Environmental Science Chapter 1 and 2
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Ecology,Chemistry,Geology,Botany and Zoology and Paleontology
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What are some of the fields that environmental science uses?
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study how living things interact with each other with their non-living environment.
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What is Ecology?
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the study of fossils, helps us understand how the earth's climate has changed in the past.
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What is Paleontology?
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provide information needed to preserve species.
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What does Botany and Zoology do for environmental science?
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how pollutants travel underground
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How does Geology help with Environmental science?
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helps study the nature of pollutants
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How does Chemistry help with the study of environmental science?
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people who obtain food by collecting plants and by hunting wild animals or scavenging their remains.
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Who are hunter-gatherers?
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Overhunted which led to the loss of large mammals.
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What did hunter gatherer's do that affected the environment?
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is the practice of growing, breeding, and caring for plants and animals used for food, housing, transportation, and other purposes.
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What is agriculture?
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18,000s- 10,000 B.C.
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When was the Agriculture revolution?
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allowed human populations to grow at an unprecedented rate.
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What did the agricultural revolution do?
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More food, high life expectancy, supported more people.
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What were some postives of the agricultural revolution?
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Destruction of wild life habitats from clearing out forests and grass lands. Killed wild animals (over hunting)
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What were the negatives of agricultural revolution?
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Computers, satellites, Know a lot more
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What are the positives of the Globalization Revolution?
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cheaper products, lower infant mortality, longer life expectancy, increased unbanization
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What were so positives of the industrial revolution?
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Biodiversity depletion, pollution
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What were some negatives of the industrial revolution?
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Large loss in cultural diversity
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What were the negatives of the Globalization Revolution?
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biotic or abiotic factor with economic value
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Resource
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what is economically reasonable to extract (produce) (No one is going to sell something less than it cost to produce it!
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Reserve
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is a resource that can be replaced relatively quickly by natural processes.
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Renewable resource
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Chickens, Fresh Air, Fresh Water, Goats
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What is an example of a renewable resource?
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is a resource that forms at a much slower rate than the rate that it is consumed.
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Nonrenewable resource
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Gas, Oil, and Coal
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What is an example of a nonrenewable resource?
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is an undesired change in air, water, or soil that adversely affects the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms.
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Pollution
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pollutants that can be broken down by natural processes.
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Biodegradable pollutants
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They accumulate faster than they can be broken down
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What is the problem with Biodegradable pollutants ?
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Newspaper and human sewage
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What are some examples of Biodegradable pollutants ?
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Pollutants that cannot be broken down by natural processes.
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What are Nondegradable pollutants ?
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They cannont be broken down easily
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What are the problems with Nondegradable pollutants ?
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Mercury, lead, and some types of plastics.
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What are some examples of Nondegradable pollutants ?
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the number and variety of species that live in an area.
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Biodiversity
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areas of land that belonged to a whole village.
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Commons
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People use so much stuff that others won't be able to get as much stuff because the natural resource would be used up already.
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What happened during the tragedy of the commons?
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Someone or some group should take responsibility for maintain a resource. If no one takes responsibility, then the resource could be overused or depleted.
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What is the solution of the tragedy of the commons?
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the greater demand for a limited supply of something, the more it's worth.
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Law of supply and demand
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Oil
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What is a good example of law of supply and demand?
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is usually based on how much a human life is worth.
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Implementation
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balances the cost of the action against the benefits one expects of it.
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Cost benefit analysis
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Example: A consumer has a choice. Pay for a more expensive product that meets the environmental regulations or pay for something less expensive that doesn't.
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What is a good example of Cost benefit analysis?
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risk of an undesirable outcome
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Risk assessment
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Slower population growth Higher average income Diverse industrial economies Stronger social support systems.
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Developed countries
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Lower average incomes Simple and agriculture based economies Rapid population growth.
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Developing countries?
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shows the productive area of Earth needed to support one person in a particular country.
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Ecological Footprint
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shows the productive area of Earth needed to support one person in a particular country.
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Ecological Footprint
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condition in which human needs are met in such a way that a human population can survive indefinitely.
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Sustainability
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Indefinite existence of human populations in a healthy and prosperous condition.
