Educational Psychology (PSY2200) Exam One – Flashcards
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All students grades 3-8 and once again in high school must take standardized testing.
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No Child Left Behind Act
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Distinct psychology discipline with its own theories, research methods, problems, and techniques-study of learning and teaching.
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Educational Psychology
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Studies with the purpose to describe events in a particular class or several classes. Ex: a correlation study
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descriptive studies
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Studying the naturally occuring events in the life of a group
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Ethnography
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Investigates one person, group, or situation in depth.
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case study
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A number that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two events or measurements
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Correlations-positive and negative
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the plan for a controlled experiment
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Experimental Design
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Studying cause and effects
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Research experiments
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When differences in an experiment did not happen by chance
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statistical significance
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Interrelated set of concepts used to explain data
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Theories
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The group being studied in a descriptive study
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Participants/Subjects
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Changes in thinking, reasoning, and decision making
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cognitive development
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The scientific study of observable behavior
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Behaviorism
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A cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning
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social cognitive theory
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Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
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Maturation
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the process of developing or being developed.
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Development
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Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture
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Assimilation
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adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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Accommodation
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a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.
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Equilibrium
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The unbalance of opposing forces or influences
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Disequilibrium
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a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy-thinking that involves the five senses
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sensorimotor stage
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the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
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object permanence
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Actions that are carried out and reversed mentally rather than physically
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Operations
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Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, when egocentrism declines-between ages of 2 and 7
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Preoperational
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The ability to work with symbols to represent an object that is not present
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Semiotic Function
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The ability to reverse a process mentally
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Reversible Thinking
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The principle that the amount or number of something remains the same even if the arrangement or appearance is changed, as long as nothing is added or taken away
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Conservation
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the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
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Decentering
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in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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Egocentrism
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Hands on thinking; later elementary to middle school years
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Concrete Operations
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sense of self
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Identity
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The knowledge that an apparent change in one direction can be compensated by a change in another
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Compensation
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A students ability to focus on a single characteristic of objects in a set
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Classification
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The process of making an orderly arrangement from large to small, or vice versa
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Seriation
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A mental system for controlling sets of variables and working through a set of possibilities is needed
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formal operational stage
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a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself.
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adolescent egocentrism
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believe that many of the processes that produce development are the same in all societies
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sociocultural theory
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Higher mental processes shared between the child and another person
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Co-constructed process
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the innumerable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking
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cultural tools
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children's self-directed speech
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private speech
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phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
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zone of proximal development
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the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth
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Scaffolding
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First learning from the student what is needed, then giving information, prompts, reminders and encouragement at the right time and in right amounts.
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Assisted learning (guiding participation)
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word order
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Syntax
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Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences.
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emergent literacy
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Not everyone reaches stage four; needs to be expanded on more; too strict
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Criticism of Piaget's Theory
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The recognition that the physical and social contexts in which we develop are ecosystems because they are constantly interacting with and influencing each other
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Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model
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the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment
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Microsystem
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in the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings
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Mesosystem
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All the social settings that affect the child, even though the child is not a direct member of this group
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Exosystem
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consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
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Macrosystem
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(High warmth, high control); set clear limits, enforce rules, expect mature behavior; less strict punishment, more guidance
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Authoritative parents
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Style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience; (low warmth, high control)
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Authoritarian Parenting
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A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior; (high warmth, low control)
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permissive parenting
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(Low warmth, low control); don't seem to care, cannot be bothered with controlling, communicating, or teaching their children
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Rejecting-Neglecting Parenting
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small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age
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Cliques
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Less intimate, more loosely organized groups based on shared interests, activities, attitudes, or reputations
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Crowds
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Students who have a set of rules for how to interact with each other
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Peer cultures
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aggression used to achieve an explicit goal
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instrumental aggression
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Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain
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hostile aggression
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Actions that harm another through physical injury or threats of physical injury.
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Overt Agression
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aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships
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relational aggression
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Development affecting our emotional and social lives
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Psychosocial development
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independence
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Autonomy
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how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself
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self-esteem
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the understanding that other people's mental representations guide their behavior
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theory of mind
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The ability to see other viewpoints
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Perspective-taking ability
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the thinking process involved in deciding whether an act is right or wrong
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moral reasoning
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the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated
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distributive justice
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there are moral facts and we can know some of them
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Moral Realism
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Behavior based on mutual understanding between equals
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morality of cooperation
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Hypothetical situations used to evaluate the moral reasoning of a subject
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moral dilemmas
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Judgement based solely on a persons own needs and perceptions
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Pre-conventional stage
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The expectations of society and laws are taken into account
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conventional stage
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Judgements are based on abstract, more personal principles of justice that are not necessarily defined by society's laws
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post-conventional stage
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a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities
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general intelligence
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the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience
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crystallized intelligence
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our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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fluid intelligence
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Mental age/Chronological age times 100
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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Howard Gardner's theory that there are eight (or nine) types of intelligence.
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Theory of Multiple Intelligences
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The way people process information by being reflective or impulsive
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Cognitive-Centered Learning Style
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More stable personality traits, such as being extroverted vs introverted
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Personality-Centered Learning Style
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Combination of cognitive and personality traits, and how people approach activities
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Activity-Centered Learning Style
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Established in 1990, prohibiting discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, transportation, public access, local government and telecommunications
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Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
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A disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior
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Learning Disability/Intellectual Disability
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A disadvantage in certain situations
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Handicap
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a condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness
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Learned Helplessness
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Developmental disability significantly affecting verbal & nonverbal communication and social interaction
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Autism Spectrum Disorders
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An agreement between parents and the school about the services that will be provided to the student; written by a team that includes students parents or guardians, a general education teacher, a principal or other school district representative, a school psychologist, and when appropriate, the student
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Individualized Education Program (IEP)
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A part of a civil rights law that prevents discrimination against people with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds, such as public schools
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Section 504
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The integration of all students, including those with severe disabilities, into regular classes
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Inclusion
