question

epidemiology:

answer

the study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence/ determine their distribution.

question

The study of _______ among a population.

answer

mental disease infectious disease *ebola chronic disease *CVD

question

clinical care:

answer

focus on one person or small group of people. *primary *secondary *tertiary

question

public health:

answer

the field of research, science and practice focusing on the health of a community. (center of prevention) *community is patient.

question

unit of observation

answer

population

question

Epidemiology's 5 Primary Objectives:

answer

1. existence and etiology of a disease. 2. risk factors 3. history of the disease 4. assess prevention measures for the disease 5. public policy

question

first responders:

answer

health care workers report cases of a disease or deaths among members of society.

question

risk factor:

answer

a variable associated with an increased risk in disease or infection.

question

determinant:

answer

another word for risk factor.

question

4 major goals of epidemiology

answer

1. determine whether exposure really cause the health outcome. 2. population subgroup is at risk for contracting the disease. 3. implement screening procedures. 4. modify risk external (environmental changes) or internal (behavior changes).

question

epidemiological reasoning approach

answer

* plausibility ; possibility * probability * inference

question

plausibility ; possible association

answer

-association us not causation. correlation is not causation.

question

epidemic:

answer

an outbreak of a disease that is significantly larger in numbers than what health professionals expected to occur in a given time in a given place. - outbreak - rapidly

question

pandemic:

answer

worldwide epidemic

question

endemic:

answer

disease is naturally reoccurring in a given number of cases to occur every year - in that region.

question

Endemic can lead to _______, which can lead to _______.

answer

epidemic, pandemic

question

morbidity:

answer

disease

question

mortality:

answer

death

question

Another term for determinant

answer

exposure

question

incidents

answer

new cases

question

prevalence

answer

old and new cases

question

Independent variable

answer

determinant

question

Dependent variable

answer

outcome

question

What causes a change in dependent variable?

answer

independent variable.

question

2 types of errors

answer

- systemic (bias) - random (chance)

question

descriptive epidemiology

answer

the frequency and the distribution of risk factors and diseases in a population.

question

descriptive

answer

describes date, CAN NOT infer CAUSALITY!!!!

question

analytic epidemiology

answer

seeks to identify specific factors that increase or decrease the risk of disease and the quantify the associated risk.

question

analytical

answer

quantifies risk, CAN infer CAUSALITY!!!

question

infectious disease

answer

- short -host to host - aka communicable, transmissible.

question

chronic disease

answer

- life long - uncertain etiology - noncontagious - long latency period - incurable - multifactorial origins

question

virulence:

answer

how poisonous or damaging an organism is.

question

Disability Adjusted Life-Year (DALY)

answer

YLD +YLL Man dies at 69. Average life expectancy is 75 75- 69 = 6 =YLL Lets say he live 10 years with the disease -; 10 = YLD DALY = 16

question

upstream determinants:

answer

behavioral, social, physical environments.

question

downstream determinants:

answer

disease/death, optimum health status.

question

Hippocrates:

answer

father of ethical theory of clinical-based care of patients (also father of epidemiology).

question

Humoral theory (four humors) -;hippocrates.

answer

- yellow bile -black bile - blood - phlegm

question

Edward Jenner

answer

-development of small pox vaccine. - father of immunology.

question

cartographic analysis (aka geographic information system (GIS))

answer

disease diffusion, hand washing of clinicians and medical professionals, food safety practices, and theories of disease causality. (John Snow) -cholera

question

miasma theory:

answer

disease spread by air.

question

germ theory: (Ignaz Semmelweis) -; chlorinated lime solution.

answer

defined as the notion that microorganisms can invade the body and cause death and disease.

question

Alexander Fleming

answer

creator or penicillin

question

Robert Koch

answer

creator of anthrax vaccine and the process of decontaminating food products.

