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Deforestation in tropical rainforests has the most negative effects due

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to loss of biodiversity

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Globally, deforestation adds

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CO2 to our atmosphere

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Renewable resources

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Naturally replenished over short periods

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Nonrenewable resources

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Naturally formed much slower than they are used, once depleted they are gone

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Even renewable resources, like trees, can run out if

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they are not used sustainably

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sustainable

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Resource use is considered sustainable if it can meet current demand without depleting the future supply

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Resource management

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the managing of resource harvesting to ensure that resources are not depleted

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Which resources do we manage?

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Soil, Fresh water, Wild animals, Timber

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What methods are used to manage our resources?

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Maximum Sustainable Yield, Ecosystem-Based Management, Adaptive Management

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Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

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Goal: To harvest maximum resources without reducing the amount of future harvests Populations grow the fastest when they are at an intermediate size Population sizes are kept far below carrying capacity, enabling fast growth

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Ecosystem-Based Management

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Goal: To harvest resources while minimizing effects on the rest of the ecosystem Ecologically sensitive areas are carefully monitored and protected Resources are harvested selectively *Because ecosystems are complex and not fully understood, this approach is still challenging for resource managers

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Adaptive Management

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Goal: To develop a customized management plan based on data gathered through scientific testing Hypotheses about how to best manage resources are tested Management practices are continually monitored and adjusted *most scientific, least invasive

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Value of Forests

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Foresters aim to balance ecological and economic value of forests

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Foresters

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Resource managers who manage public and private forests

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Forestry

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Forest management

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Value of Forests

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ecological and economic value

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Ecological values of a forest

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Provide habitat for organisms Source of biodiversity Prevent erosion Purify water Store carbon, release oxygen

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Economical values of a forest

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Timber for lumber and fuel Source of food Raw material for many medicines

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Biodiversity of Forests

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The structural diversity of forest provides many different habitats for organisms

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Mature forests (old-growth forests) have

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higher biodiversity than younger forests Forests with a high diversity of plants, also have a high diversity of animals

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Effects of Timber Harvesting

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All methods disturb forest communities and reduce biodiversity Changes forest structure Increased soil erosion and decreased local water quality Increased runoff and flooding

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Layers of the forest from the lowest to the highest level

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forest floor, understory layer, canopy layer, emergent layer

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There are three methods for harvesting timber

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Clear-cutting Seed-tree or shelterwood approach Selection system

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Most of the time the layers of the forest effected most are

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the understory layers and canopy layer

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even-aged or uneven-aged regrowth

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caused by cutting down all the trees ? Even-aged regrowth tends to be less biodiverse

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Clear-cutting

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Involves cutting down all trees in a region, which results in even-aged regrowth Benefit: cost efficient Costs: entire communities usually displaced or destroyed, causes soil erosion, leads to even-aged regrowth

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Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches

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Involves leaving small numbers of mature trees left standing to reseed the area or provide shelter for seedlings. Benefit: less damaging than clear-cutting Cost: leads to mostly even-aged regrowth

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Selection system

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With this approach, relatively few trees are cut down at one time. Can involve widely spaced single trees or tree groups. Benefits: less overall environmental damage, uneven aged regrowth, greater biodiversity Costs: expensive, machinery disturbs forest interior, dangerous for loggers

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clayoquot sound

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clayoquot - indigenous tribe in area timber companies come and trees began to be depleted, Friends of Clayquot Sound ? protest the cutting of trees, UNESCO now protects (biosphere reserve ? limits on timber, protected areas)

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Unlike timber harvesting, deforestation

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replaces forested areas with some other land use

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Deforestation in tropical rainforests has the most negative effects due to

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loss of biodiversity

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Deforestation in Developing Nations

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Timber from old-growth forests is a major source of income in developing nations. Advanced technology enables deforestation to occur faster • Deforestation of tropical rain forests has an enormous negative effect on biodiversity

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Deforestation in the United Stat

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Deforestation has altered the landscape of much of our planet • In the United States, deforestation allowed for expansion westward and urban sprawl

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By the _____, very little old-growth forest remained in the United States

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early 1900s

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By the _____, the eastern deciduous forests had almost disappeared.

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early 1900s

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National Forest System was established in ___and is managed by _____

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1905, the U.S. Forest Service

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U.S. National Forests

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This deforestation caused fear of an imminent "timber famine"

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National forests were originally set aside to

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grow trees for timber and to protect watersheds

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National Forest Management Act (1976)

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Requires that renewable resource management plans be made for each national forest. Logging has declined in national forests since the Act was passed, but policies are vulnerable to political influence.

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Through the National Forest Management Act (1976), Forest management in the U.S. has been guided by

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the policy of multiple use. Forests should be managed for recreation, wildlife habitats, mining, and other uses in addition to timber

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multiple use

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Use of an ecosystem such as a forest for a variety of purposes such as timber harvesting, wildlife habitat, watershed protection, and recreation. Compare sustainable yield.

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Logging on Private Land

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Most logging in the U.S. takes place on private tree plantations. Use of plantations for timber protects National Forests from being logged

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A tree plantation is typically an

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even-aged monoculture with little habitat variety or biodiversity. Ecologists view these plantations as croplands rather than actual forests

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Forest service fire policies

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Suppression of all wildfires can endanger ecosystems, property, and people Some plants have seeds that can only germinate after a fire Prevention of small, natural fires can lead to larder, more dangerous fires in the future

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prescribed burns

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controlled burns, Carefully controlled burning helps to reduce fuel buildup and helps restore ecosystems that depend on fire

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California Wildfires of 2003

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15 wildfires burnt throughout southern California during October, which became known as the 2003 Firestorm • The fire was started by a lost hunter that who built a fire to signal rescue crews • The California wildfires were estimated to have burned a total of 800,000 acres

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Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003)

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The goal is to make forests less fire-prone • In response to the California fires, some prescribed burning is now encouraged promotes salvage logging

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salvage logging

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removal of small trees, underbrush, and snags by timber companies This is seen as harmful by many scientists These practices can promote wildfires and destroy wildlife habitats

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Forest Stewardship Council

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examines the practices of timber companies and offers certification to sustainable products. The response of timber companies to consumer demand is helping to promote sustainable forestry

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About ____% of Earth's land surface is used for agriculture.

answer

38

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Soil is made up of

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minerals (45%), organic matter (5%), air (25%), and water (25%)

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Organic matter in soil includes

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decomposing organisms and living microorganisms

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Soil also provides a habitat for

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thousands of animals

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weathering

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he first step in soil formation, the process that breaks rocks and minerals into smaller pieces

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erosion and deposition

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helps transport material from one place to another

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Physical Weathering

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natural breakup of rock without a chemical change Examples: wind, rain, seasonal temperature changes

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Chemical Weathering

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chemical alteration of rock it into different materials Examples: water, living organisms such as lichen and bacteria

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Decomposition

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the breakdown of organic material into smaller pieces that become part of soil

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As plants, animals, and microorganisms deposit wastes or die and decompose,

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nutrients are added to the soil

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humus

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Partially decomposed organic matter

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Soils with high humus content ___ and ___ important for plant growth

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hold moisture well, contain many nutrients

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soil horizons

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As soil is formed, it gets sorted into distinct layers

question

soil profile

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A cross-section of soil horizons

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soil from lowest to highest layer

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bedrock, weathered rock fragments (C horizon), subsoil (B horizon), topsoil (A horizon), humus

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what layers of soil are the most important for agriculture?

answer

humus and top soil

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less humus/nutrients the

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deeper the soil

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Topsoil consists mostly of

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mineral particles and organic matter from the humus above This horizon has the most plant nutrients available and has a loose texture with the ability to hold water. Careless agriculture can deplete and erode the topsoil

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Soils are classified by their

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color, texture, structure, and pH U.S. soil scientists define 12 major soil groups

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The ____ of soil reflects its composition and fertility

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color

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dark soils

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rich in humus and nutrients

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pale soils

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less humus and nutrients

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The texture of soil is based on

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particle size

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size of particles from largest to smallest

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sand (largest), silt, and clay (smallest)

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loam

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Soil with an even mixture of particle sizes

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The most productive soil, according to scientists and farmers, has the following characteristics

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Loam soil Neutral pH Contains nutrients Holds water

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Soil degradation

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The deterioration of soil characteristics needed for plant growth and ecosystem services

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Processes that lead to soil degradation include

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Poor farming and ranching practices, Erosion, Desertification *These processes occur faster than soil can be formed

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Today, human activities cause more ______ than natural events

answer

erosion

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More than _______ worldwide now suffer from erosion and other forms of soil degradation

answer

47 billion acres of cropland

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Practices that leave soil vulnerable:

answer

Leaving soil bare after harvests, Effects of Overgrazing, Clearing forests on steep slopes, Clear-cutting

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erosion

answer

is the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents. Also the gradual destruction of something

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how does erosion affect people?

answer

Landslides can harm civilian life by destroying roads, homes, and other buildings Lives can also be lost if the landslide is not detected Excess sediment in water can cause sickness and the need for more water filtration

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how does erosion affect nature?

answer

The destruction of habitats Loss of life in species can lead to specie loss in that area Damage to wetlands or estuaries

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Dust Bowl

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Severe Drought during the 1930's that started in the west of the US and made it all the way to the east The Dust storms came in three ways and caused drastic drought, erosion, and desertification This storm was extremely impactful to the US and its economy. It also took a long time to recover from

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when was the dust bowl?

answer

1930s

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Sea erosion

answer

When a mixture of salt and chemicals in the water erode weak rocks along coasts The constant movement over these weak rocks can cause them to expand from the inside and then break up into smaller rocks and stones These broken down particles then get taken back into the water and can erode the coast even more

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Water erosion

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The chemicals in the water that mix with pollution and natural elements of water can cause stones and large rocks in rivers and lakes to break down and be carried further into the body of water With the breaking down of these stones and rocks it can cause further erosion and habitat destruction

question

glacier erosion

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Glaciers consist of water, ice, and picked up sediment These large masses of ice can pick up huge pieces of rock, some as big as a houses They can do much damage to land and sea walls because they are next to impossible to control or stop The more sediment in the glacier, the more erosion it will cause

question

Three different types of erosion

answer

sea erosion, water erosion, glacier erosion

question

Two types of soil erosion

answer

water and wind soil erosion

question

water soil erosion

answer

Comes in the form of rainwater and runoff When the rainfalls it causes the particles in the soil to break up and disperse This type of erosion is most common when large storms or heavy rainfall occur The broken down particles are then carried into other rivers and lakes The particles carried create a rich top soil but can also clog the areas it effects

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wind soil erosion

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Depends on the weight of the soil Soil can be taken up by wind and create wind storms Particles land in places that they don't belong Plant life and species who thrive on this soil can die off or be effected drastically On a larger scale (depending on the intensity of the wind) entire buildings and or roads can be covered in this soil or sand These wind storms are extremely common in the middle east, better known as sand storms

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Erosion due to natural disasters

answer

tornados, flooding, hurricanes

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Tornados

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A tornado is a mobile, destructive vortex of violently rotating winds having the appearance of a funnel-shaped cloud and advancing beneath a large storm Heavy winds cause the uprooting of trees, shrubs, and other plant life Homes, buildings and roads can be broken into pieces and sometimes entirely destroyed Can cause human fatality and mass injury

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Flooding

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A flood is the covering or submerging of a place or area with water. A form of water soil erosion When excess amounts of water collect and have no soil to seep into and no where to go Entire buildings and cars can be consumed from water and can can them to decompose Roads and land will break down and shift when water comes in large amounts Increased need of rescue teams and rescue actions

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Hurricanes

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A Hurricane is a storm with a violent wind, in particular a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean. Massive amounts of wind and rain cause flooding and trees to fall down and damage buildings and habitats The uprooting of tress can cause the surrounding land to break up and erode

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Earthquakes

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An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. Although a lot of erosion is caused during an earthquake, sometimes erosion is the initial cause of earthquakes The slightest shift in plate tectonics can cause earth quakes on the land above

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These earthquake shifts can occur at a

answer

minimum of 5 meters below the surface, but can go even deeper

question

There are _____ different categories of hurricanes

answer

five

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Tsunami

answer

A Tsunami is a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance These are caused by earthquakes that are most commonly generated deep below ocean floor The quake creates massive waves that can, when they hit land, wipe out entire cities and populations

question

Methods to control erosion

answer

erosion control blankets, triangular silt barrier

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erosion control blankets

answer

These blankets are laid on soil that is no longer as fertile as before and lacking nutrients These blankets help to improve moisture holding capacity, water infiltration, soil structure, soil microbial activity, optimizes seed germination, improved plant photosynthesis and cell growth in the soil Farmers use them in their fields but they can also be used on the banks of river, hillsides, etc.

question

what are erosion control blankets made up of?

answer

They are made of straw, coconut fiber, aspen fiber, jute, and polypropylene (plastic).

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Triangular silt barrier

answer

Used on land or soil that has already been eroded It controls the further dispersing of sediment, rocks, etc caused by erosion Can also be used as ditch check dams or as a temporary ditch, pond, or stream liner

question

desertification

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A type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and other human activities.

question

what is desertification?

answer

The main cause is the issue of overgrazing in certain areas Overtime this issue has gotten worse due to people remaining solitary and animals being forced to graze in the same place Animals used to move according to rainfall and people would move according to the animals due to a needed food source

question

how does desertification affect humans?

answer

It doesn't necessarily affect humans directly unless they are the owners of the land in which the desertification is happening to Humans are more the reason that desertification occurs due to overpopulating areas and moving to land that wasn't priorly occupied by humans

question

how does desertification affect worldwide food production?

answer

If desertification continues to grow and become more common due to drought and the other causes then many farmers may be pushed out of business Which means their crops and products can't be produced which could lead to higher food prices and food shortages

question

how does desertification affect animals/plant life?

answer

Animals and plants are the most affected by this due to their habitat being lost Plants have no where to grow due to water shortage and eventually the ground becoming entirely dry Animals then have nothing to graze on so they have to migrate to other areas with adequate food and water sources

question

soil degradation

answer

The deterioration of soil characteristics needed for plant growth and ecosystem services Processes such as erosion and desertification lead to this Also poor farming techniques which also falls under how desertification occurs

question

desertification crisis

answer

In 2013 168 were experiencing a Desertification Crisis The UN stated that land degradation is costing 490 Billion dollars per year This crisis has put the economies of these countries in debt and market value has decreased drastically

question

what year was the desertification crisis?

answer

2013

question

how to correct poor farming techniques?

answer

Water Quality Standards: when these are low it can cause the soil to grow bacteria and decompose whats growing in it Identifying impaired waters: making sure the bodies of water that drain into your watershed for agricultural use are safe and to code NPDES point source discharge permits: making sure that the correct permits have been addressed when the application of pesticides is occurring on ones land

question

how to prevent desertification?

answer

Proposed prevention plans in effected areas The use of "Culture of Prevention" is common when attempting to prevent desertification "Culture of Prevention" alternative livelihoods and conservation strategies If signs of desertification are noticed early on more drastic measures can be taken to prevent it

question

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

answer

The UNCCD is a Convention to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements. 196 parties are part of this convention They also launch research camp gains in hopes to further prevent these disasters

question

UNCCD

answer

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

question

intercropping

answer

planting of different crops in mixed arrangements. This farming practice provides greater ground cover than a single crop would and protects better against erosion

question

When intercropping, planting of _________ can also replenish the fertility of the soil

answer

nitrogen-fixing plants

question

Crop rotation

answer

alternating the crops grown in a field, allows time for nutrients to return to the soil

question

Often a crop can only be harvested during certain times of the year ?

answer

Alternating crops can help protect the soil rather than leaving it bare between crop cycles

question

shelterbelts

answer

reduce the effects of wind erosion. rows of tall plants, such as trees, that are planted along the edges of fields to slow wind

question

terracing

answer

Steep hillsides are susceptible to erosion, but terracing can minimize the problem. steep slopes are transformed into a series of steps that can be cultivated by farmers Very labor intensive One of the only methods to sustainably farm mountains

question

contour farming

answer

Another method that helps to reduce hillside erosion from water. This farming technique involves planting crops along the contours of a hill, perpendicular to the hill's slope The furrows collect soil before it can be carried away by erosion.

question

Ranching,

answer

the raising and grazing of livestock, also affects soil quality and ecosystems

question

Overgrazing occurs when

answer

livestock eat too much of the plant cover in a field thereby preventing plant regrowth

question

Overgrazing causes many soil problems and can result in

answer

positive feedback loops, bad thing

question

Overgrazing also allows

answer

non-native plants to invade exposed soils. Livestock avoid tough non-native plants, leaving them to reproduce and outcompete native grass species ? Usefulness of the grazing land decreases further

question

Range managers

answer

assess the carrying capacities of rangelands and inform ranchers so they can rotate their herds. They also encourage grazing limits and enforce them on publicly owned lands.

question

selective logging

answer

reduce soil erosion, are more common

question

NRCS

answer

Natural Resources Conservation Service

question

Soil conservation efforts

answer

In 1935, Congress passed the Soil Conservation Act, which established the Natural Resources Conservation Service

question

soil conservation act passed in

answer

1935

question

Roles of the NRCS:

answer

Work with farmers to establish sustainable practices Protect water quality Control pollution

question

Industrial agriculture

answer

any type of agriculture that requires the use of fossil fuels. Involves mechanized farming technology, manufactured chemicals, and large-scale irrigation

question

monoculture

answer

large areas are planted with a single crop

question

In order to feed the growing human population, we will likely need to increase

answer

agricultural production

question

We cannot keep expanding agriculture into new areas, because

answer

land suitable to farming is running out

question

arable land

answer

land that is suitable for farming

question

agricultural production

answer

Since the 1960s, despite the loss or arable land, food production has increased faster than the human population

question

Ways we have increased our food supply:

answer

Using more fossil fuels for agriculture Planting/harvesting more frequently Increased use of irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides Developing more productive crops and livestock

question

Food security

answer

the guarantee of an adequate food supply for all people at all times

question

What are pesticides?

answer

Toxic substances or chemicals that are intentionally released into the environment. Commonly used in domestic yards, commercial landscaping, agricultural fields, schools, forests, and roads.

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What do pesticides do?

answer

Pesticides are used to kill weeds, insects, or other pests like fungus or rodents. Pests can be harmful to grass and plant growth, so humans use pesticides to control and prevent infestation and diseases.

question

Range of uses of pesticides

answer

Pesticides can range from household to commercial uses. From maintaining plants in the backyard to planes spraying large crop fields

question

Short-term benefits of pesticides

answer

The benefits of using pesticides against bugs include are short-term " Spraying crops and plats with pesticides is a quick, easy way to deter bugs from eating the plants " This results in a higher crop yield, and an increase in productivity " However, the spraying of these harmful chemicals have long-term, lasting negative effects on humans and the environment.

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What's the problem with pesticides?

answer

Pesticides can be found in the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink. " The use of pesticides have been linked to a wide range of human health hazards. " These health issues can range from headaches and nausea to cancer and reproductive issues.

question

Small dangers of pesticides

answer

Nerve, skin, and eye irritation " Headaches, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and poisoning " Though pesticides pose small dangers in humans, their effects can be much more large-scale. " Chronic health effects may begin to occur years after exposure to pesticides, either from the environment, or from pesticide residue ingested through food and water sources.

question

Cancer exposure and pesticides

answer

Many different types and variations of cancer can develop in humans that are exposed to pesticides, both from the environment, and from their food. " Some of the most prevalent and well- known forms of cancer caused by pesticides include leukemia, lymphoma, and brain, breast, bone, prostate, testicular, ovarian, or liver cancers. These cancers can be harmful, and sometimes fatal!

question

In February 2009, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry published a study that found...

answer

Children who live in homes where their parents use pesticides are twice as likely to develop brain cancer than children who live in homes where no pesticides are used at all.

question

National Cancer Institute (NCI) found that American farmers,

answer

who are generally very healthy, had startling reports and incidences of Leukemia, Hodgkins disease, Lymphoma, and many other forms of cancer. These unusual diagnoses were all caused from being exposed to agricultural pesticides used on their crops.

question

Which system can pesticides affect?

answer

endocrine system

question

Effects of pesticides on the endocrine system

answer

Pesticides contain certain chemicals that can enter the human body and disrupt the Endocrine System, a system of glands and hormones that help guide human growth and development. Very important! ^ " These chemicals are known to cause problems in our hormones and reproductive system, affecting both humans and wildlife.

question

Effects of pesticides on children

answer

Children are even more susceptible to the human health hazards associated with chemicals found in pesticides. " Pesticides impact the development of the central nervous system, brain not fully developed " Children don't have fully developed immune systems to fight off toxic pesticides " Activities (playing in grass, putting objects into mouth) increases exposure to toxic pesticides.

question

effects of pesticides on the environment

answer

When harmful chemicals designed to kill living things are introduced into delicate ecosystems, it can displace the food web, and damage entire populations. " Dangerous chemicals found in pesticides are largely responsible for the destruction of many populations, such as that of frogs, bats, and bees.

question

bee populations

answer

More specifically, the effects of chemicals found in pesticides have devastated bee populations worldwide. " Bee populations have declined by 30% per year since 2006. " 1/3 of the food we eat depends on bees for pollination " Insecticides are toxic to bees, and are killing off most of their population Some U.S. beekeepers are taking action by keeping their hives away from crop fields where pesticides are regularly used " European countries have banned neonicotinoids, which are toxic to bees, in response to the pandemic.

question

Soil pollution

answer

The use of pesticides have also had negative effects on soil quality " Pesticides used on plants and farmland will trickle down and leach into the soil, causing it to be contaminated with dangerous chemicals " Contaminated sediment can directly impact water quality, creating large-scale health hazards "The spraying of pesticides leaches into the soil, and harmful chemicals become part of the groundwater " Surface runoff goes into rivers and lakes, damaging ecosystems " Polluted water is lifted through the water cycle and transported globally " Important bacteria and fungi that plants depend on to bring nutrients to their roots are killed off with pesticides. " Soil that was once rich with nutrients and fertility is now degraded, and it is more difficult for the soil to sustain life.

