Erik eriksons psychosocial approach to identity Essay Example

Marcia viewed identity as psychosocial; they also focused on individuals rather than group identities.

Some individuals explored group identities, with social identity theory emphasizing collective identities ('we' and 'us') rather than individual identities ('me' and 'I') as discussed in psychosocial theory. Tajfel developed a theory on societal identities and relationships between different groups. Within this theory, he divided identity into two sub-systems: personal identity, which relates to personal relationships such as with parents, and social identity, which focuses on broader relationships.

In contrast to Erikson and Marcia, Tajfel conducted laboratory studies using artificially created groups in order to investigate the role of membership in identity formation and animosity towards out-groups. Tajfel found that boys showed a preference for both their own group and the out-group, but when allocating points, they exhibited bias towards their own group. According to Tajfel, these boys used strategies that maximized the point difference between the two groups, even if it meant reducing points for their own group or allowing the out-group to gain more points.

The text reveals that boys, when given the opportunity to show favoritism towards their own group and discriminate against another group, were inclined to do so even if there was no personal benefit. The reason behind this behavior was their shared identity, specifically their liking for the same artist. Social Identity Theory (SIT) explicitly examines how social power differences impact one's sense of identity. SIT also explains how marginalized groups may attempt to improve their social status by pursuing job promotions and distancing themselves from their previous social circles. Even though certain social divisions like race may pose obstacles, individuals can still strive for societal change. These particular

groups were labeled as "minimum groups" due to the lack of significant reasons for grouping them together.

Tajfel found that these groups still demonstrate intergroup favoritism, displaying prejudice against individuals not in their group and supporting their own. Tajfel believed that categorization alone was sufficient to generate bias between groups. Can these theories account for the identities of individuals with physical disabilities? All of the theories stress the significance of embodiment in identity. The psychosocial theory specifically addresses the physical dimension of identity as the body influences the psychosocial obstacles we face, like aging.

According to the SIT theory, the significance of incarnation is unclear when it comes to intergroup favoritism, as it recognizes the unique qualities associated with individuals who have physical disabilities. Erikson believes that a sense of continuity is crucial for one's identity, and those who face life-threatening situations are particularly aware of their own identity. This could explain why individuals who become physically impaired often have a deep awareness of their bodily identities (dandeker 94, morris 93).

Social Identity Theory (SIT) proposes that individuals who become physically impaired experience a change in consciousness of their identity. This change places them in a lower social group, where they are treated as devalued members. This alteration does not occur by itself but leads to an awareness of individuality. Erikson and Marcia argue that the development of individuality, accompanied by normative crises and the achievement of identity, is an important task during adolescence. Embodied identity is also crucial during this stage for young people without physical impairments. Subcultures are more prominent, and the likelihood of eating disorders increases. Although Erikson and Marcia emphasize the achievement of identity

as crucial for adolescents, it limits the fluidity of identity. If this significant part of development is accomplished earlier in life, subsequent changes become less possible.

Most adults who pursue upward social mobility for individuals with physical disabilities have a greater opportunity for personal growth and transformation compared to psychosocial aspects. Various theories endorse the idea of having the freedom to choose one's identity. However, Erikson and Marcia's theory has faced criticism for suggesting more freedom of choice in shaping one's identity than what most people actually experience.

The grievant (92) presents an argument regarding the contradiction between the belief in diverse identity options for individuals, while also acknowledging that certain identities may not be accessible to everyone. This includes the example of being an adopted child or facing limitations due to physical impairments. According to Erikson and Marcia, individuals must achieve different aspects of their identity across various areas such as gender and education. However, they also suggest that a central identity is formed from these varied spheres. The Social Identity Theory (SIT) proposes that individuals utilize their identities either to improve their low social status or maintain their high social status through discrimination against other social groups.

The explanation of how SIT would account for a child using group identity as a hindrance to attain a higher social status is not as clear. In psychosocial theory, the utilization and classification of identities are closely linked. For instance, in psychosocial studies, researchers categorize the identity status of young individuals based on their everyday actions. However, identity status also influences the development of specific approaches to engaging with the world. While these theories may not place much emphasis

on embodiment, they all have relevance when considering the identities of individuals with physical impairments.