question

Koch postulates:

answer

1. the organism must be present in all cases of the specific disease. 2. the organism must be grown in an uncontaminated culture, isolated from other living organisms. 3. a vulnerable host must produce the disease when infected with a sample of the pure culture. 4. the living organism must then be observed in, and received from, the infected host.

question

Koch postulates is an example of

answer

causal theories.

question

Jonas Salk (Polio)

answer

developed first vaccination with dead/inactive strain of virus. required an injection.

question

Albert Sabin (Polio)

answer

other vaccine was created by him. Vaccine was oral inoculation.

question

theory of multiple causality

answer

understand morbidity and mortality as the result from a series of different exposures over the lifespan.

question

multiple causality

answer

is a series of health adverse exposure (negative health behaviors).

question

5 causal theories discussed:

answer

-humoral theory -germ theory -miasma -Koch's postulates - Theory of multiple causality

question

top 3 chronic diseases

answer

1. heart disease 2. cancer 3. stroke

question

top 3 infectious disease

answer

1. pneumonial/ influenza 2. tubercolosis 3. gastritits

question

Global perspective:

answer

1. limited resources 2. lack of technology 3. lack of preventive healthcare 4. education

question

prevention (primary and secondary):

answer

an intervention occurs before the onset of a disease.

question

control (secondary or tertiary):

answer

may occur later in the disease course. - amputation - blindness - renal failure (diabetes)

question

health promotion (primary):

answer

also known as primordial prevention.

question

primary prevention:

answer

reduces disease.

question

secondary prevention:

answer

decreases the duration and severity of the disease. -screening for breast cancer.

question

tertiary prevention:

answer

reduces complications of existing disease. - eye examination for people with diabetes.

question

Health disparites:

answer

- language

question

Rigorous methodology

answer

-forming hypothesis -measuring -analysis -discovery

question

ecological perspective:

answer

where individual, health behavior, social environment are interdependent.

question

probability:

answer

estimate of how likely something will occur.

question

statistics:

answer

study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

question

use probability and statistics

answer

to determine if there is a significant risk or odds of a certain determinant causing a certain health outcome.

question

variable:

answer

any quality, attribute, or characteristics of a specific entity that varies in quantity or some other type of measurable phenomenon; has different values within the study. -basically anything that can be measured ~hair color, sex, BMI

question

Health outcomes

answer

-protective factor (not always a bad outcome).

question

operationalize:

answer

define/measure

question

categorize:

answer

put them into groups.

question

generalizability (external validity)

answer

you cannot infer.

question

confounding variables:

answer

-a variable that influences the IV and DV -threatens internal validity -may compete with the IV

question

external validity:

answer

threatens the generalizability of study's findings/results across settings, times, and people.

question

internal validity:

answer

threatens whether a relationship really exists between IV and DV. -important in determining causality (high internal validity).

question

psychometric analysis (internal validity)

answer

- ensuring your measurements are producing reliable and valid data (use original instrumentation) - this would threatened internal validity. - a systematic bias can occur.

question

original instruments:

answer

create your own survey.

question

existing instrument:

answer

using a survey that someone else has created.

question

fixed population:

answer

relatively permanent.

question

dynamic population:

answer

people moving in out of the group.

question

attrition (internal validity)

answer

-loss of follow-up; having less people at the end of the study than what you began with.

question

Analytic

answer

you can infer causality.

question

continuous data (if the data is in fractions or decimals) -interval -ratio these two are also called SCALE DATA

answer

-a set of information that can hold any value Ex: blood pressure, weight, height, blood glucose. - histogram would be best to present the data.

question

discrete data -nominal (demographic information; ask your race) -ordinal (a set of information ranked into some semblance of order; freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) these two are also called CATEGORICAL DATA

answer

-contains certain numbers of values. - a bar graph would be best to present the data.

question

cumulative incidence:

answer

number of new cases in given time.

question

incidence rate:

answer

number of new cases per population in a given time period.

Epidemiology: Chronic Disease (Chapter 1-4) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards