Environmental Chemistry Answers – Flashcards
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Unlock answersWhat is the structure of the earth? |
Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust |
What is the approximate depth of each layer in the earth? |
Core: ~1800-1400mi Mantle: ~22-1800mi Crust: ~0-22mi |
What are the physical characteristiscs of each layer in the earth? |
Inner core is solid (higher temp but also higher pressure)
Outer core is liquid
Core is 80% iron with nickel and other trace elements |
What happened to dense metals during earth's formation? |
they sank to the middle of the earth |
Which layer comprises the majority of earth's volume and what is it composed of? |
the mantle
silicate rocks containing Mg and Fe |
Is the mantle solid or plasitc? |
plastic - slight flow which leads to isostacy which leads to plate techtonics |
Which layer do we extract resources from? |
The crust (or lithosphere but they're two different things... our prof should know that but for the sake of this class pretend they're the same for the test) |
The crust comprises what percent of the earth's volume? |
;1% |
What is the continental and oceanic crust made of? |
Mostly silica and alumina (sial) (continental) ; silica and magnesium (sima) (oceanic) ; ; |
What are the percentages of O, Si, and Al in the earth's crust? |
O - 49.2% Si - 25.7% Al - 7.50% |
What does a basic silicate tetrahedral unit look like? |
one silica bonded to four oxygens (looks like a pyramid) |
What are two forms in which silicates can exist? |
single silicate ions or crystalline solids |
What is asbestos formed from? |
silicates |
Why is asbestos dangerous? |
it forms long needle-like crystals around PM 10 that can be inhaled into lungs |
How does asbestos lead to mesathelioma and asbestosis? |
Asbestosis: the asbestos fibers are inhaled and reduce lung function due to the build up of connective tissue in the lungs (auto-immune response)
Mesathelioma: a cancer of the mesothelium (the lining of many internal organs) |
What does asbestos refer to? |
a few compounds that have similar structures and excellent thermal insulating and fire resistant properties |
What are ceramics? |
crystalline materials prepared by heating and cooling |
What do the properties of ceramics depend on? |
composition, clay based ceramic based on aluminum silicates |
Why is heating essential to the production of ceramics? |
Heating decreases pores, resulting in dense, brittle material with good heat resistance, hardness, and strength |
What is glass? |
an amorphous solid
not a crystal lattice!! |
Why is it possible to shape glass? |
it can be shaped as heated weaker bonds break but it cools quickly and strong bonds stay intact |
What are the components and approximate percentages these components in window glass? |
75% SiO2, 15% Na2O(soda), 10% CaO(lime) |
What are the components and properties of borosilicate glass? |
aka Pyrex
same construction as window glass but substitute B2O3 for CaO
can add cations like cobalt to color the glass
may incorporate polymer fibers |
How energy-expensive is glass and how can we reduce the cost? |
glass is energy intensive but we can recycle it easily
cullet is broken glass |
What is the respective composition of cement and concrete and what is the difference between cement and concrete? |
cement is a substance that binds other materials together made from lime (CaO) with a small amount of clay
concrete is a construction material made of a coarse aggregate of crushed rocks mixed with water and a fine aggregate such as sand |
How is cement produced and what is the environmental impact of cement? |
it is produced by crushing limestone, clay and coal burning
cement plants have been accused of violating the clean air act b/c some of the particulate matter gets into the atmosphere and acts as a pollutant |
How was bronze first produced and what are the characteristics of bronze? |
bronze is a copper-tin alloy with about 90% of copper
copper ores are easy to find due to distinct colors (blue/green)
bronze is a hard alloy that resists corrosion, making it very useful for tools and weapons
it was first produced ~3500 BC by mixing copper ores and tin together
Cu2S(s) + O2(g) --> 2Cu(s) + SO2(g) CuO(s) + CO(g) --> Cu(s) + CO2(g) SnO2(s) + CO(g) --> 2Sn(s) + 2CO2(g) |
What is an alloy and what is the advantage of using an alloy? |
alloys are mixtures of elements with at least one metal
alloys are helpful because they form new materials that are useful for different tasks and are often very strong/hard |
How do you extract metals from ores? |
there are three ways: heating in air/with a reducing agent (like coke or carbon monoxide), processing the metals with electricity, or dissolving the reactants in water in order to treat the metal
heating is the most common and oldest way |
what is the chemistry for reducing from coke? |
at high temperatures at the bottom of the furnace, carbon dioxide reacts with carbon to produce carbon monoxide C + CO2 --> 2CO it is this carbon monoxide which is the main reducing agent in the furnace Fe2O3 + 3CO --> 2Fe + 3CO2 in the hotter parts of the furnace, the carbon itself also acts as a reducing agent. notice that at these temperatures, the other product of the reaction is carbon monoxide, not carbon dioxide Fe2O3 + 3C --> 2Fe + 3CO the temperature of the furnace is hot enough to melt the iron which trickles down to the bottom where it can be tapped off |
Can alluminum be reduced from coke? |
No because it is higher than carbon on the activity series |
How is iron extracted from ore and how is it applied? |
iron is produced with a blast furnace
you burn coke and use limestone to remove silicate impurities (forms molten slag that floats on iron)
product is moletn iron that has impurities, but can be formed easily (pig iron, cast iron)
iron is used in steel and accounts for 95% of metal production due to this use
steel strength, hardness increases as one adds carbon
over 2% carbon and steel becomes brittle |
What are some additives to steel alloys and their applications? |
tungsten increses melting point nickel and chromium reduce corrosion (stainless steel) vanadium increses strength (tools) |
How does a blast furnace work? |
iron ore, coke and limestone are put into the top
the furnace is steel lined with heat resistant brick
it is 400ºC at the top and 1800ºC at the bottom
the area at teh bottom is where hot air is blasted
the ore melts in this hot chamber and falls through to the bottom where it is separated into molten slag and molten iron. there are 2 tap holes at this bottom chamber so that the molten slag and the molten iron can be taken out separately |
How do you predict whether a reaction will happen based on the activity series? |
a more active element displaces a less active element from its compounds
the higher up you go, the more reactive, an element will reduce/react with metals below it |
How is aluminum reduced from ore? Does this process take more or less energy than the process used for,say, iron ore? |
by electrolosis
this requires significantly more energy than iron but the energy cost is mitigated by lighter products being more efficient
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What are the 5 main heavy metals that are toxic to the environment and why are they toxic? |
Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As
not very toxic as condensed free elements, but their cations are very toxic and tend to bind sulfurs in protiens |
What are the applications of Hg? Where is it found in the environment? |
used in electrical switches, amalgam fillings, and preservatives like thimerosal
it is harmful because of bio-accumulation, it accumulates in food chains and the higher up in the food chain you go, the more is present |
What are the applications of Pb and where is it found in the environment? |
it was used as a structural metal in ancient rome up to recent times in anything from shot, solder on food tins and water pipes, leaded gasoline, and lead oxide (yellow) glaze on dinnerware
found in the water?
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What are the applications of Cadmium and where is it found in the environment? |
it's a product of zinc smelting, present in nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad) batteries, and pigments (Cd-yellow) ; a lethal dose is 1g ; most contamination incidents due to leakage from mining operations (so maybe contaminates water?) |
What are applications of arsenic? |
pesticides ; groundwater is a major source of contamination for most people caused from leakages from mining operations ; similar to phosphorous, found together in nature ; released due to coal burning, and metal smelting operations |
what are the applications of chromium? |
used in electroplating, steel alloys, and leather tanning ; groundwater contamination = source for most people ; Erin Brockovitch...case against Pacific Gas and Electric for contaminating groundwater with Cr(VI) in Hinkley, CA |
Where does most metal come from and why? |
most metal comes from developing nations because the metal resources have been depleted in the industrialized world and because developing nations have less environmental protection restrictions on mining |
How much ore do high value metals require for extraction? |
tons ; gold may yeild less than an ounce per ton of gold ore and is extracted with toxic cyanide |
What percent of bottles and cans are recycled in the US? |
over 50% ; recycling and reusing are important but will be difficult to maintain production levels indefinitely due to ever increasing population |