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Sustainable world
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is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come.
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Sustainable development
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reusing and recycling or breaking down completely. All of our stuff. So it doesn't deplete the energy of material resources in which it depends.
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Sustainable society
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the continuing supply of a natural resource, as timber, through scheduled harvests to insure replacement by regrowth or reproduction.
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Sustainable yield
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Habitat Destruction-take ecosystems for their use results in loss in biodiversity.
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What is the H in Hippo?
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Introduction to Exotics-results to non natives overpopulating the new environment.
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What is the I in Hippo?
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Pollution- put non- natural substance into the environment
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What is the first P in Hippo?
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one large of pollutants
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What is point source pollution?
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many small sources
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What is area source pollution?
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company producing chemicals: driving a car
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What is an example of both point and area source pollution?
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Population-more people need more things. Leads to loss of habitat, resource depletion.
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What is the second P in Hippo?
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Overconsumption-use a resource faster than it can be replenished.
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What is the O in Hippo?
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Natural ecosystems gain resources and dispose of waste by recycling all elements Natural ecosystems sustain themselves by running on solar power. Large biomasses cannot be supported at the end of food chains.
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Three rules of sustainability?
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are those not affected by human use
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Perpetual resource
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Sunlight, wind wave energy, tide energy
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Give an example of perpetual resource
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is a piece of information we gather when using our senses.
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Observation
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testable explanation for an observation
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Hypothesis
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a logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct.
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Prediction
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procedure designed to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions.
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Experiment
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the group that does not receive experimental treatment.
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Control group
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group receiving experimental treatment.
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Experimental group
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is the factor of interest
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Variable
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information scientist gather during an experiment
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Data
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reliable associations between two or more events.
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Correlations
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Is the collection and classification of data that are in the form of numbers and allow us to analyze data at one time
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Statistics
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number obtained by adding up the data for a given characteristic and dividing the sum by the number of individuals.
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Mean
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is the relative arrangement of the members of a statistical population.
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Distribution
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a bell-shaped curve
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Normal Distribution
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chance that something will happen
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Probability
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is the group of individuals or events selected to represent the population.
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Sample
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is the probability of an unwanted outcome.
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Risk
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representations of objects and systems.
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Models
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is a verbal or graphical explanation for how a system works or is organized.
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Conceptual model
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is one or more equations that represents the way a system or process works.
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Mathematical model
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which are principles or standards we consider important
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Values
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is a conceptual model that provides a systematic process for making decisions.
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Decision-making model
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is the way of gathering information, hopefully free from bias
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Science
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The Scientific Method
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What does science used to reduce bias?
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Observe, Question, Hypothesis, Test with a controlled experiment, data, infer and draw conclusion, and publish.
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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The Manipulative variable. (can be changed), On the X axis.
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Independent Variable
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graphed on the y axis.Depends on that of another.
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Dependent variable
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set of experiment most similar of life
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Control
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variables that you keep the same.
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Controlled variable
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dependent variables
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What is another word for data?
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data with descriptions
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qualitative data
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data that has to do with numbers
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Quantitative data
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anything that expands out ability to observe.
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What is a tool?
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Most common data point
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What is the mode?
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one increases so does the other
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Positive Correlation
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one increases the other decreases
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Negative correlation
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no relationship between variables
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No correlation
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Ethopia
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Give an example of a developing nation?
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resource depletion, habitat destruction, pollution.
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Population growth in the 20th century accelerated which environmental stress?
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Responsible consumption by developed countries and cooperation between governments, industry, and citizens.
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Achieving a sustainable world is a goal that will depend on..?
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Humans depend upon other organisms for food and oxygen.
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Why bis most of the world's loss of biodiversity a source of concern?
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individuals and society
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The "Tragedy of the Commons" describes the conflict between what?
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protecting sharing resources
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Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" essay addresses the conflicts associated with what environmental challenge?
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Industrial Revolution
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Most of the environments problems began during which period in human history?
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Intensive cultivation of farmland that exhausts soil nutrients.
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Which describes the depletion of a renewable resource?
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is testable
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A good hypothesis is more than a guess because it is..?
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Plants and animals were domesticated.
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During the agricultural revolution..?
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