Exceptionality in Schools – Flashcards

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children who experience difficulties in learning as well as those who performance is so superior that modifications in curriculum and instruction are necessary to help them fulfill their potential.
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Exceptional Children
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a problem or a disadvantage a person with a disability or impairment encounters when interacting with the environment
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handicap
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children who are considered to have a greater than usual chance of developing one
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At risk
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three most prevalent disability categories
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Learning disabilities, speech or language impairments, other health impairments
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percentage of school age children receiving special education services
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13%
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advantage of disability labels
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help make exceptional children's special needs more visible to policymakers and the public
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Most studies conducted to assess the effects of labeling
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have produced inconclusive, often contradictory evidence and have generally been marked by methodological weaknesses.
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What is required for classifying or laveling
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for student to be eligible for special education services
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what court case set the legal precedent for the civil rights for individuals with disabilities ruling that separate is not equal
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brown vs board of educatio
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zero reject
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schools must educate all children with disabilities
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due process
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schools must provide safeguard to protect the rights of children with disabilities and their parents
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NOT a major principal of IDEA
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full inclusion in regular classrooms
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Special educators design ____ to keep a potential or minor problem from becoming a disability
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preventive intervention
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level of preventive intervention aimed at individuals with a disability and intended to prevent the effects of the disability from worsening
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tertiary prevention
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teaching a student who can't speak to use an alternative and augmentative communication device is an example of which type of intervention
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compensatory intervention
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NOT a challenge facing field of special education
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clarifying which students have multiple and severe disabilities
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Not one of the purposes of prereferral intervention
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to increase the frequency of special education placement for children whose learning or behavioral problems are the result of inappropriate intruction
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multifactored evaluation, what is true?
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IDEA requires that multifactored evaluation reports provide information about the child's educational needs and how to meet them
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formal and systematic prereferral process that assesses how a student responds to increasingly intensive instruction
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RTI - Response to intervention
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Disproportionate representation exists when a particular group
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receives special education at a rate significantly higher or lower than would be expected based on the proportion of the general student population that group represents
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three groups of students are disproportionately identified for special ed
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native america, native hawaiian, african american
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not a reason for the overrepresentation of ethnically and culturally diverse students in special education
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having a teacher who is from a different cultural or ethnic group from the student being referred
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____ teams are composed of professionals from different disciplines who work independently of one another
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multidisciplinary
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co-teaching format, both teachers teach the same content to two equal sized groups of students
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parallel teaching
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group of people who must work together for benefit of the child
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teaming
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which of the following is a required component of the IEP
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Explanation of the extent to which the child will not participate with children who are not disabled in the regular class
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Educating students with disabilities with children who are disabled to the maximum extent possible is called?
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The least restrictive environment
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what should include a statement of program modifications or supports for school personnel that will be provided for the child
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a statement of special education and related services
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educating students with disabilities with children who are disabled to the maximum extent possible is called?
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LRE
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what is the most restrictive environment
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home or hospital
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what is true regarding LRE
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Student can't be removed from the regular classroom unless the IEP team determines the specialized instruction the child needs to achieve his IEP goals cant be provided in the regular classroom
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true statement about cooperative learning
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cooperative learning arrangements should include group goals and individual accountability
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advocates of full inclusion contend that the LRE model does all of the following EXCEPT
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directs attention to the services and supports people need rather than to physical settings
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The most crucial variable in the effectiveness of special ed is the
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quality of instruction
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An increased emphasis on collaboration between parents and teachers is influenced by?
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Parents wanting to be involved
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educators must remember that family involvement is important because of..?
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Families know certain aspects of their children better than anyone
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why is there an emphasis on parent and family involvement in special ed
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educational outcomes are improved when parents are involved
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all of the following regarding financial situations of parents with disabilities are true except..
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the extra costs of providing for a child with a disability are usually covered by financial assistance
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True about siblings of children with disabilities
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children are deeply influenced by having a brother or a sister with special needs, but have varied experiences
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true about marital adjustment for parents of children with disabilities
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most families of children with disabilities experience average to above average levels of marital adjustment
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Not one of the five principles of effective communication with parents.
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encourage parents to share family information that will help you understand the students needs
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An active listener does what?
