"Educational Psychology; Active Learning Edition" by Anita Woolfolk – Flashcards

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Differentiated instruction
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Matching instruction to meet the different needs of learners in a given classroom, (P.g 10).
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Reflective teachers...
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...think back over situations to analyze what they did and why, and to consider how they might improve the learning of their students, (P.g 9).
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Teachers' sense of efficacy
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a teacher's belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn, (P.g 5).
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What is NCLB?
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No Child Left Behind Act of 2002. Requires standardized achievement testing in reading and mathematics every year in grades 3-8, and in h. school. Science is tested once in each grade span, elem, mid, and high, (P.g 12).
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"The teacher-student relationship in kindergarten predicts...
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...a number of academic and behavioral outcomes", (P.g 7).
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A positive teacher-student relationship is fostered when teachers are...
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"sensitive to...[student]... needs and provide frequent, consistent feedback", (P.g 7).
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Educational Psychology
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a distinct discipline with its own theories, research methods, problems and techniques, (P.g 14, restated P.g 23).
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What do Educational Pschologists do?
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They conduct research on learning and teaching and at the same time, work to improve educational practice, (P.g 14).
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Descriptive Studies
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Studies that collect detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these methods, (P.g 16).
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Ethnography
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a descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of the events to the people involved, (P.g 16).
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Participant Observation
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A method for conducting descriptive research in which the reseacher becomes a participant in the group being observed.
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Case Study
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Intensive study of one person or situation, (P.g 16).
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Correlation
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statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related, (P.g 16).
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Positive Correlation
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A relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease together, (P.g 17).
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Negative Correlation
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A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases when the other decreases, (P.g 17).
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Experimentation
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The study of cause and effect; research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded, (P.g 17).
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Quasi-experimental studies
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Studies that fit most of the criteria for true experiments, with the important exception that the participants/subjects are not assigned to groups at random. Instead, existing groups such as classes or schools participate, (P.g 17).
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Statistical Significance
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Not likely to be a chance occurance
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Correlations Range from...
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1.00 to -1.00; the closer the correlation to 1 or -1, the stronger it is.
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Correlation does not equal...
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Causation
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What does this mean? p < 0.05
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In this study, the probability of the result reported could happen by chance less than 5 times out of a hundred.
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Single Subject Experimental Studies
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Systematic interventions to study effects with one person, often by applying then withdrawing treatment; ABAB experiment, (P.g 18).
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Microgenic Studies
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Detailed observation and analysis of changes in cognitive process as the process unfolds over a several-day, or several-week period of time, (P.g 18).
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Action Research
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Research carried out by educators in their own classrooms or schools to improve the learning of their students.
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Longatudinal Studies
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observing subjects over many years as changes occur
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Cross-sectional
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focusing research on groups of children at different ages
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The NCLB act says that educational programs and practices receiving federal money have to be consistent with...
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...scientifically based research, (P.g 20).
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Scientifically Based Reseach as defined by NCLB act:
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1) Uses observations and experiments to systematically gather valid and reliable data. 2) Involves rigorous and appropriate procedures for analyzing data. 3) Is clearly described so that it can be repeated by others. 4) Has been rigorously reviewed by appropriate, independant experts
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Principle
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Established relationship between factors, (P.g 20).
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Theory in Science
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Integrated statement of principles that attempt to explain a phenomenon and make predictions, (P.g 20).
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Hypothesis
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a prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research, (P.g 20).
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Evidence Based Practice (EBPP)
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Practices that integrate the best available research with the insights of expert practitioners and knowledge of characteristics, culture, and preferences of the client, (P.g 20).
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Empirical Analysis
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Analysis based upon systematically collected data, (P.g 22).
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Development
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Orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death that remain for a reasonably long period of time, (P.g 34).
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Physical Development
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Changes in body structure and function over time, (P.g 34).
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Personal Development
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Changes in personality that take place as a person grows, (P.g 34).
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Social Development
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Changes over time in the way we relate to others, (P.g 34).
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Cognitive Development
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Gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated, (P.g 34).
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Maturation
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Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time, (P.g 34).
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Currant views on the source of development emphasize...
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...complex coactions (joint actions) of nature and nurture" (P.g 35).
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Qualitative (quality) Discontinuous Change
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development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, (P.g 35).
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Quantitative (quantity) Continuous Change
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gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels, (P.g 35).
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Sensitive Periods
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Times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences, (P.g 35).
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3 General Principles of Development
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1)People develop at different rates, 2)Development is relatively orderly, 3)Development takes place gradually
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow, (P.g 37).
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Event-related potential (ERP)
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measures brain activity by detecting the electrical activity of the brain through the skull or scalp, (P.g 37).
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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A method of localizing and measuring brain activity using computer assisted motion pictures of the brain, (P.g 37).
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Neurons
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Nerve cells that store and transfer information; the gray matter of the brain (P.g 37).
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Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis
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The production of new neurons. This occurs into adulthood (P.g 37).
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Synapses
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The tiny space between neurons --chemical messages are sent across these gaps, (P.g 37).
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Glial cells
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Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. It's the white matter of the brain which greatly outnumbers neurons, (P.g 37-38).
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Myelination
Myelination
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The process by which neutral fibers are coated with a fatty sheath called myelin that makes message transfer more efficient, (P.g 38).
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experience-expectant
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when synapses are overproduced in certain parts of the brain during specific developmental periods, awaiting (expecting) stimulation, (P.g 38).
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experience-dependent
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synaptic connections are formed based on an individual's experiences, like trying to learn a second language (P.g 38).
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Cerebral Cortex
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The part of the brain where information processing takes place. Divided into four lobes, (P.g 39).
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Lateralization
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The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain cortex. One hemisphere is more efficient than the other in performing certain functions, (P.g 40).
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"No mental activity is exhaustively the work of...
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...a single part of the brain --so there is no such thing as a "right brained student" unless the left hemisphere has been lopped off, (P.g 40).
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Plasticity
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The brain's tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible, (P.g 40).
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adolescents' have high horsepower but...
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...poor steering. Much like adults in low stress situations, but impulsive and risk taking in high stress situations, (P.g 40-41).
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Neuroimaging and other brain monitoring systems used for reading research offer...
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...suggestive rather than completely empirical links between how the brain learns..., (P.g 43).
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Learning will be more effective if educators help to...
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...minimize stress and fear at school, teach emotional regulation strategies, teach a positive learning environment and motivate students, (P.g 43).
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There are multiple ways to both teach and...
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...learn a skill, depending on the student, (P.g 45).
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Learners are likely to have preferred modes of processing as well as...
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...varying capabilities in these modes, (P.g 45).
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The brain can change, but it takes time, so teachers must be...
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...consistent, patient, and compassionate in teaching and reteaching in different ways, (P.g 46).
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Information that is not linked to existing knowledge..
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...will be easily forgotten. Therefore teachers should tie in new information to what students already understand, (P.g 46).
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So students can build enduring, useful, knowledge categories...
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...general concepts should be emphasized over small specific facts, (P.g 46).
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Social Transmission
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The transfer or spread of information, throughout a group of people, (P.g 49).
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Organization
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ongoing process of arranging information and experience into mental systems or categories, (P.g 49).
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Adaptation
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Ajustment to the environment, (P.g 49).
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Schemes
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Mental systems or categories of perception and experience, (P.g 49).
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Assimilation
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Fitting new experiences into existing mental schemas, (P.g 49).
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Accommodation
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Altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information, (P.g 49).
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Equilibration
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search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment, (P.g 49).
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Disequilibrium
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The "out of balance" state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her currant ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation, (P.g 50).
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Sensorimotor
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Involving the senses and motor activity
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Object permanence
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The understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existance, (P.g 50).
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Sensorimotor Stage
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0-2 yrs; learns through reflexes, senses, movement. Begins to imitate others, remember events and initiate intentional activity, (P.g 51).
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Preoperational Stage
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2-7 yrs; develops language, uses symbols to represent objects, thinks i. present, has difficulty understanding other points of view, (P.g 51).
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Concrete Operational Stage
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7-11 yrs; can think logically about hands on problems, organizes into categories. Can reverse thinking to undo actions. Understands past, present, and future, (P.g 51).
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Formal Operational Stage
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11+ years; thinks hypothetically and deductively. Solves abstract problems logically. Considers multiple perspectives. Develops concerns about social issues, personal identity and justice, (P.g 51).
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Absece Seizure
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A seizure involving only a small part of the brain that causes a child to lose contact briefly.
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Academic Language
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The entire range of language used in elementary, secondary, and university-level schools including words, concepts, strategies, and processes from academic subjects.
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Academic Learning Time
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Time when students are actually succeeding at at the learning task.
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Academic Tasks
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The work the student must accomplish, including the product expected, resources available, and the mental operations required.
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Accountable
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Making teachers and schools responsible for student learning, usually by monitoring learning with high-stakes tests.
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Achievement Tests
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Standardized tests measuring how much students have learned in a given content area.
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Acronym
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Technique for remembering by using the first letter of each word in a phrase to form a new memorable word.
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Action Zone
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Area of a classroom where the greatest amount of interaction takes place.
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Active Teaching
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Teaching characterized by high levels of teacher explanation, demonstration, and interaction with students.
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Adaptive Teaching
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Provides all the students with challenging instruction and uses supports when needed, but removes these supports as students become able to handle more on their own.
