ENVR 1401 Chapter 6 HW LAB – Flashcards
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A person's culture plus his or her personal experience contributes to his or her _____.
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Worldview
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Two individuals can look at the same environmental problem and come up with exactly the opposite solution, although both individuals have sound explanations based on their culture. This reflects a difference in _____.
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Worldview
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What ethical perspective would you ascribe to someone who makes environmental choices based on a respect for just the living things in an ecosystem?
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biocentrism
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Who wrote the book Walden and viewed nature as divine?
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Henry David Thoreau
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Which type of ethics dictates the sustainable use of natural resources while also managing them wisely?
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conservation
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Which type of ethical perspective is held by an individual who opposes the building of a new dam, which would generate needed hydropower, if the dam would cause the extinction of an entire species?
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biocentrism
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Suppose someone said, "Earth and all of its contents were created for the betterment of human beings, so as long as something is good for humans, it is good for the whole Earth." What ethical perspective would they hold?
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anthropocentric
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Two scientists are debating the responsibility of humans to the environment. The first debater says, "We should maintain the environment in its most natural state as if we hadn't been here at all." The second says, "We should use the environmental resources available to us but not abuse them." Which two scientists discussed in this chapter would have made these comments, respectively?
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Muir; Pinchot
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When someone believes that something in nature has intrinsic value he or she believes _______.
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that things in nature have value for their own sake regardless of their use to others
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The environmental justice movement started because _______.
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people realized that environmental damage is *not equally* distributed among all classes and racial groups; minority and low-income communities tend to contain a much larger share of the environmental damage (such as landfills, incinerators, toxic waste sites, etc.)
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The conservation ethic suggested that _______.
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resources should be used from natural areas but in a responsible way such that they are not depleted
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A universalist would argue that an ethical standard like _____ exists across all cultures and contexts.
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the categorical imperative
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During what century did consumption of natural resources and pollution increase dramatically for the first time in human history?
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The 19th century
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Members of the _____ movement would be very concerned about the unequal exposure of members of a certain race to pollution.
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environmental justice
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Which of the following is a concern of neoclassical economics?
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production
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Which term is used to describe the conversion of natural resources into goods and services?
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economy
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Which types of costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property?
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external cost
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How did the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith view the role of economics within society?
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He argued that individuals acting in self-interest would benefit society (as long as their behavior was constrained by private property rights).
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Which approach assists consumers in choosing products that are grown or manufactured with environmentally friendly methods?
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ecolabeling
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What is meant by "market failure"?
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occurs when markets do not take into account the environment's positive effects on economies (such as ecosystem services) or when they do not reflect the negative impacts of economic activity on people or the environment (external costs)
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How does pollution change the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
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GDP goes up when the polluting substance is produced and again when society pays to remove the substance from the environment.
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What kind of economy does the United States have?
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hybrid capitalist/socialist
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Which of the following correctly illustrate the two ways that economic growth can occur?
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increased inputs to the economy and improvements in efficiency through technology
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Economists assess the economic health of a nation by calculating its _______.
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Gross Domestic Product
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What are nonmarket values?
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values for items such as ecosystem services that are not usually included in the price of a good or service
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In which of the following ways did neoclassical economics contribute to environmental problems?
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by encouraging society to view the supply of resources as infinite
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How does the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) differ from the GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator)?
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The GPI takes into *account externalities (both good and bad) and other nonmarket values*, while the GDP does not
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In a subsistence economy, individuals _______.
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meet most of their needs from nature, but may trade for local goods made by different clans or families
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A country whose economy is based on _____ would relate most easily with the ideas asserted by Adam Smith.
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capitalism
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While in the grocery store, Maria chooses to purchase the soy milk produced from nongenetically modified soybeans over the brand grown conventionally. Maria has made use of _____ for her decision.
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ecolabeling
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A company that produces household cleaners decides to produce a "green" version of its products, even though the formulas are virtually unchanged compared to the original formulas. This is an example of _______.
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greenwashing
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What is sustainable development?
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promoting a viable economy while maintaining a viable environment and meeting social needs
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Which kind of development would be promoted if a government worked on finding a balance between economic security, environmental protection, and social equity?
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sustainable