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Responds to the speakers message with animation and interest
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Which tends to be the most difficult step in RERUN dialogue approach
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Understand
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what is true about a cultural interpreter
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a cultural interpreter must have a basic understanding of the family culture she is representing
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____ refers to families strengths, resources, and insights
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funds of knowledge
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recommended sequence for conducting parent-teacher conferences
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build rapport, obtain information, summarize, and follow up
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A ___ specifies parent-delivered rewards for the child contingent on her behavior or academic performance in the classroom
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home-school contract
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what is one of the 10 guidelines for communicating with parents and families
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help parents strive for realistic optimism
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true for parents ass tutors program
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keep tutoring sessions short
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NOT an example of an open needs assessment
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I need information about ___
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IQ Tests
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are strong predictors of school achievement
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why is adaptive behavior difficult to measure
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there is no universal agreement about which adaptive behaviors everyone should exhibit
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The AAIDD criterion for significant limitations of intellectual functioning is an IQ score approximately
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2 standard deviations below the mean
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Intellectual disability is the __ largest disability
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fifth
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what statement is not accurate
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prevalence rates are similiar from state to state
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Poverty, minimal opportunities to develop early language, child abuse and neglect, and chronic social or sensory deprivation are associated with ___ causes of intellectual disability
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environmental
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____ and fragile x syndrome are the two most common genetic causes of intellectual disabilities
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down syndrome
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academic goals for individuals with intellectual disability should be determined by all of the following except
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considering the student's future environments
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the ultimate approach to determining if a given skill qualifies as functional curriculum is to contemplate this question from the students perspective
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Will i need it when I'm 21?
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___ means breaking down complex or multistep skills into smaller, easier to learn subtasks
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task analysis
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all of the following promote instructional and social inclusion of students with intellectual disabilities EXCEPT
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Self contained classrooms
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what three criteria do most states require to identify students with learning disabilities
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severe ability achievement discrepancy, exclusion criterion, and need for special education services
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defining characteristic of a learning disability
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specific significant achievement deficits in spite of seemingly adequate overall intelligence
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what year did federal legislation include learning disabilities as a disability category under which students were entitled to special education and related services
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1975
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students with learning disabilities are most likely to be referred for special education because of difficulties in which of the following areas
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reading
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for students with learning disabilities, learning to read and reading for comprehension are..?
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the most common problem
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difficulties with reading, writing, math, social skills, and attention are characteristics of learning disabilities. However, specific and significant achievement deficits despite adequate overall intelligence are considered which of the following?
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the defining characteristic
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from 2002 to 2011 the number of students identified with learning disabilities decreased by 18%. which of the following is not a likely reason for this decline
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passage of the no child left behind act
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what is not true
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across all grade levels, females with learning disabilities outnumber males by a 3:1 ratio
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brain damage, heredity, biochemical imbalance, and environmental factors are all possible causes of which of the following?
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learning disabilities
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in most cases, the cause of a learning disability is
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unknown
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there is a growing evidence that a common factor may account for at least some family links with dyslexia. What is this common factor?
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genetics
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what two assessments are administered to meet the discrepancy criterion for identifying students with learning disabilities
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IQ tests and individual achievement tests
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what statement about curriculum based measurement is not true
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CBM is best used for summative evaluation
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in a 3 tier RTI model, a student who is responding well to instruction in the regular classroom likely to be in which intervention tier
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Tier 1
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Research demonstrates the most effective interventions for teaching academic skills to children with learning disabilities are
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explicit instruction and learning strategies
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not a key component of explicit insstruction
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discovery learning
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NOT a suggestion for using guided notes
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to increase active engagement, require students to write as much as possible
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majority of students with learning disabilities are educated in which of the following placements
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regular
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consultant teacher provides support to which of the following
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general education teacher and other staff members
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what requires that students with disabilities be educated with students without disabilities and have access to the core curriculum to the maximum extent appropriate
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IDEA
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What statement isn't true
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there is professional consensus about what constitutes good mental health
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Which of the following are among the advantages of the council for children with behavioral disorders definition of emotional or behavioral disorder recommended over the IDEA definition of emotional diisturbance
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The CCBD definition clarifies the educational dimensions of the disability
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what is an externalizing behavior
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noncompliance
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children with internalizing behavior problem are
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less likely to be identified for special education than students with externalizing behavior problems
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prevalence estimates for emotional or behavioral disorders in children have varied tremendously because
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many children who exhibit in appropriate behavior for short periods are identified in prevalence studies
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What is NOT true
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there is professional consensus about what constitutes good mental health
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what are the advantages of the council for children with behavioral disorders definition of emotional or behavioral disorder recommended over the IDEA definition of emotional disturbance
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The CCBD definition clarifies the educational dimensions of the disability
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what is a screening test for signs of emotional or behavioral disorders
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child behavior checklist
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all of the following are measurable dimensions of behavior except
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functionality
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the experimental manipulation of several antecedent r consequent events surrounding the target behavior in an attempt to verify the hypothesized functions of the behavior is called a
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functional analysys
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which of the following is not a scientifically supported intervention for students with emotional or behavioral disorders
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identifying and teaching to students learning styles
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teachers of students with emotional or behavioral disorders should
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provide students with explicit systematic instruction
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in schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports tier 1 is
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universal supports for all students
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challenges, achievement and advocacy for students with emotional or behavioral disorders
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young children who exhibit emotional or behavioral problems often respond to early intervention
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in practice, determination of whether a child is disabled under the category of emotional disturbance is often more a function of a school district's
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available resources to provide needed services than a function of the child's actual needs for such services
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Autism was added as a disability category to IDEA in when the law was reauthorized in
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1990
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all of the following are stated in the IDEA definition of autism EXCEPT
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autism applies if a child's educational performance is adversely affected primarily because the child has a serious emotional disturbance
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Asperger syndrome is which of the following
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An autism spectrum disorder that is at the mild end of the spectrum and is characterized by impairments in the social areas, particularly an inability to understand how to interact socially
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some theorists and researchers attribute the difficulties exhibit by children with autism in social situation to deficits in _____ the intuitive ability to distinguish and interpret one's own and other people's thoughts, motives, and beliefs
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theory of mind
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children with autism may exhibit persistent and repetitive motor or vocal behaviors that do not serve any apparent function such as rocking, twirling around, or flapping their hands. This is called ____
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stereotypy
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what doesn't apply to behavior traps
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to enter a behavior trap, the student must perform at least a small amount of the target behavior
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the prevalence of children with autism is cyurrentl
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1 in 68
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the dramatic increase in the number of children receiving special education under the autism category is likely due to all except
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the incidence of all disabilities included learning disabilities, emotional or behavioral disorders, and intellectual disabilities, which have also dramatically increased in recent years.
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current research on the causes of autism focus on which of the following
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neuropathology, genetic inheritance, and environmental toxins
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although research has also eliminated several suspected causes, such as parenting practices and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, the definitive cause of autism is
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still unknown at this time
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early diagnosis of autism is
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critical because enables early intervention and dramatically better outcomes than are typically obtained when intervention begins later in the childs life
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what is a screening instrument for autism
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modified checklist for autism in toddlers
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which of the following is not a strategy derived from applied behavior analysis for teaching students with autism spectrum
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Inquiry based learning
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which of the following treatments for autism are backed by scientific evidence
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self management tactics
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techniques that can be implemented with the entire class and that have been shown to help students with autism spectrum disorder learn the skills they need to be successful in general education include all of the following except
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discrete trial training
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advantage of teaching children with autism in regular classrooms
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socially competent children in regular classrooms are an essential ingredient for peer mediated interventions
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an advantage of using evidence-based practices, choral responding, class wide peer tutoring, response cards, and self management tasks with autism is that
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they can be applied with typically developing students in the class in addition to their use with the student with ASD
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four major functions of communication
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narrating, explaining or informing, requesting, and expressing