question

food and pesticide contamination

answer

Fruits and vegetables that are grown on contaminated soil can lack taste and nutrients that we depend on them for. " More than that, they can contain pesticide residues, and become more harmful than they are beneficial.

question

what do pesticides do?

answer

This poses a health risk for humans consuming crops and goods that have been contaminated with toxins found in pesticides " When humans and animals drink water that filters through contaminated soil, or eat contaminated foods, they become sick from consumption of toxic chemicals, and health problems persist!

question

what can we do to limit pesticides?

answer

Stop using harmful pesticides in your home and daily life " Dig up weeds or create homemade spray (vinegar, salt, soap) " Look for organic labels in food products " Read labels/ingredients " Buy sustainable produce, meat, and dairy " Choose from fresh, local farmers markets

question

mineral resources

answer

all solid earth materials that are mined to make modern life possible. These are the natural resources which cannot be renewed

question

What are minerals?

answer

natural occurring, inorganic solid that has an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition • Requirements: must be formed by processes within Earth, cannot contain carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, and have define composition

question

how do minerals form?

answer

crystallization from magma or lava can cause minerals to form • precipitation occurs when the liquid in a solution evaporates and the remaining substances crystalize • Change in pressure and temperature can cause mineral formation because it can change objects chemical composition

question

how do you classify mineral resources?

answer

• Mineral resources can be classified as Metallic and Nonmetallic (main way) • geologic certainty and economic value helps classify

question

metallic

answer

of, relating to, or consisting of metal. Gold, Silver, Tin, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Iron, Nickel, Chromium, and Aluminum.

question

nonmetallic

answer

Relating to a nonmetal sand, gravel, gypsum, halite, Uranium, dimension stone

question

Rocks are made up of minerals

answer

Igneous rock, Sedimentary rock, Metamorphic rock

question

Igneous rock:

answer

Rocks that form as magma cools down

question

Sedimentary rock:

answer

Layers build up over time from erosion

question

Metamorphic rock:

answer

rocks exposed to great head or temperate

question

Mining is

answer

the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner. the process or industry of obtaining coal or other minerals from a mine. Mine: an excavation made in the earth for the purpose of extracting ores, coal, precious stones, etc.

question

ores

answer

a metal-bearing mineral or rock, or a native metal, that can be mined at a profit.

question

mining methods

answer

• strip mining • subsurface mining • open pit mining • mountaintop removal • solution mining • placer mining • undersea mining

question

strip mining

answer

a type of mining in which layers of surface soil and rock are removed from large areas to expose the resource

question

subsurface mining

answer

a type of mining in which vertical shafts are dug deep into the ground and networks of horizontal tunnels are dug or blasted out to follow deposits of a resource

question

open pit mining

answer

a type of mining in which a large hole is dug to extract ore and the rock around it

question

mountaintop removal

answer

a type of mining in which plants and soil are removed form the top of a mountain and then explosives are used to reach seams of coal

question

solution mining

answer

a process when miners pump a chemical solution into a mine to leach desired resources from the ore. Once the solution has reacted with the ore, the liquid is removed from the mine.

question

placer mining

answer

a type of mining that involves sifting through sand and gravel in a riverbed or steamed to extract metals, minerals, or precious stones

question

undersea mining

answer

A MINING TECHNIQUE WHEN MINERS USE LARGE MACHINES SIMILER TO VACUUUMS TO COLLECT SAND AND GRAVEL FROM THE SEA FLOOR

question

positive effects of mining

answer

• Provides employment • provides metals that can be either exported or, avoids the import of these minerals • brings in a lot of money for the country

question

negative effects of mining

answer

• Workers get hurt/die • Pollution • Destruction of land and the environment

question

negative effects of mining on the environment

answer

• includes increased erosion, increased sediment and debris, pollution of air, land, and water • causes sinkholes • leakage of chemicals into the environment • destruction of habitats

question

Increased erosion from mining

answer

• Deforestation due to mining leads to the disintegration of biomes and contributes to the effects of erosion • Gets rid of all the plants that held the soil into place

question

when was the central mine fire started?

answer

May 27 of 1962

question

Centralia mine fire

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• Started on May 27 of 1962 when the miners tried to burn their garbage. • The fire spread rapidly and then hit a coal strip and burns at up to 300 feet below ground • Has potential to burn for another 250 year • releases toxic amounts of carbon monoxide • Millions of dollars have been used to try to put the fire out but no one has been able to put the fire out • With the help from the government, the mining city was evacuated • most of the buildings and houses were knocked down • The city went from a population of over a thousand to now seven • has caused multiple sink holes to form