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Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)
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Objectives for yearly improvement for all students and for specific groups such as students from major ethnic and racial groups, students with disabilities, students from low-income families, and students whose English is limited, (P.g 12).
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Adolescent Egocentrisim
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The assumption that everyone else shares ones thoughts, feelings, and concerns.
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Advance Organizer
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Statement of inclusive concepts to introduce and sum up material that follows; a statement that warns the audience that important information is to follow.
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Affective Domain
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Objectives focusing on attitudes and feelings; the area of learning that involves attitudes, values, and emotions.
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Algorithim
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Step-by-step procedure for solving a problem; a prescription for solutions.
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Allocated Time
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Time set aside for learning.
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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
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Federal legislation prohibiting discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, transportation, public access, local government, and telecommunications.
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Analogical Thinking
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Heuristic in which one limits the search for solutions to situations that are similar to the one at hand.
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Anorexia nervosa
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An eating disorder characterized by very limited food intake.
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Antecedents
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Events that precede an action.
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Anxiety
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General uneasiness, a feeling of tension.
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Applied Behavior Analysis
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The application of behavioral learning principles to understand and change behavior.
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Appropriating
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Being able to internalize or take for yourself knowledge and skills developed in interaction with others or with cultural tools.
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Argumentation
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The process of debating a claim with someone else.
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Arousal
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Physical and psychological reactions causing a person to feel alert, attentive, wide-awake, excited or tense.
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Articulation Disorders
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Any of a variety of pronunciation difficulties, such as substitution, distortion, or omission of sounds. Ex: Stuttering
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Assertive Discipline
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Clear, firm, un-hostile response style.
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Assessment
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Procedures used to obtain information about student performance.
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Attention
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Focus on a stimulus.
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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Currant term for disruptive behavior disorders marked by overactivity, excessive difficulty sustaining attention, or impulsiveness.
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Attribution Theories
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Descriptions of how individuals' explanations, justifications, and excuses influence their motivation and behavior.
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Authentic Assesments
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Assessment procedures that test skills and abilities as they would be applied in real-life situations.
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Authentic Task
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Tasks that have some connection to real-life problems the students will face outside the classroom.
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Autisim/ Autisim spectrum disorder
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Developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age 3 and ranging from mild to major.
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Automated Basic Skills
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Skills that are applied without conscious thought.
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Automaticity
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The ability to preform thoroughly learned tasks without much mental effort.
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Availability Heuristic
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Tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind.
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Balanced Bilingualism
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Adding a second language capability without losing your heritage language.
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Basic Skils
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Clearly structured knowledge that is needed for later learning and can be taught step-by-step.
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Behavioral Modification
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shaping behavior through rewards and punishments
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Behavioral Learning Theories
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Explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior.
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Behavioral Objectives
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Instructional objectives stated in terms of observable behaviors.
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Being Needs
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Maslow's three higher level needs, sometimes called growth needs.
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Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
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(base to top) Physical needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs, self actualization needs
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Belief Perseverance
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The tendency to hold onto beliefs, even in the face of contradictory evidence.
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Bilingual
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Speaking two languages and dealing appropriately with two different cultures.
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Bioecological model - Bronfenbrenner's Theory
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describes the nested social and cultural contexts that shape development.
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Microsystem
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the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment
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Mesosystem
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in the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings.
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Exosystem
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Societal institutions (government, community, schools, place of worship, and local media)
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Macrosystem
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consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
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Chronosystem
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In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, changes in ecological systems that are caused by time.
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Blended Families
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Parents, children, and stepchildren merged into families through remarriages.
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
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A measurement that allows you to assess your body size, taking your height and weight into account.
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Bottom-up Processing
Bottom-up Processing
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Perceiving based on noticing separate defining features and assembling them into a recognizable pattern.
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Brainstorming
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Generating ideas without stopping to evaluate them.
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Bulimia
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Eating Disorder characterized by overeating, then getting rid of the food by self-induced vomiting or laxatives.
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CAPS
CAPS
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A strategie used when reading literature: Character, Aim of story, Problem, Solution.
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Central Executive
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In Baddeley & Hitch's model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information, attention, and other mental resources.
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Central Tendency
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A measure that represents the typical response or test score of a group as a whole; Mean, Median, Mode
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Cerebral Palsy
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Condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, and other neurologic deficiencies due to brain damage.
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Chain Mnemonics
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Memory strategies that associate one element in a series with the next element.
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Chunking
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Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units.
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Classical Conditioning
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Association of automatic responses with new stimuli.
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Classification
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Grouping objects into categories.
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Classroom Assessments
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these are selected and created by teachers and can take many different forms --unit tests, essays, portfolios, projects, performances, oral presentations, etc.
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Classroom Management
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techniques used to maintain a healthy learning environment, relatively free of behavior problems
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Cloud Computing
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Allows computer users to access applications, such as Google documents or Microsoft Web Mail, as well as computing assets such as network-accessible data storage and processing to use online applications.
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Cmaps
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Tools for concept mapping developed by the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition that are connected to many knowledge maps and other resources on the internet.
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Coactions
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Joint actions of individual biology and the environments --each shapes and influences the other.
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Co-constructed Process
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A social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem. The final product is shaped by all participants.
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Code-switching
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Moving between two speech forms.
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Cognitive apprenticeship
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A relationship in which a less experienced learner acquires knowledge and skills under the guidance of an expert.
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Cognitive behavior modification
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Procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive learning principles for changing your own behavior by using self-talk and self-instruction.
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Cognitive evaluation theory
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Suggests that events affect motivation through the individual's perception of the events as controlling behavior or providing information.
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Cognitive load
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The volume of resources necessary to complete a task.
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Cognitive Objectives
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Instructional objectives stated in terms of higher-level thinking operations.
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Cognitive Evaluation Theory
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Suggests that events affect motivation through the individual's perception of the events as controlling behavior or providing information.
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Cognitive Load
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The volume of resources necessary to complete a task.
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Cognitive Science
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The interdisciplinary study of thinking, language, intelligence, knowledge creation, and the brain.
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Cognitive View of Learning
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A general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring, remembering, and using knowledge.
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Collaboration
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A philosophy about how to relate to other --how to learn and work.
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Collective Monologue
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Form of speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate.
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"Commitment" in Marcia's theory of identity statuses
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An individuals' choices concerning political and religious beliefs, for example, usually as a consequence of exploring the options.
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Community of Practice
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Social situation or context in which ideas are judged useful or true.
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Compensation
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The principle that, changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another.
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Complex Learning Environments
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Problems and learning situations that mimic the ill-structured nature of real life
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Concept
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A category used to group similar events, ideas, objects or people.
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Concept Map
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A diagram showing relationships between different ideas or concepts
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Concrete Operations
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Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations.
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.
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Confidence Interval
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Range of scores within which an individual's score is likely to fall.
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Confirmation Bias
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Seeking information that confirms our choices and beliefs, while dis-confirming evidence.
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Constructionism
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How public knowledge in disciplines such as science, math, economics, or history is constructed
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Constructionist Approach
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View that emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of information.
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Context
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The physical or emotional backdrop associated with an event.
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Contiguity
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Association of two events because of repeated pairing.
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Contingency Contract
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Formal agreement on behavior change, reinforcements, penalties; specifying what a student must do to earn a particular reward or privilege.
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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
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The reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs.
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Convergent Questions
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Questions that have a single correct answer.
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Convergent Thinking
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Narrowing possibilities to a singe answer.
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Cooperative Learning
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The use of groups; emphasizes the social nature of learning; students work in small mixed-ability groups.
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Co-regulation
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A transitional phase during which students gradually appropriate self-regulated learning skills. OR -a period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior
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Criterion-referenced grading
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Assessment of each student's mastery of course objectives.
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Criterion-referenced testing
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Testing in which scores are compared to a set performance standard
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Critical Periods
Critical Periods
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If learning doesn't happen during these periods it never will.
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Critical Thinking
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Evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining a problem, the evidence, and the solution.
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Ability to apply culturally culturally approved problem-solving methods.
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Cueing
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Providing a stimulus that "sets-up" a desired behavior.
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Cultural deficit model
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A model that explains the school achievement problems of ethnic minority students by assuming that their culture in inadequate and does not prepare them to succeed in school.
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Cultural Tools
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The real tools (computers, scales, etc.) and symbol systems (numbers, language, graphs) that allow people in a society to communicate, think, solve problems, and create knowledge.
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Culturally Relevant Pedagogy
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Teaching methods for students of differing cultures to increase academic success and competence.
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Culturally Responsive Management
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Taking cultural meanings and styles into account when developing management plans and responding to students.
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Culture
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The knowledge, values, attitudes and traditions that guide the behavior of a group of people and allow them to solve the problems of living in their environment.
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Culture-fair/Culture free test
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A test that eliminates cultural difference that could affect performance; a test without cultural bias.
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Cyber Aggression
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Using social media to spread rumors, make threats or otherwise terrorize peers.
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Decay
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The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time.
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Decentering
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Focusing on more than one aspect at a time.
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Declarative Knowledge
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Verbal information that is factual; knowing that something is the case.
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Deficiency Needs
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Maslow's four lower-level needs, which must be satisfied first.
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Defining Attribute
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Qualities that connect members of a group to a specific concept
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Developmental Crisis
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A specific conflict whose resolution prepares the way for the next stage.
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Deviation IQ
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Score based on a statistical comparison of an individual's performance
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