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which three dimensions of language define its form
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phonology, morphology, and syntax
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A ___ language disorder interferes with understanding of language and a ___ language disorder interferes with production
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receptive, expressive
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two basic types of voice disorders involve
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phonation and resonance
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A ___ disorder is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by atypical rate, rhythm, and repetitions in sounds, syllables, words, and phrases
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fluency
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what is not an organic cause of speech or language impairment
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functional communication disorder
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_____ is the collective name for a group speech disorders caused by neuromuscular impairments that affect the movements necessary for proper respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation, or prosodic aspects of speech
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dysarthria
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following components of a comprehensive evaluation to detect speech or language disorders may involve providing the student with open ended prompts such as tell me about your family
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language samples
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determining a culturally and linguistically different child's communicative competence requires careful assessment of the child's language proficiency
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both the first and second languages
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____ is an assessment of a set of language skills required in everyday face to face communication
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basic interpersonal communication skills
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articulation therapy involves
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discrimination and production activities
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the three components of augmentative and alternative communication systems are
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a representational symbol set or vocabulary a means for selecting the symbols and a means for transmitting the symbols
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not a strategy for increasing naturalistic opportunities for language teeaching
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massed practice
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a community based model of service delivery for speech and language therapy is most often used with
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preschoolers and sometimes students with severe disabilities
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role of the speech language pathologist
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increasingly SLPs are working as educational partners in the classroom, mediating between students communication needs and the communication demands of the academic curriculum
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what is deafness
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deafness means a hearing loss that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing with or without amplification that adversely affects a child's educational performance
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children who are hard of hearing
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can use their hearing to understand speech, generally with the help of a hearing aid
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residual hearing means which of the following
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a deaf person may perceive some sounds
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the effects of hearing loss on a child's communication and language skills academic achievement and social and emotional functioning are influenced by all of the following except
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whether or not the child;s family speaks english
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smaller vocabulary, difficulty with function words, and omitting the endings of words are characteristics of which of the following for students with hearing loss.
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difficulty with acquisition of the english language
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true about prevalence of hearing loss
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about 2 to 3 of every 1000 children are born deaf or hard of hearing
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a national survey of deaf or hard of hearing students found that 39% have a ____ hearing loss
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severe or profound
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whereas the educational program for a child who has a ___ hearing loss usually focuses on acquisition of language and communication the program for a child who has ___ hearing loss usually emphasizes the maintenance of intelligible speech and appropriate language patterns
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prelingual, postlingual
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cause of acquired hearing loss
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meningitis
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_____ is used to assess the hearing of older children and adults
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pure tone audiometry
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one of the two most widely used screening methods for hearing loss in infants is a ___, a technique in which sensors are placed on the scalp to measure electrical activity as the infant responds to auditory stimuli.
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auditory brainstem response
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technology used by students who are deaf and hard of hearing to supplement or replace sound
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speech to text translation
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statement about cochlear implants that are not true
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a cochlear implant restores normal hearing
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true regarding interpreters for deaf and hard of hearing students
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sign language interpretation has enabled many deaf and hard of hearing students to successfully complete college programs
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educational programs with a ___ emphasis view speech as essential if students who are deaf are to function in the hearing world
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oral/aural approach
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practitioners of ___ maintain that the simultaneous presentation of english language by speech and manual communication makes it possible for children to use either one or both types of communication
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total communication
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a student who is __ receives no useful information through the sense of vision and must use tactile and auditory senses for all learning
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totally blind
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the definition of visual impairment in the individuals with disabilities education act emphasizes the relationship between
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vision and learning
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legal blindness is defined as
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visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with use of a corrective lens
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all of the following are characteristics of students with visual impairments except difficulty with
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behavior
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true statement regarding congenital and adventitious hearing loss
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a blind student may have greater need for emotional support and acceptance than a child with congenital visual impairment
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1 in ___ of all school age children with IEPs are served under the disability category of visual impairments
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200-250
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many students with visual impairments have one or more disabilities and are served and counted under other categories such as
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deaf blindness and multiple disabilities
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causes of visual impairments are classified under which three categories
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refractive errors, structural impairments, and cortical visual impairments
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true statement regarding etiology of a students visual impairment
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it is helpful for teachers to know the etiology of a students visual
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which of the following visual impairments are classified as refractive errors
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myopia and hyperopia
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curriculum development and instructional planning for children with low vision should be guided by all the following basic premises EXCEPT
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children with low vision generally view the environment as dynamic and ambiguous
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___ cannot be determined or predicted by clinical measures of visual acuity or visual field
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visual efficiency
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____ is knowing where you are, where you are going, and how to get there by interpreting information from the environment. ____ involves moving
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orientation, mobility
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in the past most children with severe visual impairments were educated in ___. Today, however, the vast majority students with visual impairments are educated in ___.
