question

The part of the person that Freud called the "it," consisting of unconscious drives; the individual's reservoir of sexual energy. (id, ego, superego)

answer

id

question

The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality. (id, ego, superego)

answer

ego

question

The Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior; what we often call conscience, , the part of the personality in Freud's theory that is responsible for making moral choices (id, ego, superego)

answer

superego

question

Tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. (id, defense mechanisms, superego)

answer

defense mechanisms

question

____________is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism. It pushes unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind. Itis the foundation for all of the psychological defense mechanisms, whose goal is to repress threatening impulses, that is, to push them out of awareness. (repression, rationalization, displacement, projection, regression, reaction formation)

answer

Repression

question

___(id) is totally unconscious, whereas the ___(ego) and the ________(superego) can operate at either the conscious or the unconscious level. (id, superego, ego, dim, etc)

answer

id, ego, superego

question

______ stage (first 18 months): The infant's pleasure centers on the mouth. Chewing, sucking, and biting are the chief sources of pleasure that reduce tension in the infant. (oral, anal, phallic, genital)

answer

oral

question

_______stage (18 to 36 months): During a time when most children are experiencing toilet training, the child's greatest pleasure involves the anus and urethra and their functions. Freud recognized that there is pleasure in "going" and "holding it" as well as in the experience of control over one's parents in deciding when to do either. Acceptance of moral rules. (oral, anal, phallic, genital)

answer

anal

question

________ stage (3 to 6 years): The name of Freud's third stage comes from the Latin word phallus, which means "penis." Pleasure focuses on the genitals as the child discovers that self-stimulation is enjoyable. (oral, anal, phallic, genital)

answer

phallic

question

____________ is related to feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in one's daily life and to experiencing more lingering negative states.It has been shown as well to relate to more health complaints. In a longitudinal study, individuals were tracked for nearly seven years. It was associated with dying during the study. In general, individuals appear to suffer in silence: Acquaintances and observers have difficulty detecting how another person is. I.E. Anxious, hostile (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness)

answer

Neuroticism

question

Individuals high in ____________are more likely than others to engage in social activities and to experience gratitude and a strong sense of meaning in life. In addition, they are more forgiving. People rate as smiling and standing energetically and as dressing stylishly, and observers know one when they see one. One study found that salespeople sold more cars, especially if they were also good at picking up interpersonal cues. I.E. Social, upbeat (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness)

answer

extraversion

question

_______ to experience is related to liberal values, open-mindedness, tolerance, and creativity. __________is also associated with superior cognitive functioning and IQ across the life span. Individuals who rate themselves as open to experience are more likely to dress distinctively , to pursue entrepreneurial goals (for instance, starting their own business), and to experience success in those pursuits . Individuals high on it to experience are also more likely to interact with others on Internet websites and to use social media. I.E. curious, creative (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness)

answer

openness

question

____________is related to generosity and altruism (, to reports of religious faith, and to more satisfying romantic relationships. There are also links between this and viewing other people positively. In online dating profiles, individuals are less likely than people who score low on this trait to lie about themselves. I.E. cooperating, trusting, modest (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness)

answer

Agreeableness

question

_______________ is a key factor in a variety of life domains. Researchers have found that it is positively related to high school and college students' grade point averages. It is also linked to better-quality friendships, to higher levels of religious faith, and to a forgiving attitude. It is associated with dressing neatly, especially in the case of men , and, like openness, is related to entrepreneurial success . Low levels of it are associated with criminal behavior and substance abuse. I.E. diligent, well organized, dependable (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness)

answer

Conscientiousness

question

_________ is the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test. (rosarch, mmpi, color, tat)

answer

mmpi

question

A ____________test presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it—in other words, to project their own meaning onto the stimulus. (color, height, detail, projective, closed)

answer

projective

question

__________ is a famous projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality. (tat, mmpi, rorschach)

answer

Rorschach

question

The __________, developed by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan in the 1930s, is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality. (tat, mmpi, rorschach)

answer

tat

question

Type ________ personalities ares cluster of characteristics—such as being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile—related to the incidence of heart disease. (A, B, C, D)

answer

a

question

Type _________ personalities are a cluster of characteristics—such as being relaxed and easygoing—related to good health. (A, B, C, D)

answer

b

question

Theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (______) that tend to lead to characteristic responses. (personality, feelings, traits, d)

answer

traits

question

________ medicine, is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating it and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness. (psychology, behavioral, mental, natural, health)

answer

behavioral

question

_______ psychology emphasizes psychology's role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness. (psychology, behavioral, mental, natural, health)

answer

Health

question

The __________________ model is a general model or approach that posits that biological, psychological (which entails thoughts, emotions, and behaviors), and social factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness (mental, natural, health, biopsychosocial)

answer

biopsychosocial

question

_______ is Selye's term for the common effects on the body when stressful demands are placed on it (Figure 17.2). It consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. (gas, kiss, adapt, shield)

answer

gas

question

There is also reason to believe that _____can increase an individual's risk for ___________ disease (stress/cardiovascular, stress/liver, depression/cardiovascular)

answer

stress, cardiovascular

question

_________ is itself the "stress hormone" that directs cells to make sugar, fat, and protein available so the body can take quick action. It also suppresses the immune system. (leptin, hgh, cortisol, endorphins)

answer

cortisol

question

___________ rises during stressor and continues to rising after removal of stressor. (noradrenalin, adrenaline, cortisol)

answer

noradrenalin

question

_______ rise is time-locked to stress. (noradrenalin, adrenaline, cortisol)

answer

adrenaline

question

Nerves of the _________ part of the autonomic nervous system go directly to ______ nodes to __________ lymphocyte activity

answer

sympathetic, lymph, suppress

question

___________'s research: high stress machined-paced tasks produced greater after-work adrenal hormones and was releated to high rates of heart disease. (Frankenhauser, Freud, Carroll, stephenson)

answer

frankenhauser

question

More _________ its shown females have the ______ amount of stress as males. (recently/same, recently/more, recently/less)

answer

recently, same

question

___________ stress:stress from grief (sad, bereavement, work)

answer

bereavement

question

________ _______ also called ergonomics, a field that combines engineering and psychology and that focuses on understanding and enhancing the safety and efficiency of the human (human/factors, human/emotions, human/ideals, human/psyche)

answer

human factors

question

The tendency of individuals to perform better simply because of being singled out and made to feel important. A. Gender Identity B. Hawthorne Effect C. Performance Appraisal D. Project

answer

b

question

A management approach emphasizing the psychological characteristics of workers and managers, stressing the importance of factors such as morale, attitudes, values, and humane treatment of workers. A. Gender Identity B. Hawthorne Effect C. Human Relations Approach D. Job Analysis

answer

c

question

The process of generating a description of what a job involves, including the knowledge and skills that are necessary to carry out the job's functions. A. Gender Identity B. Hawthorne Effect C. Human Relations Approach D. Job Analysis

