Epidemiology Test Answers – Flashcards
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Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic is a(an):
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determinant
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Activities, usually initiated during the early phases of pathogenesis, that are intended to limit the progression of disease:
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secondary prevention
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The application of epidemiology that examines causal hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and health conditions is known as:
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analytic epidemiology
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A type of study of the placement of health services in a community and the optimal utilization of such services is called:
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operations research
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The administration of immunizations against infectious diseases is one example of:
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primary prevention
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The occurrence of new disease or mortality within a defined period of observation is called:
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incidence
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The epidemiologic measure that refers to the number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons afflicted with the disease is known as:
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case fatality rate
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To permit fair comparisons across populations by removing the effect of differences in the composition of various populations, epidemiologists utilize:
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adjusted rates
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Based on Figure 2-4 (page 29), the smallest percentage of childhood cancer deaths in the United States in 2004 were related to:
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the colon/rectum
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Epidemiologic rates contain three essential elements: disease frequency, unit size of the population, and the ___________:
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time period during which an event occurs
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The term that refers to the generalizability of epidemiological findings to the population from which the data have been taken is:
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external validity
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The term that describes the use of health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response:
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syndromic surveillance
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Which of the following is NOT considered a nationally notifiable infectious disease:
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corona virus
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Established in 1984 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, _______ is a state-based system of health surveys that collects information on health risk behaviors, preventive health practices, and health care access primarily related to chronic disease and injury.
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BRFSS
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According to Figure 3-6 (page 59), the infant mortality rate in the United States in 2005 was lowest for which of the following races:
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Asian or Pacific Islander
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The type of investigation that is defined as one "that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health-related characteristics) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time":
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cross-sectional study
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Gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long periods of time are referred to as:
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secular trends
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Based on Figure 4-18 (page 84), between 1983 and 2005, the percentage of enterovirus reports was lowest in:
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February
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Severe weather events (and their consequences) are often studied using:
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cyclic trend analysis
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Based on the secular trends displayed in Figure 4-15 examining yearly suicide rates among females: In 2004, among women aged 15-19 years, the rate of suicide was lowest for:
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poisoning
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With continuous variables, a measure of the strength of an association between the variables is _______.
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Pearson correlation coefficient
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In a dose-response relationship, the lowest dose at which a particular response occurs is termed the:
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threshold
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The time period between initial exposure (to a pathogen, for example) and a measurable response is called:
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latency
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The assertion that the observed association is not likely to have occurred as a result of chance is called:
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statistical significance
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The type of association represented by the dose-response relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and mortality from lung cancer is an example of:
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method of concomitant variation
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Which of the following types of study designs is considered an observational analytic study:
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case-control
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The measure of the association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome used in case-contol studies is:
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odds ratio (OR)
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An investigation involving intentional change in some aspect of the status of the subjects is called a (an):
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intervention study
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"The distortion of a measure of the effect of an exposure on an outcome due to the association of the exposure with other factors that influence the occurrence of the outcome" is a type of study bias known as:
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confounding
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The type of study in which "disease-free" subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then observed over time to document the occurrence of new cases (incidence) of disease or other health events:
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prospective cohort study
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The individuals, organizations, and members of government who are affected by policy decisions are known as:
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stakeholders
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An examination of the evidence that associates exposure to an agent with its toxicity and produces a qualitative judgement about the strength of that evidence (whether derived from human epidemiology or extrapolated from laboratory animal data) is known as:
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hazard identification
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_______ refers to estimates of the number of excess unwarranted health events expected at different time intervals at each level of exposure.
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risk characterization
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The ability of the measuring instrument to give a true measure of the entity being measured is termed:
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validity
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The ability of a screening test to identify only nondiseased individuals who actually do not have the disease:
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specificity
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The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent is called:
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herd immunity
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An inanimate object that has the potential to harbor and transmit infectious disease agents is known as a (an):
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fomite
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Based on Figure 8-14 (page 153): In 2002, worldwide, the greatest percentage of deaths form vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) among children < 5 years was due to:
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pneumococcal diseases
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In the investigation of a disease outbreak, the graphic plotting of the the distribution of cases by time of onset is called a (an):
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epidemic curve
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A type of incidence rate used when the occurrence of a disease among a population at risk increases greatly over a short period of time, often related to a specific exposure:
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attack rate
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Regarding binge drinking among high school students in the United States (1991, 1993, 2003, 2005),the greatest percentage of binge drinking occurred among:
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males, grades 11-12, 1993
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Based of Figure 9-15 (page 170), methamphetamine use in the past year among persons aged 12 or older (2002, 2003, 2004) was lowest among those individuals aged:
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26 and older
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According to BRFSS data (Figure 9-18), in the United States in 2007: In the state of Florida, the prevalence of obesity based on the percentage of persons with body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater was:
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20-24%
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The need to drink increasing amounts of alcohol in order to feel its effects is known as:
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alcohol dependence
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An anxiety disorder that some people develop after seeing or living through an event that caused or threatened serious harm or death is termed:
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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Based on Figure 10-7: The age-adjusted death rates for leading causes of injury in the United States indicate that, in 2004, for the first since 1968, the number of reported _______ deaths exceeded the number of firearm deaths.
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poisoning
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Between 2001 and 2005 in the United States, the estimated annual rate of nonfatal sports- and recreation-related traumatic brain injuries treated in emergency departments was highest for:
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males, aged 10-14
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According to data for the 1990's, __________ was the state with a death rate for all-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes that was approximately eight times higher than the national average.
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West Virginia
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In the United States in 2003, the prevalence of physical dating violence victimization among high school students was greatest in which region of the country:
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northeast
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According to the CDC, ______ are the leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries for persons aged 65 years and older:
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falls