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residential schools, public schools
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vision specialists provide supports to which of the following
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students with visual impairments in the general education classroom
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What are the subtypes of ADHD
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there are three, predominantly inattentive type, predominantly hyperactive impulsive type, and combined type
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How are children with ADHD eligible for special education related serviced
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Under IDEA's other health impairments disability category or by a 504 plan per the rehabillitation act
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What are the two most common treatment approaches for ADHD
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prescription stimulant medication and behavioral interventions
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according to IDEA, health impairments include all of the following EXCEPT
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brain injury
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What involves the skeletal system, bones, joints, limbs, and associated muscles
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an orthopedic impairment
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what involves the central nervous system and affects the ability to move, use, feel, or control certain parts of the body?
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neuromotor impairment
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Not a reason why the number of children served under IDEA's other health impairments or orthopedic impairments categories is much smaller than the actual number of children who have health impairments or physical disabilities
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children with learning disabilities or behavior disorders may receive services under the other health impairments category because they also have ADHD
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most prevalent physical disability among school age children
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cerebral palsy
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___ is not a disease, and it constitutes a disorder only while a seizure is actually in progress
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epilepsy
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what is characterized by a destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
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tay sachs disease
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most serious form of spina bifida
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myelomeningocele
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typical level of academic achievement and social behavioral skills of students with physical and health impairments
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below grade level
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how do students with physical and health impairments typically perform on measures of social behavioral skills
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below average
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what two variables are likely to affect educational performance of students with health and physical disabilities
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age of onset and visibility of the condition
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would NOT be included in a parallel curriculum for students with health impairments or physical disabilities
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learning to read age-appropriate literature
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the transdisciplinary team for students with physical disabilities and health impairments may include all of the following except
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childs physician
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which of the following is an example of an assistive technology device
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an adapted eating utensil
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true statement about adapted physical education
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APE is a direct educational service delivered in continuum of placements
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all of the following statements are true about technology dependent children except
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a technology dependent child cannot be educated in public school
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true statement about multiple disabilities
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multiple disabilities include sever and profound disabilities
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definition of deaf blindness
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concomitant hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindess
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which of the following statements about traumatic brain injury is true
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traumatic brain injury does not include brain injuries that are congenital or degenerative
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significatn and obvious defects in multiple life skills or developmental areas are characteristics of which of the following
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severe disabilities
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true about deaf blindness
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many children who are deaf blind engage in self stimulatory behavior
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impairments caused by brain injury include cognitive impairments, social, emotional, and behavioral impairments and which of the following
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physical and sensory changes
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true statement on prevalence of low incidence disabilities
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because no definition of severe disabilities is universally accepted, no accurate and uniform figures on prevalence exist
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a significant number of children with severe disabilities are born with what type of abnormalities
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chromosomal
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two fundemental and interrelated questions that must be considered when determining educational approaches for individuals with significant disabilities
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what skills should be taught? what instructional methods should be used?
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two basic strategies for combining functional and academic content are embedding ___ into functional activities and adding ___ to instructional objectives based on core content standards.
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core academic content, functional applications
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true statement about communication for students with severe disabilities
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communication is functional when it enables a child to get help and make choices
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establishing and maintaining ___ is one of the most important goals of inclusive educational practices for students with severe disabilities
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network of social relationships
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what statemement about inclusion of students with severe disabilities would most special educators agree
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students with severe disabilities should attend inclusive schools and classrooms, but they should also spend some time in separate settings.