answer

d

question

Job analysis= A. Systemic Procedure, Breakdown job, Manual B. Manual, Systemic Procedure, Breakdown Job C. Breakdown Job, Manual, Systemic Procedure D. Manual, Breakdown Job, Systemic Procedure

answer

a

question

The evaluation of a person's success at meeting his or her organization's goals. A. Gender Identity B. Hawthorne Effect C. Job Analysis D. Performance Appraisal

answer

d

question

A bias, common in performance ratings, that occurs when a rater gives a person the same rating on all of the items being evaluated, even though the individual varies across the dimensions being assessed. A. Performance Appraisal B. Hawthorne Effect C. Halo effect D. Leadership

answer

c

question

An individual in a leadership capacity who emphasizes the exchange relationship between the worker and the leader and who applies the principle that a good job should be rewarded. A. Transformational Leader B. Transactional Leader C. Halo effect D. Leadership

answer

b

question

An individual in a leadership capacity who is concerned not with enforcing the rules but with changing them. A. Transformational Leader B. Transactional Leader C. Halo effect D. Leadership

answer

a

question

Behavior that is ____, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time. A. Maladaptive B. stressful C. deviant D. abnormal

answer

c

question

__________behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world. A man who believes that he can endanger other people through his breathing may go to great lengths to avoid people so that he will not harm anyone. He might isolate himself from others, for what he believes is their own good. His belief separates him from society and prevents his everyday functioning; thus, his behavior is: A. Maladaptive B. stressful C. deviant D. abnormal

answer

a

question

The _______ approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders. Might focus, for example, on the influence of childhood experiences or of personality traits in the development and course of psychological disorders. A. Biological B. Psychological C. Sociocultural D. Human

answer

b

question

The ________ approach attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes. This approach primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality. A. Biological B. Psychological C. Sociocultural D. Human

answer

a

question

The ________ approach emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including the individual's gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, and culture. For instance, individuals from low-income, minority neighborhoods have the highest rates of psychological disorders A. Biological B. Psychological C. Sociocultural D. Human

answer

c

question

the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States. A. DSM IV B. Generalized C. Panic D. Phobic

answer

a

question

Psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety. A. DSM IV B. Generalized C. Panic D. Phobic

answer

b

question

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause. A. DSM IV B. Generalized C. Panic D. Phobic

answer

c

question

Anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation. A. DSM IV B. Generalized C. Panic D. Phobic

answer

d

question

Anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation. A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder B. Post-traumatic disorder C. Major depressive D. Bipolar

answer

a

question

Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that has overwhelmed the person's abilities to cope. A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder B. Post-traumatic disorder C. Major depressive D. Bipolar

answer

b

question

Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks. A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder B. Post-traumatic disorder C. Major depressive D. Bipolar

answer

c

question

Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania,an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state. A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder B. Post-traumatic disorder C. Major depressive D. Bipolar

answer

d

question

Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress. A. Amnesia B. Fugue C. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) D. Schizophrenia

answer

a

question

Dissociative disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and sometimes assumes a new identity. A. Amnesia B. Fugue C. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) D. Schizophrenia

answer

b

question

Formerly called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or identities, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships. A. Amnesia B. Fugue C. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) D. Schizophrenia

answer

c

question

Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes, referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality. A. Amnesia B. Fugue C. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) D. Schizophrenia

answer

d

question

The ________ symptoms of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function. They are "_______" because they reflect something added above and beyond normal behavior. _______symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and disorders of movement. A. Negative B. Positive C. Cognitive D. Schizophrenia

answer

b

question

Whereas schizophrenia's other symptoms are characterized by a distortion or an excess of normal functions, schizophrenia's _____ symptoms reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions. One _____symptom is flat affect, which means the display of little or no emotion A. Negative B. Positive C. Cognitive D. Schizophrenia

answer

a

question

__________ symptoms of schizophrenia include difficulty sustaining attention, problems holding information in memory, and inability to interpret information and make decisions. These __________ symptoms may be quite subtle and are often detected only through neuropsychological tests. A. Negative B. Positive C. Cognitive D. Schizophrenia

answer

c

question

a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior A. disorganized B. catatonic C. undifferentiated D. paranoid

answer

a

question

State of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time. A. disorganized B. catatonic C. undifferentiated D. paranoid

answer

b

question

a schizophrenic disorder that is characterized by a mixture of symptoms and does not meet the diagnostic criteria of any one type. A. disorganized B. catatonic C. undifferentiated D. paranoid

answer

c

question

A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur. A. disorganized B. catatonic C. undifferentiated D. paranoid

answer

d

question

Individuals with schizophrenia also have a small prefrontal cortex and lower activity in this area of the brain than individuals who do not have schizophrenia and high dopamine count. Y

answer

y

question

Commonly known as tranquilizers, drugs that reduce anxiety by making individuals calmer and less excitable. A. Anti-anxiety drugs, benzodiazepines B. Anti-depressents C. Anti-psychotics

answer

a

question

Psychiatrists and general practitioners increasingly are prescribing a type of antidepressant drug called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ______. Target serotonin, and work mainly by interfering only with the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain A. benzodiazepines B. Anti-depressents C. SSRI D. MAO inhibitors

answer

c

question

_________ are thought to work because they block the enzyme monoamine oxidase. This enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (Hazell, 2009; Pitychoutis & others, 2010). Scientists believe that the blocking action allows these neurotransmitters to stick around in the brain's synapses and help regulate mood. A. benzodiazepines B. tricyclics C. SSRI D. MAO inhibitors

answer

d

question

_______, so-called because of their three-ringed molecular structure, are believed to work by increasing the level of certain neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine and serotonin. You might recall the role of low serotonin levels in negative mood and aggression. The ________ reduce the symptoms of depression in approximately 60 to 70 percent of cases; these drugs usually take two to four weeks to improve mood. Adverse side effects may include restlessness, faintness, trembling, sleepiness, and memory difficulties. A. benzodiazepines B. tricyclics C. SSRI D. MAO inhibitors

answer

b

question

Also called shock therapy, a treatment, commonly used for depression, that sets off a seizure in the brain. A. anti-psychotics B. Electroconvulsive shock therapy C. neuroleptics D. psychosurgery, prefrontal lobotomies

answer

b

question

Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals with a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia. A. Anti-anxiety drugs, benzodiazepines B. Anti-depressents C. Anti-psychotics, Neuroleptics

answer

c

question

A biological therapy, with irreversible effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual's adjustment. A. anti-psychotics B. Electroconvulsive shock therapy C. neuroleptics D. psychosurgery, prefrontal lobotomies, increased impulsivity

answer

d

question

A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems. A. psychoanalysis B. resistance C. psychotherapy D. Free association

answer

c

question

Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual's unconscious thoughts. A. psychoanalysis B. resistance C. psychotherapy D. Free association

answer

a

question

A client's unconscious defense strategies that interfere with the psychoanalyst's understanding of the individual's problems. A. psychoanalysis B. resistance C. psychotherapy D. Free association

answer

b

question

A psychoanalytic technique that involves encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. A. transference B. resistance C. psychotherapy D. Free association

answer

d

question

A client's relating to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individual's life. A. transference B. resistance C. dream analysis D. Free association

answer

a

question

A psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person's dreams. A. transference B. resistance C. dream analysis D. Free association

answer

c

question

Also called Rogerian therapy or nondirective therapy, a form of humanistic therapy, developed by Rogers, in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems. A. client-centered therapy B. empathy C. unconditional positive regard D. reflective speech

answer

a

question

Through _________the therapist strives to put himself or herself in the client's shoes—to feel the emotions the client is feeling. A. client-centered therapy B. empathy C. unconditional positive regard D. reflective speech

answer

b

question

___________, which involves creating a warm and caring environment and never disapproving of the client as a person. Rogers believed this provides a context for personal growth and self-acceptance, just as soil, water, and sunshine provide a context for the acorn to become an oak. A. client-centered therapy B. empathy C. unconditional positive regard D. reflective speech

answer

c

question

A technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client. A. client-centered therapy B. empathy C. unconditional positive regard D. reflective speech

answer

d

question

Treatments, based on the behavioral and social cognitive theories of learning, that use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior. A. anxiety or desensitization hierarchy B. deep relaxation C. systematic desensitization D. behavior therapies

answer

d

question

A method of behavior therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations. A. anxiety or desensitization hierarchy B. deep relaxation C. systematic desensitization D. behavior therapies

answer

c

question

In this hierarchy, the individual begins with her least feared circumstance (a month before the exam) and moves through each of the circumstances until reaching her most feared circumstance (being in the process of answering the exam questions). At each step of the way, the person replaces fear with deep relaxation and successful visualization. A. anxiety or desensitization hierarchy B. deep relaxation C. systematic desensitization D. behavior therapies

answer

a

question

Treatments that point to cognitions (thoughts) as the main source of psychological problems and that attempt to change the individual's feelings and behaviors by changing cognitions. A. cognitive therapies B. rational emotive behavior therapy C. Beck's cognitive behavior therapy D. evaluation of psychotherapies

answer

a

question

A therapy based on Ellis's assertion that individuals develop a psychological disorder because of irrational and self-defeating beliefs and whose goal is to get clients to eliminate these beliefs by rationally examining them. A. cognitive therapies B. rational emotive behavior therapy C. Beck's cognitive behavior therapy D. evaluation of psychotherapies

answer

b

question

approach derives from the idea that the goal of therapy is to help people to recognize and discard self-defeating cognitions, individuals learn to make connections between their patterns of thinking and their emotional responses. From this perspective, emotions are a product of cognitions. By changing cognitions, people can change how they feel. A. cognitive therapies B. rational emotive behavior therapy C. Beck's cognitive behavior therapy D. evaluation of psychotherapies

answer

c

question

Recovery from a disorder without formal treatment. A. cognitive therapies B. spontaneous remission C. Beck's cognitive behavior therapy D. evaluation of psychotherapies

answer

b

question

The Sequenced Treatment Alternative to Relieve Depression trial--Conclusions-2/3 of pts who try 1 or more trials of antidepressants plus psychotherapy will eventually go into remission. At standard doses, half of depressed pts will go into remission after trying 1 or 2 txs. After that, chances of total sx alleviation drops. Pts w/ more severe or prolonged sx, other psych disorders, medical conditions or substance-abuse problems are more likely to have to try multiple txs. While some pts respond quickly to antidepressants, it often takes 8 weeks or longer for tx to take full effect A. star-d B. spontaneous remission C. Beck's cognitive behavior therapy D. evaluation of psychotherapies

answer

a

question

a form of psychotherapy that was developed to resolve symptoms resulting from disturbing and unresolved life experiences A. star-d B. spontaneous remission C. eye movement desensitization D. evaluation of psychotherapies

answer

c

question

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable one A. displacement B. Projection C. regression D. reaction formation

answer

a

question

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else A. displacement B. Projection C. regression D. reaction formation

answer

b

question

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state A. displacement B. Projection C. regression D. reaction formation

answer

c

question

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them A. displacement B. Projection C. regression D. reaction formation

answer

d

question

Complaints about imaginary ailments (somatization, somatoform, conversion disorder)

answer

somatization

question

physical symptoms or concern with physical symptoms not explained by medical conditions, hypochondriasis (somatization, somatoform, conversion disorder)

answer

somatoform

question

a somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause (somatization, somatoform, conversion disorder)

answer

conversion disorder

question

IQ test that uses no language, culture-fair, involves matching patterns/designs Autism people score higher (raven, Wechsler)

answer

raven

question

A person who is hearing voices that are not there is experiencing A) delusions. B) hallucinations. C) mood disorder. D) schizophrenia.

answer

b

question

A student has been experiencing stress because she has been struggling in her classes all semester. After a while, she realizes that she has developed a host of physical symptoms, such as fatigue, runny nose, and coughing. In what stage of the general adaptation syndrome is this student? A) alarm stage B) resistance stage C) exhaustion stage D) illness stage

answer

c

question

A job analysis includes a focus on which of the following? A) the economic value of a specified occupation B) employee selection C) creation of an employee manual D) providing employees with feedback about their job performance

answer

c

question

If you were to gluttonously eat an entire birthday cake, Freud would say that was caused by your A) superego B) ego C) id D) unconscious thoughts

answer

c

question

Which personality structure did Freud believe was responsible for creating defense mechanisms? A) superego B) ego C) id D) denial

answer

b

question

The Oedipus complex is thought to occur in which stage of psychosexual development? A) phallic B) oral C) genital D) anal

answer

a

question

Which type of assessment requires participants to tell a story about a novel stimulus? A) self-report test B) objective test C) projective test D) empirically-keyed test

answer

c

question

Which of the following traits would you expect a successful graduate student to be high in? A) neuroticism B) introversion C) intelligence D) conscientiousness

answer

d

question

__________(encoding):The ________(first) ______(step) in memory; the process by which information gets into memory _______(storage).