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Copiapó mining accident

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• Chilean mining accident where 33 men were stuck 700 meters under ground • the 33 men were stuck for 69 days • all 33 men survived

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pollution of land by mining

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• Kills animals and all other living things environment where they live • surface mining is a form of pollution because it removes the top soil of the land and turns the landscape barren so no plants can grow

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pollution of water by mining

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• Can cause acid rain • Acid Drainage • Oil spills are sometimes common when drilling in the ocean because the oil reserves are usually so deep down and it is very complicated to drill that deep

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Acid Drainage

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a type of mining pollution that occurs when oxygen and rainwater react with newly exposed rock that contains iron sulfate, forming sulfuric acid that removes metal from rocks and leaches into groundwater to enters water bodies as runoff

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pollution of air by mining

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• Some metals mined can release bad air pollution into the environment. • The use of explosives release high levels of carbon monoxide into the air • Mine fires are a great problem when it comes to air pollution because they are very hard to put out and burn for years. • a coal fire in Pensilvania was started by the burning of trash and caught the underground mine on fire in 1962. • A UNEP study finds that artisinal gold mining to be the leading source of human-caused mercury emissions. • Smelting of metals, including gold, is a primary source of arsenic emissions and other toxins globally

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computer chips made of

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sand

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genetically modified

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Containing genetic material that has been artificially altered so as to produce a desired characteristic

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what is a genetically modified organism?

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? Plant, animal, microorganism ? altered genetic material (DNA) ? product could not have occurred naturally

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Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering

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Allows for a specific gene to be transferred from one organism to another

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background information on genetical modification

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? started mid 1990's ? main goal: improve crop in some way ? biotechnology emerging ? used for vaccines and medicines as well ? many names: Genetically altered, modified, engineered

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why do we genetically modify foods?

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Offers Advantage for consumers,

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how does genetical modification offer advantages for customers

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? Cheaper ? Larger fruits and veggies ? Seedless ? Healthier ? Look more appealing

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how does genetical modification protect crops

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? resists herbicides ? resist diseases

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how does genetical modification relate to bacteria

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? gene put in plants ? kills off bugs that eat crops

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4 Common Qualities of GM Foods

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? Resistant to insects ? Resistant to viral infections ? Tolerant of herbicides ? Increased nutrient content

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Top 7 Genetically Modified Crops

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1) Corn 2) Soy 3) Cottonseed 4) Alfalfa 5) Papaya 6) Canola 7) Sugar Beets

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GM corn

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? 88% GM ? Staple of animal feed ? Lots of human food products ? corn starch, corn syrup, etc.

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GM Soy

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? 93% GM ? various names ? hydrogenated oils, lecithin, emulsifers, tocopherol ? recent soybean created ? Omega-3 fatty acid ? reduced risk of heart disease

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GM cottonseed

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? 94% GM ? vegetable oil ? margarine ? frying foods like potato chips ? mayonnaise ? salad dressings

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GM alfalfa

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? fed to dairy cows ? source of dairy products ? milk, yogurt, butter ? source of meat ? by feeding to cows, affects humans

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GM papaya

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? 75% of Hawaiian crops GM ? withstand papaya ringspot virus

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GM canola

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? 90% GM ? used for cooking ? found growing randomly in wild ? competition to natural crops

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GM sugar beets

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? 54% sugar in US from sugar beets ? 90% GM

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World Health organization

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directs and coordinates international health ithin the United Nations

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EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

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? regulates pesticides ? are they safe for humans and animals? how will they affect the environment?

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Codex Alimentarius Commission

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? develops an international food code ? standards and guidelines for production of GM foods

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FDA

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Food and Drug Administration ? regulates food from genetically engineered plants ? GE foods follow Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ? used for regular crops too

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Conducting a Safety Assessment Important Aspects of GE/Things to consider

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? Direct health effects (toxicity) ? Potential to provoke allergic reaction (allergenicity) ? Specific components thought to have nutritional or toxic properties ? Stability of inserted gene ? Nutritional effects associated with genetic modification ? Unintended effects that could result from gene introduction

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Roundup

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? Most common chemical toxin used as herbicide for crops ? found in home ? Gerard Barry discovered gene that made plants immune ? "Superweeds" ? More and more herbicides needed

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"Superweeds"

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? crops are resistant to herbicides ? spread genes to weeds ? creates super weeds

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Environmental impact of GM foods

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? increased pesticides=reduced soil quality ? outcropping tampers with local plants and animals ? introduce new genes to an area ? loss of biodiversity

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genetically engineered

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genetically modified

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GE Crops Around the World

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US leads by far, then Brazil and Argentina

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GE crops in the US

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? 70.1 million hectares ? soybean, maize, cotton

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GE crops in the Brazil

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? 40.3 million hectares ? soybean, maize, cotton

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GE crops in Argentina

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? 24.4 million hectares ? soybean, maize, cotton

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golden rice

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Could GE crops help the poor? ? started in early 80's ? start of biotech industry ? yellow rice ? color yellow mean presence of beta-carotene (vitamin A) ? Asians and Africans ? one bowl=60% of child's daily Vitamin A requirement

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Golden Rice "Scandal"

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Study gone awry ? Study conducted in China ? Showed kids absorbed nutrients well ? Greenpeace called it a scandal because "Kids were used as guinea pigs" ? fired scientists in charge because people didn't know about the GM rice

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Anti-Golden Rice

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They're doing it for the profit, not the people ? Some think there are better ways to feed the poor ? Golden Rice used to boost biotech ? Chemical companies profiting from selling seeds

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GM and Consumer

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? 70% of all products in grocery stores contain GM ingredients ? GE labels not required ? Concerns ? Allergenicity ? Gene transfer ? Outcrossing ? Environmental Risks

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Allergenicity

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? adding genes to foods that are not naturally allergenic ? could affect humans

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Gene transfer

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? concern that genes from GM foods could transfer to humans ? bacteria (Bt) transferring to gastrointestinal tract ? could affect human health ? transfer probability is low, but plausible

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Outcropping

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? Migration of genes from GM plants to natural plants ? could affect food security ? GM crops approved for animal feed ? ended up being found in human food in low levels

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Non-Profit Anti-GM Organizations

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Non-GMO Project, Center for Food Safety

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Non-GMO Project

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shutting down GMO products completely

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Center for Food Safety

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pushing for organic and alternate agriculture

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Future of GM Crops

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? Resistance to drought ? Increased nutrient levels ? Plants and animals producing proteins that could be used for new vaccines

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Farm-to-Table Movement

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? trying to get food locally ? cut out middlemen ? less stores and markets

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4 Main Concepts of F-t-T Movement

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1) Food Security 2) Proximity 3) Self-Reliance 4) Sustainability

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F-t-T and food security

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? Access to food within community ? Become reliant ? Build up local food system

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F-t-T and proximity

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? distance between food source and destination is smaller ? build relationships between farmers, restaurants, and consumers

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F-t-T and self-reliance

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Increased ability to provide for the community

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F-t-T and sustainability

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? agricultural practices that keep future generations in mind ? reduction of chemicals and non-renewable inputs

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Benefits of the F-t-T movement

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? Environment ? Profit ? Quality ? Local Economy

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F-t-T movement and the environment

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? Less traveling to get foods from far away places ? Less fuel consumption ? Less Carbon emissions

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F-t-T movement and profit

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? Farmers receive more profit from their goods ? Don't have to pay a cut to the distributors ? Consumers pay less

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F-t-T movement and quality

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? Often delivered within hours of harvest ? Fresher food ? Better tasting dishes

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F-t-T movement and local economy

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? Buying from locals helps boost local economy ? local restaurants buy from local farms ? local people buy from local restaurants

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Difficulties to the F-t-T movement

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? Legal Limits on Meat ? Seasonal Availability ? Effort

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F-t-T movement & Legal Limits on Meat

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? Cap on the number of birds a farmer can slaughter on site ? No small farms can slaughter for beef ? Can raise locally, humanely, organically ? Difficult to buy meats locally

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F-t-T movement & Seasonal Availability

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? Certain crops only available at certain times ? Period between planting and harvesting ? Green houses could mean crop availability in colder months

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F-t-T movement & Effort

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? Restaurants set up in city ? Need to ask around to find local farms to pair with ? Find local farmer's markets

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Changes Expected with F-T Approach

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? Dietary change ? seasonal availability ? Easier access to fresh produce ? Increase in family farms ? Stimulation of local economies

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Chef Dan Barber

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? New York chef ? big supporter of farm-table movement ? visited local farm ? discovered rotation of crops ? decided to create new dishes to support all crops

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coniferous

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term used to refer to trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles

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deciduous

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falling off or shed at a particular season, stage of growth, etc., as leaves, horns, or teeth; not permanent; transitory.

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boreal

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a broad band of mixed coniferous and deciduous trees that stretches across northern North America.

Enviro Ch 11 – 13 – Flashcards

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