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teachers of students with severe disabilities ___
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must be very sensitive to small changes in student behavior
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The first federal definition of gifted and talented students appeared in
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a 1972 report to congress titled Education of the Gifted
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definition of giftedness includes the interaction among three clusters of human traits (a) above average general intellectual abilities (b) high-level of task commitment and (c) creativity
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Joseph Renzulli
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Highly gifted students have IQ scores __ standard deviations or greater above the mean
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3
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According to Guliford, fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and synthesizing are dimensions of
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creativity
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Most federal reports and related legislation have estimated the prevalence of gifted and talented children at ___ of the student population
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3% to 5%
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NOT part of comprehensive and equitable assessment for identifying gifted and talented students
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personality tests
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Maker's discover model identifies children from different racial and cultural groups by assessing ___ skills
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problem solving
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_____ enables students to probe or study specific subject matter, a topic of interest, or a discipline in greater detail and depth than would occur in the standard curriculum
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enrichment
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grade skipping, self paced instruction, concurrent enrollment in high school and college are examples of
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acceleration
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____ learning is an instructional activity in which students work together for an extended period of time to investigate an authentic question and produce a project
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project based
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___ is a full-time grouping option in which the top five to eight gifted an talented students at a given grade level are placed as a group in a regular classroom of mixed-ability students
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cluster ability grouping
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In what type of classrooms are all curriculum and instruction focused on the needs of gifted and talented students
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special classrooms
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A comprehensive system of early intervention services and supports is designed to
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reduce the effects of disabilities or prevent the occurrence of learning and developmental problems later in life
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what is the longest running and most carefully controlled study that tested whether intellectual disabilities could be prevented by intensive, early education preschool programs
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The abecedarian project
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Although no required to do so, states may also use IDEA funds to provide early intervention services to infants and toddlers who fall under two types of documented risk biological and
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environmental
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which statement about the individual family service plan is not true
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the IFSP must be evaluated every 3 months
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what law mandates preschool services for children 3-5 years old
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PL 99-457
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NOT one of the purposes of assessment in early childhood special education
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Identifying the cause of a disability
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what is an infant screening measure that measures the degree of asphyxia an infant experiences during birth
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apgar scale
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most childhood special educators view the developmentally appropriate practice guidelines as the foundation on which to provide early intervention, they also recognize that young children with disabilities need
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specially designed, individualized intruction
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preschool teachers can incorporate systematic language, social skill, or academic instruction into naturally occurring age appropriate activities throughout the day by
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embedding learning opportunities
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preschool activity schedules should
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include a balance of child-initiated and planned activities, large and small group activities, active and quiet times, and indoor and outdoor activities
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hospitals are frequently the setting where early intervention services are provided to
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infants and newborns with significant disabilities
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home based programs
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enable parents to receive support by an early intervention specialist who visit the home regularly
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what is NOT an advantage of center based programs
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other family members such as siblings and grandparents, have more opportunities to interact with the child during instruction
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compared with their peers without disabilities, how successful are youth with disabilities upon leaving high school
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outcomes for youth with disabilities lag behind those without disabilities in postsecondary education, employment, and community involvement
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the employment rate of individuals of working age without disabilities compared with those with disabilities is
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64% versus 18%
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what is NOT included in the IDEA definition of transition services
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family support plan
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madelaine will, director of the us office of special education and rehabilitation services, proposed a transition services model that encompasses the following three levels to bridge secondary special education and adult employment
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generic, time limited, and ongoing support
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when must a transition component be included within an IEP for a student with disabilities
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by the time the student is 16 years old
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what statement about summary performance is true
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the summary of performance may assist the student in becoming a self-advocate as he or she transitions into adult roles
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what is the importance of postsecondary education
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post secondary education improves chances of meaningful employment
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in addition to increased vocational options, what is another benefit of post secondary education for individuals with disabilities
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greater lifetime earnings
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what is supported employment
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work in an integrated setting with ongoing support for individuals with the most severe disabilities
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what least exemplifies an on-the-job natural support that may be provided to an employee with disabilities
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a job coach models work tasks, helps the employee complete the tasks, and monitors the employee's performance
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what is group home living
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family style living for a small group of individuals
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what is an apartment cluster
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a small number of apartments housing persons with disabilities and another nearby apartment for a support person
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transportation, the physical ability and skills to play games, and willing and able friends constitute which of the following?
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supports needed for individuals with disabilities to participate in community recreation resources
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watching television, listening to music alone, and spending time socially being isolated are which of the following?
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common but not ideal, leisure activities for individuals with disabilities
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one measure of the quality of a person's life is
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the extent to which he can make choices
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what is true about handicapism
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handicapism refers to limitations self imposed by people with disabilities
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