answer

encoding, first, step, storage

question

____________(levels) of ________(processing): A continuum of memory processing from _________(shallow) to ___________(intermediate) to _______(deep), with deeper processing producing better memory

answer

levels, processing, shallow, intermediate, deep

question

_________(Shallow) processing includes noting the _______(physical) features of a stimulus, such as the __________(shapes) of the letters in the word

answer

shallow, physical, shapes

question

_____________(Intermediate) processing involves giving the stimulus a ________(label), as in reading the word mom.

answer

intermediate, label

question

The ___________(deepest) level of processing entails thinking about the ________(meaning) of a stimulus—for instance, thinking about the meaning of the word mom and about your own mother, her face, and her special qualities

answer

deepest, meaning

question

___________(storage) The ___________(retention) of information over time and how this information is __________(represented) in memory

answer

storage, retention, represented

question

___________(Sensory) memory: time frames of a fraction of a ________(second) to ________(several) seconds

answer

sensory, second, several

question

__________(Short-term) memory: time frames up to ___(30) seconds

answer

short-term, 30

question

_____________(Chunking) involves grouping or "_________(packing)" information that exceeds the 7 ± 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.Chunking works by making _______(large) amounts of information more ____________(manageable)'Its short term memory

answer

chunking, packing, large, manageable

question

_________(rehearsal), the conscious ________(repetition) of information, However, if rehearsal is not interrupted, information can be retained____________(indefinitely).

answer

rehearsal, repetition, indefinitely

question

__________(working) memory: A ____(3)-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform __________(cognitive) tasks; a kind of mental _____(workbench) on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems.

answer

working, 3, cognitive, workbench

question

___________(Long-term) memory is a relatively ___________(permanent) type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time

answer

long-term, permanent

question

_________(Explicit) memory (also called declarative memory) is the conscious recollection of information, such as __________(specific) __________(facts) and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated

answer

explicit, specific, facts

question

___________(Episodic) memory is the retention of information about the ________(where), when, and what of life's happenings—basically, how we remember life's episodes. Episodic memory is __________(autobiographical).

answer

episodic, where, autobiographical

question

__________(Semantic) memmory includes your areas of expertise, general knowledge of the _______(world)sort you are learning in __________(school), and everyday knowledge, part of explicit.

answer

semantic, world, school

question

___________(Implicit) memory (also called nondeclarative memory) is memory in which behavior is affected by prior __________(experience) without a conscious recollection of that experience.

answer

Implicit, experience

question

__________(Procedural) memory is an implicit memory process that involves memory for ________(skills), like to _________(drive)

answer

procedural, skills, drive

question

___________(Implicit) memory: The _____________(cerebellum) (the structure at the back and toward the bottom of the brain) is active in the implicit memory required to perform __________(skills)

answer

implicit, cerebellum, skills

question

__________(Explicit) memory: Neuroscientists have found that the _________(hippocampus) for retroactive, and __________(amygdala) for emotional.

answer

explicit, hippocampus, amygdala

question

The ________(primacy) effect refers to better recall for items at the _______(beginning) of a list;

answer

primacy, beginning

question

the __________(recency) effect refers to better recall for items at the _______(end)

answer

recency, end

question

__________(Repression) is a ________(defense) mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that he or she ________(forgets) it and then forgets the act of forgetting.

answer

repression, defense, forgets

question

___________(Eyewitness) testimonies, like other sorts of memories, may contain _________(errors)

answer

eyewitness, errors

question

__________(Ebbinghaus) (1850-1909), was the first person to conduct scientific research on _________(forgetting).

answer

Ebbinghaus, forgetting

question

______(decay) Theory stating that when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of ______(time) will __________(increase) forgetting

answer

decay, time, increase

question

_________(proactive) interference when _______(prior) learning ____________(disrupts) the recall of ____(new) information

answer

proactive, prior, disrupts, new

question

___________(Retroactive) interference occurs when material learned later ________(forget) the retrieval of information learned _______(earlier)

answer

retroactive, forget, earlier

question

____________( Anterograde) Amnesia A memory ___________(disorder) that affects the ____________(retention) of _______(new) information and events.

answer

anterograde, disorder, retention, new

question

Amnesia also occurs in a form known as __________(retrograde) amnesia, which involves memory _______(loss) for a segment of the ______(past) but not for new events

answer

retrograde, loss, past

question

__________(engram) the term for the ________(unit) original idea that memories would _____(stored)have a corresponding physical _______(simple) or ________(complex)

answer

engram, unit, stored, simple, complex

question

_________(mnemonics) Memory ______(aid), especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices for __________(remembering)

answer

Mnemonics, aid, remembering

question

_________(concept) A ________(mental) category that is used to__________(group) objects, events, and characteristics.

answer

concept, mental, group

question

_____________(prototype) model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain ________(concept), they ________(compare) the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties.

answer

prototype, concept, compare

question

problem __________(solving) The _________(mental) process of finding an appropriate way to ________(attain) a goal when the _______(goal)is not readily available.

answer

solving, mental, attain, goal

question

________(Algorithms) are strategies that ___________(guarantee) a ____________(solution) to a problem.

answer

algorithms, guarantee, solution

question

_________(Heuristics) are such _________(shortcut) strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do _______(not) ___________(guarantee) an answer

answer

Heuristics, shortcut, not, guarantee

question

__________(Reasoning) is the mental activity of __________(transforming) ___________(information) to reach conclusions

answer

reasoning, transforming, information

question

__________(Inductive) reasoning involves reasoning from _________(specific) observations to make ____________(generalizations)

answer

inductive, specific, generalizations

question

In contrast, __________(deductive) reasoning is reasoning from a general case that we know to be ________(true) to a specific _______(instance)

answer

deductive, true, instance

question

________(Functional) __________(fixedness) ___(Fail)ing to ______(solve) a problem as a result of _______(fixation) on a thing's usual _______(functions).

answer

functional, fixedness, fail, solve, fixation, functions

question

____________(availability) _________(heuristic) refers to a ________(prediction) about the probability of an event based on the ______(ease) of _________(recalling) or imagining similar events

answer

availability, heuristic, prediction, ease, recalling

question

Language is made up of _________(basic) ________(sounds), or ________(phonemes).

answer

basic, sounds, phonemes

question

A __________(morpheme) is the __________(smallest) unit of ________(language) that carries ________(meaning).

answer

morpheme, smallest, language, meaning

question

_______(Syntax): a language's _________(rules) for ____________(combining) words to form ______________(acceptable) phrases and sentences (

answer

syntax, rules, combining, acceptable

question

__________(Semantics): the ________(rules) of words and sentences in a particular for deriving ___________(meaning).

answer

semantics, rules, meaning

question

__________(babbling) stage of _________(language) ________(development) at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds

answer

Babbling, language, development

question

Judith ________(Harris) (1998), author of the book The Nurture Assumption, argues that what parents do makes no difference in children's behavior. Spank them. Hug them. Read to them. she believes in _______(teens) and peers and genetics.

answer

harris, teens

question

_________(sensorimotor) stage, lasts from __________(birth) to about ___(2) years of age. In this stage, infants construct an ___________(understanding) of the world by coordinating sensory experiences, object permanence

answer

sensorimotor, birth, 2, understanding

question

sensorimotor:________(Object) __________(permanence) is Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to _____(exist) even when they ____(not) directly be ____(seen), heard, or touched.

answer

object, permanence, exist, not, seen

question

_________(preoperational) stage, lasts from approximately ____(2) to ____(7) years of age. Preoperational thought is more ________(symbolic) than sensorimotor thought. egocentric.

answer

preoperational, 2, 7, symbolic

question

preoperational: ________(egocentric)—not in the sense that they are self-centered or arrogant but because preoperational children cannot put themselves in someone else's shoes or take _________(others) person's ________(mental) _______(state) into account.

answer

egocentric, others, mental, state

question

Piaget's ___________(concrete) __________(operational) stage (7 to ____(11) years of age) involves using operations and replacing intuitive reasoning with __________(logical) reasoning in concrete situations. conservation

answer

concrete, operational, 11, logical

question

concrete:__________(conservation), a belief in the ___________(permanence) of certain _________(attributes) of objects despite superficial changes

answer

conservation, permanence, attributes

question

Individuals enter the ________(formal) ___________(operational) stage of cognitive development at 11 to ___(15) years of age. This stage continues through the ____(adult) years. Formal operational thought is more _________(abstract) and logical than concrete operational thought.Most important, formal operational thinking includes thinking about things that are not concrete, making _________(predictions), and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future. abstract ideas

answer

formal, operational, 15, adult, abstract, predictions

question

__________(abstract) a concept or idea ____(not) associated with any specific ______(instance)

answer

abstract, not, instance

question

The ___________(preconventional) level is based primarily on ____________(punishments) and ______________(rewards) from the external world. Moral reasoning is guided by not wanting Heinz to go to jail or concern for the druggists' profits

answer

preconventional, punishments, rewards

question

At the __________(conventional) level, the individual abides by standards such as those _________(learned) from ________(parents) or society's ________(laws). At this level the person might reason that Heinz should act in accord with expectations or his role as a good husband or reason that Heinz should follow the law no matter what.

answer

conventional, learned, parents, laws

question

At the ____________(postconventional) level, the individual recognizes __________(alternative) moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly __________(personal) ________(moral) code. At this level, the person might reason that Heinz's wife's life is more important than a law.

answer

postconventional, alternative, personal, moral

question

_________(crystallized) intelligence __________(increases) with ___(age)

answer

crystallized, increases, age

question

_______(fluid) intelligence (________(spatial) orientation and ________(inductive) reasoning)

answer

fluid, spatial, inductive

question

_________(intelligence) __________(All-purpose) ability to do well on ________(cognitive) tasks, to ______(solve) problems, and to learn from experience.

answer

intelligence, all-purpose, cognitive, solve

question

______(Reliability) is the extent to which a test yields a __________(consistent), ________(reproducible) measure of performance.

answer

reliability, consistent, reproducible

question

______(validity) refers to the extent to which a _____(test) measures what it is __________(intended) to _______(measure).

answer

validity, test, intended, measure

question

________(mental) _____(age) (MA), which is an _________(individual) level of mental ___________(development) relative to that of others.

answer

mental, age, individual, development

question

intelligence quotient _____(IQ) in 1912. IQ consists of an individual's ______(mental) ______(age) ________(divided) by _____(real) age multiplied by _____(100):

answer

iq, mental, age, divided, real, 100

question

_______(normal) ________(distribution) is a symmetrical, _______(bell)-shaped curve, with a _______(majority) of the scores falling in the _______(middle) of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

answer

normal, distribution, bell, majority, middle

question

________(Raven) are designed to be _______(culture-fair),

answer

raven, culture-fair

question

_________(Analytical) intelligence: The ability to analyze, judge, _________(evaluate), _________(compare), and contrast.

answer

Analytical, evaluate, compare

question

________(Practical) intelligence: The ability to use, apply, __________(implement), and put _____(ideas) into practice.

answer

practical, implement, ideas

question

__________(Creative) intelligence: The ability to create, design, ________(invent), originate, and _______(imagine).

answer

creative, invent, imagine

question

______(Gardner) (1983, 1993, 2002) suggests there are ____(9) types of ________(intelligence), or "frames of mind." These are described here, with examples of the types of vocations in which they are reflected as strengths (Campbell, Campbell, & Dickinson, 2004):Verbal: The ability to think in words and use language to express meaning. Occupations: author, journalist, speaker.

answer

gardner, 9, intelligence

question

__________(Drive) reduction theory explains that as a drive becomes ________(stronger), we are ________(motivated) to _______(reduce) it.

answer

drive, stronger, motivated, reduce

question

_______(Intrinsic) motivation is based on _________(internal) factors such as organismic needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), as well as _______(curiosity), challenge, and fun.

answer

intrinsic, internal, curiosity

question

_________(Extrinsic) __________(motivation) involves external incentives such as _________(rewards) and _________(punishments).

answer

extrinsic, motivation, rewards, punishments

question

Humanistic theorist Abraham _______(Maslow) (1954, 1971) proposed a ______(hierarchy) of ______(needs) that must be satisfied in the following sequence: _________(physiological) needs, ______(safety), love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization

answer

maslow, hierarchy, needs, physiological, safety

question

____________(ventromedial) ________(hypothalamus), in ____________(restricting) ________(eating).

answer

ventromedial, hypothalamus, restricting, eating

question

The _____________(lateral) __________(hypothalamus) is involved in __________(stimulating) __________(eating)

answer

lateral, hypothalamus, stimulating, eating

question

_____(Leptin), a _________(protein) secreted by fat cells, _____(decrease) food ______(intake) and increases energy _________(expenditure).

answer

leptin, protein, decrease, intake, expenditure

question

_______(arousal), they are generally referring to a person's feelings of being ________(alert) and _______(engaged).

answer

arousal, alert, engaged

question

According to the James-_______(Lange) theory, ________(emotion) results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the __________(environment): emotion occurs after physiological, afraid becuase your running away. ``

answer

lange, emotion, environment

question

________(Cannon)-Bard theory—the proposition that ________(emotion) and _________(physiological) reactions occur __________(simultaneously).

answer

cannon, emotion, physiological, simultaneously

question

___________(two-factor) theory of ________(emotion) developed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer (1962), emotion is determined by two factors: ____________(physiological) arousal and __________(cognitive) labeling

answer

two-factor, emotion, physiological, cognitive

question

________(facial) feedback hypothesis, facial expressions can _______(influence) _________(emotions) as well as ________(reflect) them

answer

facial, influence, emotions, reflect

question

_________(sleep) ________(deprivation) __________(decreases) brain activity in the _______(thalamus) and the ________(prefrontal) cortex

answer

sleep, deprivation, decreases, thalamus, prefrontal

question

______(REM) sleep is an ______(active) stage of sleep during which __________(dreaming) occurs (

answer

rem, active, dreaming

question

__________(Non-REM) sleep is characterized by a ______(lack) of ________(rapid) eye movement and ______(little) ________(dreaming)

answer

non-rem, lack, rapid, little, dreaming

question

_______(dreams) (even nightmares) ______(Freud) symbolize _________(unconscious) _________(wishes) and that analysis of dream symbols could uncover our hidden _______(desires).

