Environmental Chemistry Answers – Flashcards

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question
What is the structure of the earth?
answer
Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
question
What is the approximate depth of each layer in the earth?
answer

Core: ~1800-1400mi

Mantle: ~22-1800mi

Crust: ~0-22mi

question
What are the physical characteristiscs of each layer in the earth?
answer

Inner core is solid (higher temp but also higher pressure)

 

Outer core is liquid

 

Core is 80% iron with nickel and other trace elements

question
What happened to dense metals during earth's formation?
answer
they sank to the middle of the earth
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Which layer comprises the majority of earth's volume and what is it composed of?
answer

the mantle

 

silicate rocks containing Mg and Fe

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Is the mantle solid or plasitc?
answer
plastic - slight flow which leads to isostacy which leads to plate techtonics
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Which layer do we extract resources from?
answer
The crust (or lithosphere but they're two different things... our prof should know that but for the sake of this class pretend they're the same for the test)
question
The crust comprises what percent of the earth's volume?
answer
;1%
question
What is the continental and oceanic crust made of?
answer

Mostly silica and alumina (sial) (continental)

;

silica and magnesium (sima) (oceanic)

;

;

question
What are the percentages of O, Si, and Al in the earth's crust?
answer

O - 49.2%

Si - 25.7%

Al - 7.50%

question
What does a basic silicate tetrahedral unit look like?
answer
one silica bonded to four oxygens (looks like a pyramid)
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What are two forms in which silicates can exist?
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single silicate ions or crystalline solids
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What is asbestos formed from?
answer
silicates
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Why is asbestos dangerous?
answer
it forms long needle-like crystals around PM 10 that can be inhaled into lungs
question
How does asbestos lead to mesathelioma and asbestosis?
answer

Asbestosis: the asbestos fibers are inhaled and reduce lung function due to the build up of connective tissue in the lungs (auto-immune response)

 

Mesathelioma: a cancer of the mesothelium (the lining of many internal organs)

question
What does asbestos refer to?
answer
a few compounds that have similar structures and excellent thermal insulating and fire resistant properties
question
What are ceramics?
answer
crystalline materials prepared by heating and cooling
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What do the properties of ceramics depend on?
answer
composition, clay based ceramic based on aluminum silicates
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Why is heating essential to the production of ceramics?
answer
Heating decreases pores, resulting in dense, brittle material with good heat resistance, hardness, and strength
question
What is glass?
answer

an amorphous solid

 

not a crystal lattice!!

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Why is it possible to shape glass?
answer
it can be shaped as heated weaker bonds break but it cools quickly and strong bonds stay intact
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What are the components and approximate percentages these components in window glass?
answer
75% SiO2, 15% Na2O(soda), 10% CaO(lime)
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What are the components and properties of borosilicate glass?
answer

aka Pyrex

 

same construction as window glass but substitute B2O3 for CaO

 

can add cations like cobalt to color the glass

 

may incorporate polymer fibers

question
How energy-expensive is glass and how can we reduce the cost?
answer

glass is energy intensive but we can recycle it easily

 

cullet is broken glass

question
What is the respective composition of cement and concrete and what is the difference between cement and concrete?
answer

cement is a substance that binds other materials together made from lime (CaO) with a small amount of clay

 

concrete is a construction material made of a coarse aggregate of crushed rocks mixed with water and a fine aggregate such as sand

question
How is cement produced and what is the environmental impact of cement?
answer

it is produced by crushing limestone, clay and coal burning

 

cement plants have been accused of violating the clean air act b/c some of the particulate matter gets into the atmosphere and acts as a pollutant

question
How was bronze first produced and what are the characteristics of bronze?
answer

bronze is a copper-tin alloy with about 90% of copper

 

copper ores are easy to find due to distinct colors (blue/green)

 

bronze is a hard alloy that resists corrosion, making it very useful for tools and weapons

 

it was first produced ~3500 BC by mixing copper ores and tin together

 

Cu2S(s) + O2(g) --> 2Cu(s) + SO2(g)

CuO(s) + CO(g) --> Cu(s) + CO2(g)

SnO2(s) + CO(g) --> 2Sn(s) + 2CO2(g)

question
What is an alloy and what is the advantage of using an alloy?
answer

alloys are mixtures of elements with at least one metal

 

alloys are helpful because they form new materials that are useful for different tasks and are often very strong/hard

question
How do you extract metals from ores?
answer

there are three ways: heating in air/with a reducing agent (like coke or carbon monoxide), processing the metals with electricity, or dissolving the reactants in water in order to treat the metal

