Egan Chapter 1 History of Respiratory Care – Flashcards
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"to encourage and promote professional excellence, advance the science and practice of respiratory care, and serve as an advocate for patients, their families, the public, the profession and the respiratory therapist"
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AARC mission statement
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National Board for Respiratory Care
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NBRC
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credentialing body for respiratory therapists (certification and registry exam)
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NBRC role in respiratory care
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RRT: registered respiratory therapist (advanced level) CRT: certified respiratory therapist (entry level)
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Name 2 types of RCP credentials
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CoARC
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body that oversees accreditation of RC programs
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Committee on Accreditation for Respiratory Care
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CoARC
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Inhalation therapists
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What were the first respiratory therapists called?
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ITA (Inhalation Therapy Association)
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What was the AARC first called?
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applying protocols or guidelines, ventilator adjustments, arterial line insertion and management, intubation, extubation, etc.. Various things that RTs are trained for can minimize cost and unnecessary care where an MD or PA would otherwise be needed
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In what ways can an RT function as a PA or physician extender?
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prominent pulmonary physician
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Who is David Pierson?
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Hippocrates
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known as the "father of medicine"
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Hippocrates
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Greek physician living during the 5th and 4th centuries BC
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phlegm, blood, yellow bile, black bile
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four essential fluids (Hippocratic medicine)
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Hippocrates
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believed air contained essential substance distributed to body via heart
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Hippocratic oath
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physicians are to follow certain ethical principles called this
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Aristotle
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first great biologist
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Erasistratus
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Developed pneumatic theory of respiration in Egypt
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Galen
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Anatomist who believed air had a substance vital to life
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Determined sub-atmospheric pressures inflated lungs
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Andreas Vesalius
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performed human dissections and experimented with resuscitation
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Joseph Black
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described properties of CO2
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Joseph Priestley
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describes his discovery of oxygen: "dephlogisticated air"
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Jacques Charles ("Charles Law")
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describes relationship between gas temperature and volume
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Thomas Beddoes
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uses oxygen to treat various condition at Pneumatic Institute
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John Dalton
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describes his law of partial pressures
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Gay-Lussac
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describes relationship between gas, temperature and pressure
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Thomas Graham ("Graham's Law")
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describes law of diffusion for gases
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Louis Pasteur
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advances his "germ theory" and suggests that some diseases were result of microorganisms
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William Roentgen
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discovers x-ray and opens door for modern field of radiology
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1940s
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technicians hauled O2 cylinders and apply 02 delivery devices (when?)
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1950s
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positive-pressure breathing devices applied to patients (when?)
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1960s
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formal education programs for inhalation therapists begins (when?)
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arterial blood gas
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ABG
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1974
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designation "respiratory therapist" becomes standard (when?)
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practice of RC originally in US and Canada now expands globally
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globalization of respiratory care
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1980
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Respiratory Care Week established nationally to promote profession and importance of good lung health
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1960s
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Development of sophisticated mechanical ventilators expand role of RT (when?)
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large-scale production of 02 developed by
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Karl von Linde
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1910
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oxygen tents first used oxygen tents first used (when?)
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1918
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O2 masks first used (when?)
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1940s
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O2 therapy widely prescibed (when?)
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1960s
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Clark electrode first developed (when?)
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Clark electrode
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allows measurement of arterial PO2
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1974
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Ear oximeter invented (when?)
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1980s
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Pulse oximeter invented (when?)
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1960
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Venti mask to deliver specific FIO2 introduced (when?)
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Venti mask
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delivers specific FIO2
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1970s
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portable liquid O2 systems for long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) in home introduced (when?)
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21st century
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further advances in home oxygen therapy equipment occurred when?
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1910
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aerosolized epinephrine introduced as treatment for asthma (when?)
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1940s-1950s (1940 and 1951 respectively)
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Isoproterenol and Isoetharine introduced as bronchodilaors (when?)
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1971
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Aerosolized steroids first used to treat acute asthma (when?)
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2000
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Levalbuterol (Xopenex) introduced (when?)
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dry powder inhalers
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DPI
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small volume nebulizer
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SVN
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1928
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Iron lung introduced by Philip Drinker (when?)
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inventor of Iron lung
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Philip Drinker
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1940s-1950s
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Jack Emersons develops improved version of iron lung used for polio victims (when?)
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1950s
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Negative-pressure "wrap" ventilator introduced
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during anesthesia
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When was positive-pressure ventilation used originally?
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1980s
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first microprocessor-controlled ventilators developed when?
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first microprocessor-controlled ventilator
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Bennett 7200
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risk for VAP
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due to the use of endotracheal tube, mechanical ventilation increases what?
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ventilator-associated pneumonia
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VAP
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non-invasive ventilation
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prevents risk of VAP
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1980
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William MacEwen successfully applied first endotracheal tube to patient when?
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1913
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laryngoscope introduced when?
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1941
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first suction catheter described when?
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1970s
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low pressure cuffs for endotracheal tubes introduced when?
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1800
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measurement of lung's residual volume first performed when?
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1846
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first water-sealed spirometer developed by John Hutchinson when?
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1967
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rapid arterial blood gas (ABG) becomes available when?
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1980s
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polysomnography becomes routine when?
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ITA > AAIT > AART > AARC
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ITA to AARC progression
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1941
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ITA founded when?
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1982
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AART became AARC when?
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1980
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state licensure for RTs begins when?
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state licensing laws
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Who sets minimum educational requirements and determine competence to practice?
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state licensing boards
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who sets required amount of CEU's required to keep license to practice?
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"AARC Times"
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AARC monthly science journal name
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10
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How many specialty sections in AARC?
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2002
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When did AARC, NBRC & CoARC formally express support for all RT's to seek and obtain RRT credential?
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1950, Chicago
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when was first formal RT program offered and where?
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1960s
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programs multiply and become hospital based when?
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Associates degree
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minimum educational requirement to practice RC?
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2003
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When did the AARC formally encourage development of baccalaureate and graduate ed in RC?
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baby boomers
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What population will increase demand for RC services and RTs?
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as they age, more will have asthma, COPD and other cardiopulmonary diseases
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why will baby boomers need RC?
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-prevention -protocol administration -care plan development -disease management and rehabilitation -family and patient education -tobacco cessation counseling
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What will RTs of the future focus more on? (6)
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David Pierson
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Who described what RTs of the future will focus more on?
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answer 5 questions about future of profession
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Aim of "2015 and beyond"
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1) How will patients receive health care services? 2) How will respiratory care services be provided? 3) What knowledge, skills, and attributes are needed by RTs? 4) What education and credentialing systems are necessary? 5) How can the profession transition with little impact on practicing RTs?
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5 questions about future of profession according to "2015 and beyond"
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1) diagostics 2) chronic disease state management 3) evidence based medicine and RC protocols 4) patient assessment 5) leadership 6) emergency and critical care 7) therapeutics
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7 major competencies need by RTs by 2015
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