answer

dreams, freud, unconscious, wishes, desires

question

____________(activation)-_________(synthesis) theory, _________(dreaming) occurs when the _______(cerebral) cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the ________(lower) part of the brain.

answer

activation, synthesis, dreaming, cerebral, lower

question

memory ________(consolidation) The gradual, physical process of _________(converting) _______(new) ______(long)-term memories to stable, enduring ______(forever) long-term memory codes.

answer

Consolidation, converting, new, long, forever

question

________(framing) the way an _________(issue) is ________(posed); how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

answer

framing, issue, posed

question

________(mental) ____(set)-tendency _________(approach) __________(problem) ______(same) way even if it's not working

answer

mental, set, approach, problem, same

question

________(psychology): __________(scientific) study of _______(behavior) and _____(mental) processes

answer

psychology, scientific, behavior, mental

question

______(Wundt) ___________(structuralism)

answer

wundt, structuralism

question

_________(William) James ___________(functionalism)

answer

William, functionalism

question

Charles _______(Darwin)-natural _______(selection)

answer

darwin, selection

question

________(Approaches) to Psychology behavio __________(biological) neuroscience _________(psychodynamic) humanistic _______(cognitive) evolutionary socio-cultural

answer

approaches, biological, psychodynamic, cognitive

question

_________(Areas) of Specialization physiological behavioral neuroscience developmental sensation and perception ______(cognitive) learning motivation and emotion personality social _________(industrial)/organizational clinical, counseling health school and educational _________(forensic) sport ________(cross)-cultural psychology of women

answer

areas, cognitive, industrial, forensic, cross

question

observation, hypothesis, prediction and drawing conclusions A. Scientific Method B.variable C. hypothesis D. population

answer

a

question

research ______(settings) ________(laboratory) ________(naturalistic) observation

answer

settings, laboratory, naturalistic

question

_______(descriptive) research _________(observation) ________(surveys) ______(case) studies

answer

descriptive, observation, surveys, case

question

_a research strategy that identifies the relationships between 2 or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together. A.correlational research B. correlational coefficient C. correlation and causation D. third variable problem

answer

a

question

is a statistic that tells us two things about the relationship between two variables—its strength and its direction, labeled r. A.correlational research B. correlational coefficient C. correlation and causation D. third variable problem

answer

b

question

A positive sign means that as one variable increases, the other also increases. A.correlational research B. positive correlational C. correlation and causation D. third variable problem

answer

b

question

Mathematical methods that are used to indicate whether results for a sample are likely to generalize to a population. Statistical significance A.correlational research B. positive correlational C. correlation and causation D.inferential statistics

answer

d

question

research ___(ethics) _____(informed) consent confidentiality debriefing _______(deception)

answer

ethics, informed, deception

question

The brain's special capacity for change. A. plasticity B. electrochemical transmission C. divisions of nervous system D. central E. peripheral

answer

a

question

Brain and spinal Cord A. plasticity B. electrochemical transmission C. divisions of nervous system D. central E. peripheral

answer

d

question

The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. A. plasticity B. electrochemical transmission C. divisions of nervous system D. central E. peripheral

answer

e

question

The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body. A. parasympathetic B. electrochemical transmission C. divisions of nervous system D. central E. peripheral

answer

a

question

The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body. A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. divisions of nervous system D. central E. peripheral

answer

b

question

One of two types of cells in the nervous system; neurons are the nerve cells that handle the information-processing function. A. neurons B. axons C. cell body D. dendrite E. synapse

answer

a

question

The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells. A. neurons B. axons C. cell body D. dendrite E. synapse

answer

b

question

Treelike fibers projecting from a neuron, which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body. A. neurons B. axons C. cell body D. dendrite E. synapse

answer

d

question

Tiny spaces between neurons; the gaps between neurons are referred to as synaptic gaps. A. neurons B. axons C. cell body D. dendrite E. synapse

answer

e

question

Chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron. A. neurons B. axons C. cell body D. neurotransmitters E. synapse

answer

d

question

Individuals with Alzheimer disease, a degenerative brain disorder that involves a decline in memory, have an this deficiency. A. ach B. axons C. cell body D. neurotransmitters E. synapse

answer

a

question

indeed, is the brain's brake pedal, helping to regulate neuron firing and control the precision of the signal being carried from one neuron to the next. Low levels of it are linked with anxiety. Valium and other antianxiety drugs increase its inhibiting effects A. ach B. gaba C. cell body D. neurotransmitters E. synapse

answer

b

question

especially involved in learning and memory A. ach B. gaba C. glutamate D. neurotransmitters E. synapse

answer

c

question

This neurotransmitter also helps to control alertness. Too little norepinephrine is associated with depression. Too much, however, triggers agitated states. For example, amphetamines and cocaine cause hyperactive, manic states of behavior by rapidly increasing brain levels of it. A. ach B. gaba C. glutamate D. nonrepinephrine E. synapse

answer

d

question

It helps control voluntary affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning, Low levels of dopamine are associated with Parkinson disease. A. ach B. gaba C. glutamate D. nonrepinephrine E. dopamine

answer

e

question

Deals with _____(sleep) and wakefulness, lowered levels of it are associated with depression A. ach B. serotonin C. glutamate D. nonrepinephrine E. dopamine

answer

b

question

substances that depress nervous system activity and eliminate pain—that mainly stimulate the firing of neurons. A. ach B. serotonin C. glutamate D. nonrepinephrine E. endorphins

answer

e

question

is a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the experience of love and social bonding. A powerful surge of it is released in mothers who have just given birth, and it is related to the onset of lactation and breast feeding. A. ach B. serotonin C. glutamate D. oxytocin E. endorphins

answer

d

question

_________ is an abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain resulting from injury or disease. A. ach B. Brain lesioning C. glutamate D. oxytocin E. endorphins

answer

b

question

is based on metabolic changes in the brain related to activity. it measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain and sends this information to a computer for analysis. A. ach B. Brain lesioning C. PET D. oxytocin E. endorphins

answer

c

question

allows scientists literally to see what is happening in the brain while it is working A. ach B. Brain lesioning C. PET D. fMRI E. endorphins

answer

d

question

Located at the skull's rear, the lowest portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons. A. ach B. hindbrain C. PET D. fMRI E. endorphins

answer

b

question

located between the hindbrain and forebrain, is an area in which many nerve-fiber systems ascend and descend to connect the higher and lower portions of the brain. A. ach B. hindbrain C. midbrain D. fMRI E. endorphins

answer

c

question

The brain's largest division and its most forward part. A. forebrain B. hindbrain C. midbrain D. fMRI E. endorphins

answer

a

question

A major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain. A. forebrain B. hindbrain C. midbrain D. fMRI E. spinal cord

answer

e

question

A loosely connected network of structures under the cerebral cortex, important in both memory and emotion. Its two principal structures are the amygdala and the hippocampus. A. forebrain B. hindbrain C. midbrain D. fMRI E. limbic system

answer

e

question

The forebrain structure that sits at the top of the brain stem in the brain's central core and serves as an important relay station. A. forebrain B. hindbrain C. midbrain D. thalamus E. limbic system

answer

d

question

A small forebrain structure, located just below the thalamus, that monitors three pleasurable activities—eating, drinking, and sex—as well as emotion, stress, and reward. A. hypothalamus B. hindbrain C. midbrain D. thalamus E. limbic system

answer

a

question

The structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories. A. hypothalamus B. hindbrain C. hippocampus D. thalamus E. limbic system

answer

c

question

An almond-shaped structure within the base of the temporal lobe that is involved in the discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism's survival, such as appropriate food, mates, and social rivals. A. hypothalamus B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. thalamus E. limbic system

answer

b

question

Structures located at the back of the head that respond to visual stimuli. A. hypothalamus B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. thalamus E. occipital lobe

answer

e

question

Structures in the cerebral cortex that are located just above the ears and are involved in hearing, language processing, and memory. A. temporal B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. thalamus E. occipital lobe

answer

a

question

Structures at the top and toward the rear of the head that are involved in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control. A. temporal B. parietal C. hippocampus D. thalamus E. occipital lobe

answer

b

question

The portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead, involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles. A. temporal B. parietal C. frontal D. thalamus E. occipital lobe

answer

c

question

a thick bundle of fibers (essentially axons) that connects the brain cells in one hemisphere to those in the other. A. temporal B. corpus callosum C. frontal D. thalamus E. occipital lobe

answer

b

question

The area deals with understanding language. A. broca's area B. parietal C. Wernicke's area D. thalamus E. occipital lobe

answer

c

question

It plays an important role in the production of speech. A. broca's area B. parietal C. frontal D. thalamus E. occipital lobe

answer

a

question

The body system consisting of a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream. A. broca's area B. endocrine system C. frontal D. thalamus E. occipital lobe

answer

b

question

Chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body. A. broca's area B. endocrine system C. frontal D. hormones E. occipital lobe

answer

d

question

A pea-sized gland just beneath the hypothalamus that controls growth and regulates other glands. A. broca's area B. endocrine system C. pituitary gland D. hormones E. occipital lobe

answer

c

question

Glands at the top of each kidney that are responsible for regulating moods, energy level, and the ability to cope with stress. A. broca's area B. endocrine system C. pituitary gland D. adrenal gland E. occipital lobe

answer

d

question

_______(behavior) genetics the study of the relative power and ______(limits) of ______(genetic) and environmental influences on behavior

answer

behavior, limits, genetic

question

uppers, are stimulant drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight. A. broca's area B. amphetamines C. pituitary gland D. adrenal gland E. occipital lobe

answer

b

question

Floods the bloodstream rapidly, producing a rush of euphoric feelings that lasts for about 15 to 30 minutes. Because the rush depletes the brain's supply of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, an agitated, depressed mood usually follows as the drug's effects decline. A. broca's area B. amphetamines C. cocaine D. adrenal gland E. occipital lobe

answer

c

question

MDMA—called X, or XTC—is an illegal synthetic drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. People have called it an "empathogen" because under its influence, users tend to feel warm bonds with others. MDMA produces its effects by releasing serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The effects of the drug on serotonin are particularly problematic. MDMA depletes the brain of this important neurotransmitter, producing lingering feelings of listlessness that often continue for days after use A. ecstasy B. amphetamines C. cocaine D. adrenal gland E. occipital lobe

answer

a

question

Narcotics, or opiates, consist of opium and its derivatives and depress the central nervous system's activity. These drugs are used as powerful painkillers. A. ecstasy B. amphetamines C. cocaine D. heroin,morphine E. occipital lobe

answer

d

question

a hallucinogen that even in low doses produces striking perceptual changes. Objects change their shapes and glow. Colors become kaleidoscopic and astonishing images unfold A. lsd B. amphetamines C. cocaine D. heroin,morphine E. occipital lobe

answer

a

question

Psychological effects include a mixture of excitatory, depressive, and mildly hallucinatory characteristics that make it difficult to classify the drug. Marijuana can trigger spontaneous unrelated ideas; distorted perceptions of time and place; increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors; and erratic verbal behavior. The drug can also impair attention and memory. A. lsd B. amphetamines C. cocaine D. heroin,morphine E. marijuana

answer

e

question

Are depressant drugs that decrease central nervous system activity. A. lsd B. barbiturates C. cocaine D. heroin,morphine E. marijuana

answer

b

question

Valium and Xanax, are depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation. A. lsd B. barbiturates C. tranquilizers D. heroin,morphine E. marijuana

answer

c

question

is a powerful drug. It acts on the body primarily as a depressant and slows down the brain's activities. A. lsd B. alcohol C. tranquilizers D. heroin,morphine E. marijuana

answer

b

question

The process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy. A. lsd B. alcohol C. sensation D. heroin,morphine E. marijuana

answer

c

question

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning. A. lsd B. alcohol C. sensation D. perception E. marijuana

answer

d

question

The operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation. A. lsd B. alcohol C. sensation D. perception E. bottom-up

answer

e

question

The operation in sen-sation and perception, launched by cognitive processing at the brain's higher levels, that allows the organism to sense what is happening and to apply that framework to information from the world. A. top-down B. alcohol C. sensation D. perception E. bottom-up

answer

a

question

Specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain. A. top-down B. sensory receptors C. sensation D. perception E. bottom-up

answer

b

question

The minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect. A. top-down B.absolute threshold C. sensation D. perception E. bottom-up

answer

b

question

The degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected. A. top-down B.absolute threshold C. difference threshold D. perception E. bottom-up

answer

c

question

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different. A. top-down B.absolute threshold C. difference threshold D. perception E. weber's law

answer

e

question

A theory of perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty. Hit: You ask, and he or she says yes. Miss: He or she would have said yes, but you do not ask. False alarm: You think the individual seemed interested, but your offer is politely declined—ouch. Correct rejection: You do not ask the person out, and he or she would have said no—whew. A. top-down B.absolute threshold C. difference threshold D. signal detection theory E. weber's law

answer

d

question

The process of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others. A. top-down B.absolute threshold C. selective attention D. signal detection theory E. weber's law

answer

c

question

A change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation. A. top-down B.sensory adaption C. selective attention D. signal detection theory E. weber's law

answer

b

question

The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain. A. retina B.sensory adaption C. selective attention D. signal detection theory E. weber's law

answer

a

question

The receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light but not very useful for color vision. A. retina B.rods C. selective attention D. signal detection theory E. weber's law

answer

b

question

The receptor cells in the retina that allow for color perception. A. retina B.rods C.cones D. signal detection theory E. weber's law

answer

c

question

Neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus. A. retina B.rods C.cones D. feature detectors E. weber's law

answer

d

question

Theory stating that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths. A. retina B.rods C.tri-chromatic theory D. feature detectors E. weber's law

answer

c

question

Theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue. A. retina B.rods C.tri-chromatic theory D. opponent process theory E. weber's law

answer

d

question

When we see objects that are near each other, they tend to be seen as a unit. A. retina B.proximity C.tri-chromatic theory D. opponent process theory E. weber's law

answer

b

question

When we see disconnected or incomplete figures, we fill in the spaces and see them as complete figures. A. retina B.proximity C.closure D. opponent process theory E. weber's law

answer

c

question

Even though our retinal images of the hot air balloons vary, we still realize the balloons are approximately the same size. A. retina B.proximity C.closure D. size constancy E. weber's law

answer

d

question

The various projected images from an opening door are quite different, yet you perceive a rectangular door. A. retina B.proximity C.shape constancy D. size constancy E. weber's law

answer

c

question

a tubular, fluid-filled structure that is coiled up like a snail. A. cochlea B.proximity C.shape constancy D. size constancy E. weber's law

answer

a

question

lines the inner wall of the cochlea and runs its entire length. It is narrow and rigid at the base of the cochlea but widens and becomes more flexible at the top. A. cochlea B.proximity C.shape constancy D. size constancy E. basilar membrane

answer

e

question

jellylike flap A. cochlea B.proximity C.shape constancy D. tectorial membrane E. basilar membrane

answer

d

question

That _____(first/last)impression can have _____(short/lasting) effects

answer

first, lasting

question

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. A.Attribution theory B.Internal attributions C.External attributions D. Attitudes

answer

a

question

_______ attributions include all causes inside and specific to the person, such as his or her traits and abilities. A.Attribution theory B.Internal attributions C.External attributions D. Attitudes

answer

b

question

______attributions include all causes outside the person, such as social pressure, aspects of the social situation, money, the weather, and luck. Did Beth get an A on the test because she is smart or because the test was easy? A.Attribution theory B.Internal attributions C.External attributions D. Attitudes

answer

c

question

Our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas. A.Attribution theory B.Internal attributions C.External attributions D. Attitudes

answer

d

question

An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts. A.cognitive dissonance B.Internal attributions C.External attributions D. Attitudes

answer

a

question

The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone. A.cognitive dissonance B.bystander effect C.External attributions D. Attitudes

answer

b

question

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard. A.cognitive dissonance B.bystander effect C.conformity D. Attitudes

answer

c

question

Conducted this classic experiment on conformity in 1951. He believed few of his volunteer participants would yield to group pressure. To test his hypothesis, instructed the hired accomplices to give incorrect responses on 12 of the 18 trials. To his surprise, found that the volunteer participants conformed to the incorrect answers 35 percent of the time. A. Asch's Experiment B.bystander effect C.conformity D. Attitudes

answer

a

question

the study concerns the effect of punishment on learning, according to the experimenter. There would be two subjects: one is the "teacher" and one is the "student." You are the teacher and you are told to teach the student through punishment (electric shock increasing in intervals). The student is working with the experimenter and not actually getting shocked but would grunt and scream when the shocks came. Eventually the student would stop responding; the teacher hesitates but is insisted by the experimenter that the study MUST go on. 63% complied fully all the way up to the last switch even when the student said they had a heart condition beforehand. A. Asch's Experiment B.bystander effect C.conformity D. Milgram's experiments

answer

d

question

typically long-lasting and steady and is experienced after an injury has occurred. A. tonic B. Phasic

answer

a

question

typically short and is brief and rapid. A. tonic B. Phasic

answer

b

question

titchner A. structuralism B. functionism C. introspection

answer

c

question

Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane. A. structuralism B. functionism C. introspection D. place theory

answer

d

question

Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires. A. structuralism B. functionism C. introspection D. place theory E. frequency theory

answer

e

question

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. A. learning B. functionism C. introspection D. place theory E. frequency theory

answer

a

question

Learning that occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events. A. learning B. associative learning C. introspection D. place theory E. frequency theory

answer

b

question

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Ivan Pavlov A. learning B. associative learning C. classical conditioning D. place theory E. frequency theory

answer

c

question

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning. A. UCR B. UCS C. CS D. CR E. frequency theory

answer

b

question

An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. A. UCR B. UCS C. CS D. CR E. frequency theory

answer

a

question

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. A. UCR B. UCS C. CS D. CR E. frequency theory

answer

c

question

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing. A. UCR B. UCS C. CS D. CR E. frequency theory

answer

d

question

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired. A. UCR B. UCS C. CS D. CR E.acquisition

answer

e

question

Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation. A. generalization B. UCS C. CS D. CR E.acquisition

answer

a

question

Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. A. generalization B. discrimination C. CS D. CR E.acquisition

answer

b

question

Also called instrumental conditioning, a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence. A. generalization B. discrimination C. operant conditioning D. CR E.acquisition

answer

c

question

Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. A. generalization B. discrimination C. operant conditioning D. law of effect E.acquisition

answer

d

question

Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior. A. generalization B. discrimination C. operant conditioning D. law of effect E. shaping

answer

e

question

An increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent presentation of something that is good. A. positive reinforcement B. discrimination C. operant conditioning D. law of effect E. shaping

answer

a

question

An increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent removal of something that is unpleasant. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. operant conditioning D. law of effect E. shaping

answer

b

question

A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. primary reinforcer D. law of effect E. shaping

answer

c

question

A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. primary reinforcer D. secondary reinforcer E. shaping

answer

d

question

Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. primary reinforcer D. secondary reinforcer E. extinction

answer

e

question

reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. For example, if you are playing the slot machines in Atlantic City and if the machines are on a fixed-ratio schedule, you might get $5 back every 20th time you put money in the machine. A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval C.variable ratio D. variable interval E. extinction

answer

a

question

reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. If you take a class that has four scheduled exams, you might procrastinate most of the semester and cram just before each test. A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval C.variable ratio D. variable interval E. extinction

answer

b

question

a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis. For example, a slot machine might pay off at an average of every 20th time, but the gambler does not know when this payoff will be. The slot machine might pay off twice in a row and then not again until after 58 coins have been inserted. This averages out to a reward for every 20 behavioral acts, but when the reward will be given is unpredictable. A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval C.variable ratio D. variable interval E. extinction

answer

c

question

reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed. Pop quizzes occur on a variable-interval schedule. So does fishing—you do not know if the fish will bite in the next minute, in a half hour, in an hour, or ever. Because it is difficult to predict when a reward will come, behavior is slow and consistent on a variable-interval schedule A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval C.variable ratio D. variable interval E. extinction

answer

d

question

is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior. A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval C.variable ratio D. variable interval E. modeling, imitation

answer

e

question

training an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus. Their behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop and so they continue that behavior. They make the correct new response to stop delivery of the undesired stimulus. A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval C.variable ratio D. escape conditioning E. modeling, imitation

answer

d

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