 

heating is the most common and oldest way

question
what is the chemistry for reducing from coke?
answer

at high temperatures at the bottom of the furnace, carbon dioxide reacts with carbon to produce carbon monoxide

C + CO2 --> 2CO

it is this carbon monoxide which is the main reducing agent in the furnace

Fe2O3 + 3CO --> 2Fe + 3CO2

in the hotter parts of the furnace, the carbon itself also acts as a reducing agent. notice that at these temperatures, the other product of the reaction is carbon monoxide, not carbon dioxide

Fe2O3 + 3C --> 2Fe + 3CO

the temperature of the furnace is hot enough to melt the iron which trickles down to the bottom where it can be tapped off

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Can alluminum be reduced from coke?
answer
No because it is higher than carbon on the activity series
question
How is iron extracted from ore and how is it applied?
answer

iron is produced with a blast furnace

 

you burn coke and use limestone to remove silicate impurities (forms molten slag that floats on iron)

 

product is moletn iron that has impurities, but can be formed easily (pig iron, cast iron)

 

iron is  used in steel and accounts for 95% of metal production due to this use

 

steel strength, hardness increases as one adds carbon

 

over 2% carbon and steel becomes brittle

question
What are some additives to steel alloys and their applications?
answer

tungsten increses melting point

nickel and chromium reduce corrosion (stainless steel)

vanadium increses strength (tools)

question
How does a blast furnace work?
answer

iron ore, coke and limestone are put into the top

 

the furnace is steel lined with heat resistant brick

 

it is 400ºC at the top and 1800ºC at the bottom

 

the area at teh bottom is where hot air is blasted

 

the ore melts in this hot chamber and falls through to the bottom where it is separated into molten slag and molten iron. there are 2 tap holes at this bottom chamber so that the molten slag and the molten iron can be taken out separately

question
How do you predict whether a reaction will happen based on the activity series?
answer

a more active element displaces a less active element from its compounds

 

the higher up you go, the more reactive, an element will reduce/react with metals below it

question
How is aluminum reduced from ore? Does this process take more or less energy than the process used for,say, iron ore?
answer

by electrolosis

 

this requires significantly more energy than iron but the energy cost is mitigated by lighter products being more efficient

 

 

question
What are the 5 main heavy metals that are toxic to the environment and why are they toxic?
answer

Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As

 

not very toxic as condensed free elements, but their cations are very toxic and tend to bind sulfurs in protiens

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What are the applications of Hg? Where is it found in the environment?
answer

used in electrical switches, amalgam fillings, and preservatives like thimerosal

 

it is harmful because of bio-accumulation, it accumulates in food chains and the higher up in the food chain you go, the more is present

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What are the applications of Pb and where is it found in the environment?
answer

it was used as a structural metal in ancient rome up to recent times in anything from shot, solder on food tins and water pipes, leaded gasoline, and lead oxide (yellow) glaze on dinnerware

 

 

found in the water?

 

question
What are the applications of Cadmium and where is it found in the environment?
answer

it's a product of zinc smelting, present in nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad) batteries, and pigments (Cd-yellow)

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a lethal dose is 1g

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most contamination incidents due to leakage from mining operations (so maybe contaminates water?)

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What are applications of arsenic?
answer

pesticides

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groundwater is a major source of contamination for most people caused from leakages from mining operations

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similar to phosphorous, found together in nature

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released due to coal burning, and metal smelting operations

question
what are the applications of chromium?
answer

used in electroplating, steel alloys, and leather tanning

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groundwater contamination = source for most people

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Erin Brockovitch...case against Pacific Gas and Electric for contaminating groundwater with Cr(VI) in Hinkley, CA

question
Where does most metal come from and why?
answer
most metal comes from developing nations because the metal resources have been depleted in the industrialized world and because developing nations have less environmental protection restrictions on mining
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How much ore do high value metals require for extraction?
answer

tons

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gold may yeild less than an ounce per ton of gold ore and is extracted with toxic cyanide

question
What percent of bottles and cans are recycled in the US?
answer

over 50%

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recycling and reusing are important but will be difficult to maintain production levels indefinitely due to ever increasing population

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