gravity and linear acceleration is the result of ______

answer

The pressure exerted by the otolithic organ on hair cells of the maculae.

question

The vitreous chamber of the eye ______

answer

Helps to stabilize the structure of the eye and the retina.

question

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the ______

answer

Fovea

question

A blind spot in the retina occurs where ______

answer

The optic nerve leaves the eye.

question

Why do objects viewed underwater with a mask appear closer and larger than they really are?

answer

The mask provides additional refraction of light before it reaches the retina.

question

When a rod located in the retina is stimulated by light, ______

answer

The release of neurotransmitter increases.

question

Put the structures of the visual system in the order that they transmit visual information from the retina.

answer

Optic disk, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate body of the thalamus, visual cortex of the occipital lobe.

question

The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are ______

answer

Somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.

question

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ______ division.

answer

Autonomic

question

Name the areas of the brain that exert control over the autonomic nervous system.

answer

Cerebellum, hypothalamus, pons, and medulla.

question

What functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system?

answer

Blood pressure, heart rate, water balance, temperature regulation.

question

A parasympathetic tissue receptor is a ______

answer

Cholinergic muscarinic receptor

question

Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. This statement is ______

answer

True only for the sympathetic division.

question

______ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ______ onto their target cells.

answer

Most, norepinephrine

question

The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord. This statement is ______

answer

True only for the parasympathetic division.

question

Vasopressin synthesis happens in the ______

answer

Hypothalamus

question

The primary source of aldosterone is the ______

answer

Adrenal Cortex

question

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually ______

answer

a G protein

question

Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, ______

answer

adenylyl cyclase is activated.

question

The most complex endocrine responses involve the ______

answer

Hypothalamus

question

What is the true endocrine gland of epithelial origin?

answer

Anterior pituitary

question

What is the primary source of epinephrine?

answer

Adrenal medulla

question

What is the primary source of melatonin?

answer

Pineal gland

question

In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the ______

answer

Sensor and integrating center.

question

The posterior pituitary gland secretes ______

answer

ADH (Vasopressin)

question

After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically ______

answer

is inactivated or removed from the blood.

question

The brain region that is identifiable by its folds and grooves is the ______

answer

Cerebellum and cerebrum

question

The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system eventually develops is the ______

answer

Neural plate

question

The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the ______ nerve.

answer

Vagus

question

Reasoning arises in the outer layer of neurons of which of the following?

answer

Cerebral cortex

question

Language and verbal skills tend to be ______ side of the brain of right-handed people.

answer

Concentrated on the left

question

The hormone that is released to enhance the fight-or-flight reaction is ______

answer

Epinephrine

question

An enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a constant stimulus that lasts for a period of time from hours to weeks is called ______

answer

Long-term potentiation

question

An important structure in both learning and memory is the ______

answer

Hippocampus

question

What carries primarily efferent signals from the brain?

answer

Descending tracts

question

Where is the parietal lobe located?

answer

Primary somatic sensory cortex

question

What part of the brain receives sensory input from the inner ear's receptors for equilibrium and balance?

answer

Cerebellum

question

You used to love to drink milk when you were a child. Lately, you notice that your stomach hurts and you experience bloating and discomfort when you drink it. It is no longer inviting when you see someone else drinking it. What kind of learning has occurred?

answer

Sensitization

question

When a puppy is scolded "No!" each time he chews on your ficus tree, eventually he learns to leave the tree alone. This type of learning is called ______

answer

Associative

question

What is the relay station for transfer of information between the cerebrum and cerebellum; coordinates breathing control with other areas?

answer

Pons

question

What brain area is composed of many small nuclei, an area that integrates as well as relays sensory information that passes through it?

answer

Thalamus

question

Motor fibers leave the spinal cord's gray matter via the ______

answer

Ventral Root

question

What are swellings containing sensory cell bodies?

answer

Dorsal root ganglia

question

Which brain structure is composed of gray matter?

answer

Cerebral cortex

question

What is unmyelinated and consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals?

answer

Gray matter

question

A graded change in membrane potential within a sensory receptor cell is always called a ______

answer

Receptor potential

question

With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ______, which acts as a relay and processing station.

answer

Thalamus

question

Convergence describes ______

answer

How multiple primary sensory neurons synapse on a single secondary neuron.

question

The larger the receptive field, the ______

answer

More primary sensory neurons synapse on a secondary sensory neuron.

question

Phasic receptors ______

answer

Are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity.

question

Which is NOT a somatosensory modality?

answer

Vision

question

Nociceptors are responsible for the perception of ______

answer

Pain and itch

question

Neuronal cells that are short-lived and therefore are frequently replaced are ______

answer

Olfactory receptors

question

There are ______ primary taste (gustation) sensations.

answer

5

question

The primary purpose of the middle ear bony structures (maleus, incus and stapes) is to ______

answer

Amplify the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea.

question

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements (vibrations) by the ______

answer

Tympanic membrane

question

The highest frequency sound is detected by ______

answer

Hair cells located near the oval window end of the basilar membrane.

question

Louder noises result in action potentials in the sensory neuron that are ______

answer

More frequent

question

Accommodation describes the focusing of light on the retina by changing ______

answer

The shape of the lens

question

Which cells are involved in processing visual information in the retina synapse with the rods?

answer

Bipolar cells only

question

The photosensitive pigment synthesized from vitamin A is ______

answer

Retinal

question

A sudden flash of bright light would cause ______

answer

Parasympathetic activation to contract the pupillary constrictor muscles.

question

Put the structures of the visual system in the order that they transmit light to the retina.

answer

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor.

question

The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron. This statement is ______

answer

True for both divisions.

question

What is released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons?

answer

Acetylcholine

question

What is a sympathetic tissue receptor?

answer

Adrenergic receptor

question

"Dual Innervation" refers to an organ receiving ______

answer

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

question

Increased parasympathetic stimulation ______

answer

Increases gastric motility.

question

Which has its cell body in the ganglion?

answer

Postganglionic neuron

question

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because ______

answer

It is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

question

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ______ division.

answer

Autonomic

question

What statement applies to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

answer

It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs.

question

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the ______

answer

Sympathetic division

question

The motor end plate is ______

answer

A folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.

question

If a hyperpolarizing graded potential and a depolarizing graded potential of similar magnitudes arrive at the trigger zone at the same time, what happens?

answer

Nothing. They will cancel each other out.

question

Spatial summation refers to ______

answer

Multiple graded potentials arriving at one location simultaneously.

question

A chemical synapse ALWAYS includes ______

answer

Axon terminal, presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic cell.

question

The brain region that is identifiable by its folds and grooves is the ______

answer

Cerebellum and cerebrum.

question

The peripheral nervous system develops from the ______

answer

Neural crest.

question

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ______

answer

Dorsal root ganglia.

question

The brainstem consists of these three structures.

answer

Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

question

The most primitive region of the cerebellum is probably the ______

answer

Limbic system.

question

The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli is called ______

answer

Perception.

question

Which has a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid that in the blood?

answer

H+

question

What are myelinated axons with very few cell bodies?

answer

White matter

question

What are swellings containing sensory cell bodies?

answer

Dorsal root ganglia

question

The most primitive nervous systems consist of structures known as nerve ______

answer

Nets.

question

The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system eventually develops is the ______

answer

Neural plate.

question

Which role is NOT related to the reticular formation?

answer

Regulation of the menstrual cycle

question

Substances that have been isolated from the blood and have been shown to induce sleep have also been linked to the ______ system.

answer

Immune

question

The hormone that is released to enhance the fight-or-flight response is ______

answer

Epinephrine

question

Reflexive memories are stored in areas of the ______

answer

Cerebellum

question

What carries primarily efferent signals from the brain?

answer

Descending tracts

question

Each type of sensory receptor responds to only one form of energy. This statement is ______

answer

False

question

Tonic receptors ______

answer

Include pressure sensitive baroreceptors.

question

Because of involvement of the ______, pain may be accompanied by emotional distress and nausea or sweating.

answer

Limbic system and hypothalamus

question

The only known example of neurons with a high rate of replacement in the adult human are the ______

answer

Olfactory receptors

question

The primary purpose of the auditory ossicles (middle ear bones) is ______

answer

To amplify vibration

question

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the ______

answer

Tympanic membrane

question

Coding sound for loudness is a function of the vibration of ______

answer

The basilar membrane and tectorial membrane.

question

Information about sound must travel through each of these areas of the brain. Put them in the correct order.

answer

Medulla, midbrain, thalamus, auditory cortex of cerebrum

question

Which structures monitor rotational movements of the head?

answer

Cristae and the semicircular canals

question

A blind spot in the retina occurs where ______

answer

Photoreceptors are absent, as the optic nerve leaves the eye.

question

Photoreceptors secrete the neurotransmitter ______

answer

Glutamate

question

The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by photons of light. Place them in the correct sequence.

answer

Opsin is activated, Transducin is activated, cGMP is broken down, Membrane sodium channels close, The membrane hyperpolarizes and the rate of neurotransmitter release declines.

question

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ______ division.

answer

Autonomic

question

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ______ division.

answer

Autonomic

question

Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion?

answer

Postganglionic neuron

Physiology Exam 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards