question

Differentiated instruction

answer

Matching instruction to meet the different needs of learners in a given classroom, (P.g 10).

question

Reflective teachers...

answer

...think back over situations to analyze what they did and why, and to consider how they might improve the learning of their students, (P.g 9).

question

Teachers' sense of efficacy

answer

a teacher's belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn, (P.g 5).

question

What is NCLB?

answer

No Child Left Behind Act of 2002. Requires standardized achievement testing in reading and mathematics every year in grades 3-8, and in h. school. Science is tested once in each grade span, elem, mid, and high, (P.g 12).

question

"The teacher-student relationship in kindergarten predicts...

answer

...a number of academic and behavioral outcomes", (P.g 7).

question

A positive teacher-student relationship is fostered when teachers are...

answer

"sensitive to...[student]... needs and provide frequent, consistent feedback", (P.g 7).

question

Educational Psychology

answer

a distinct discipline with its own theories, research methods, problems and techniques, (P.g 14, restated P.g 23).

question

What do Educational Pschologists do?

answer

They conduct research on learning and teaching and at the same time, work to improve educational practice, (P.g 14).

question

Descriptive Studies

answer

Studies that collect detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these methods, (P.g 16).

question

Ethnography

answer

a descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of the events to the people involved, (P.g 16).

question

Participant Observation

answer

A method for conducting descriptive research in which the reseacher becomes a participant in the group being observed.

question

Case Study

answer

Intensive study of one person or situation, (P.g 16).

question

Correlation

answer

statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related, (P.g 16).

question

Positive Correlation

answer

A relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease together, (P.g 17).

question

Negative Correlation

answer

A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases when the other decreases, (P.g 17).

question

Experimentation

answer

The study of cause and effect; research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded, (P.g 17).

question

Quasi-experimental studies

answer

Studies that fit most of the criteria for true experiments, with the important exception that the participants/subjects are not assigned to groups at random. Instead, existing groups such as classes or schools participate, (P.g 17).

question

Statistical Significance

answer

Not likely to be a chance occurance

question

Correlations Range from...

answer

1.00 to -1.00; the closer the correlation to 1 or -1, the stronger it is.

question

Correlation does not equal...

answer

Causation

question

What does this mean? p < 0.05

answer

In this study, the probability of the result reported could happen by chance less than 5 times out of a hundred.

question

Single Subject Experimental Studies

answer

Systematic interventions to study effects with one person, often by applying then withdrawing treatment; ABAB experiment, (P.g 18).

question

Microgenic Studies

answer

Detailed observation and analysis of changes in cognitive process as the process unfolds over a several-day, or several-week period of time, (P.g 18).

question

Action Research

answer

Research carried out by educators in their own classrooms or schools to improve the learning of their students.

question

Longatudinal Studies

answer

observing subjects over many years as changes occur

question

Cross-sectional

answer

focusing research on groups of children at different ages

question

The NCLB act says that educational programs and practices receiving federal money have to be consistent with...

answer

...scientifically based research, (P.g 20).

question

Scientifically Based Reseach as defined by NCLB act:

answer

1) Uses observations and experiments to systematically gather valid and reliable data. 2) Involves rigorous and appropriate procedures for analyzing data. 3) Is clearly described so that it can be repeated by others. 4) Has been rigorously reviewed by appropriate, independant experts

question

Principle

answer

Established relationship between factors, (P.g 20).

question

Theory in Science

answer

Integrated statement of principles that attempt to explain a phenomenon and make predictions, (P.g 20).

question

Hypothesis

answer

a prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research, (P.g 20).

question

Evidence Based Practice (EBPP)

answer

Practices that integrate the best available research with the insights of expert practitioners and knowledge of characteristics, culture, and preferences of the client, (P.g 20).

question

Empirical Analysis

answer

Analysis based upon systematically collected data, (P.g 22).

question

Development

answer

Orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death that remain for a reasonably long period of time, (P.g 34).

question

Physical Development

answer

Changes in body structure and function over time, (P.g 34).

question

Personal Development

answer

Changes in personality that take place as a person grows, (P.g 34).

question

Social Development

answer

Changes over time in the way we relate to others, (P.g 34).

question

Cognitive Development

answer

Gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated, (P.g 34).

question

Maturation

answer

Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time, (P.g 34).

question

Currant views on the source of development emphasize...

answer

...complex coactions (joint actions) of nature and nurture" (P.g 35).

question

Qualitative (quality) Discontinuous Change

answer

development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, (P.g 35).

question

Quantitative (quantity) Continuous Change

answer

gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels, (P.g 35).

question

Sensitive Periods

answer

Times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences, (P.g 35).

question

3 General Principles of Development

answer

1)People develop at different rates, 2)Development is relatively orderly, 3)Development takes place gradually

question

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

answer

measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow, (P.g 37).

question

Event-related potential (ERP)

answer

measures brain activity by detecting the electrical activity of the brain through the skull or scalp, (P.g 37).

question

Positron emission tomography (PET)

answer

A method of localizing and measuring brain activity using computer assisted motion pictures of the brain, (P.g 37).

question

Neurons

answer

Nerve cells that store and transfer information; the gray matter of the brain (P.g 37).

question

Neurogenesis

answer

The production of new neurons. This occurs into adulthood (P.g 37).

question

Synapses

answer

The tiny space between neurons --chemical messages are sent across these gaps, (P.g 37).

question

Glial cells

answer

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. It's the white matter of the brain which greatly outnumbers neurons, (P.g 37-38).

question

Myelination

answer

The process by which neutral fibers are coated with a fatty sheath called myelin that makes message transfer more efficient, (P.g 38).

question

experience-expectant

answer

when synapses are overproduced in certain parts of the brain during specific developmental periods, awaiting (expecting) stimulation, (P.g 38).

question

experience-dependent

answer

synaptic connections are formed based on an individual's experiences, like trying to learn a second language (P.g 38).

question

Cerebral Cortex

answer

The part of the brain where information processing takes place. Divided into four lobes, (P.g 39).

question

Lateralization

answer

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain cortex. One hemisphere is more efficient than the other in performing certain functions, (P.g 40).

question

"No mental activity is exhaustively the work of...

answer

...a single part of the brain --so there is no such thing as a "right brained student" unless the left hemisphere has been lopped off, (P.g 40).

question

Plasticity

answer

The brain's tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible, (P.g 40).

question

adolescents' have high horsepower but...

answer

...poor steering. Much like adults in low stress situations, but impulsive and risk taking in high stress situations, (P.g 40-41).

question

Neuroimaging and other brain monitoring systems used for reading research offer...

answer

...suggestive rather than completely empirical links between how the brain learns..., (P.g 43).

question

Learning will be more effective if educators help to...

answer

...minimize stress and fear at school, teach emotional regulation strategies, teach a positive learning environment and motivate students, (P.g 43).

question

There are multiple ways to both teach and...

answer

...learn a skill, depending on the student, (P.g 45).

question

Learners are likely to have preferred modes of processing as well as...

answer

...varying capabilities in these modes, (P.g 45).

question

The brain can change, but it takes time, so teachers must be...

answer

...consistent, patient, and compassionate in teaching and reteaching in different ways, (P.g 46).

question

Information that is not linked to existing knowledge..

answer

...will be easily forgotten. Therefore teachers should tie in new information to what students already understand, (P.g 46).

question

So students can build enduring, useful, knowledge categories...

answer

...general concepts should be emphasized over small specific facts, (P.g 46).

question

Social Transmission

answer

The transfer or spread of information, throughout a group of people, (P.g 49).

question

Organization

answer

ongoing process of arranging information and experience into mental systems or categories, (P.g 49).

question

Adaptation

answer

Ajustment to the environment, (P.g 49).

question

Schemes

answer

Mental systems or categories of perception and experience, (P.g 49).

question

Assimilation

answer

Fitting new experiences into existing mental schemas, (P.g 49).

question

Accommodation

answer

Altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information, (P.g 49).

question

Equilibration

answer

search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment, (P.g 49).

question

Disequilibrium

answer

The "out of balance" state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her currant ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation, (P.g 50).

question

Sensorimotor

answer

Involving the senses and motor activity

question

Object permanence

answer

The understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existance, (P.g 50).

question

Sensorimotor Stage

answer

0-2 yrs; learns through reflexes, senses, movement. Begins to imitate others, remember events and initiate intentional activity, (P.g 51).

question

Preoperational Stage

answer

2-7 yrs; develops language, uses symbols to represent objects, thinks i. present, has difficulty understanding other points of view, (P.g 51).

question

Concrete Operational Stage

answer

7-11 yrs; can think logically about hands on problems, organizes into categories. Can reverse thinking to undo actions. Understands past, present, and future, (P.g 51).

question

Formal Operational Stage

answer

11+ years; thinks hypothetically and deductively. Solves abstract problems logically. Considers multiple perspectives. Develops concerns about social issues, personal identity and justice, (P.g 51).

question

Absece Seizure

answer

A seizure involving only a small part of the brain that causes a child to lose contact briefly.

question

Academic Language

answer

The entire range of language used in elementary, secondary, and university-level schools including words, concepts, strategies, and processes from academic subjects.

question

Academic Learning Time

answer

Time when students are actually succeeding at at the learning task.

question

Academic Tasks

answer

The work the student must accomplish, including the product expected, resources available, and the mental operations required.

question

Accountable

answer

Making teachers and schools responsible for student learning, usually by monitoring learning with high-stakes tests.

question

Achievement Tests

answer

Standardized tests measuring how much students have learned in a given content area.

question

Acronym

answer

Technique for remembering by using the first letter of each word in a phrase to form a new memorable word.

question

Action Zone

answer

Area of a classroom where the greatest amount of interaction takes place.

question

Active Teaching

answer

Teaching characterized by high levels of teacher explanation, demonstration, and interaction with students.

question

Adaptive Teaching

answer

Provides all the students with challenging instruction and uses supports when needed, but removes these supports as students become able to handle more on their own.

question

Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)

answer

Objectives for yearly improvement for all students and for specific groups such as students from major ethnic and racial groups, students with disabilities, students from low-income families, and students whose English is limited, (P.g 12).

question

Adolescent Egocentrisim

answer

The assumption that everyone else shares ones thoughts, feelings, and concerns.

question

Advance Organizer

answer

Statement of inclusive concepts to introduce and sum up material that follows; a statement that warns the audience that important information is to follow.

question

Affective Domain

answer

Objectives focusing on attitudes and feelings; the area of learning that involves attitudes, values, and emotions.

question

Algorithim

answer

Step-by-step procedure for solving a problem; a prescription for solutions.

question

Allocated Time

answer

Time set aside for learning.

question

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)

answer

Federal legislation prohibiting discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, transportation, public access, local government, and telecommunications.

question

Analogical Thinking

answer

Heuristic in which one limits the search for solutions to situations that are similar to the one at hand.

question

Anorexia nervosa

answer

An eating disorder characterized by very limited food intake.

question

Antecedents

answer

Events that precede an action.

question

Anxiety

answer

General uneasiness, a feeling of tension.

question

Applied Behavior Analysis

answer

The application of behavioral learning principles to understand and change behavior.

question

Appropriating

answer

Being able to internalize or take for yourself knowledge and skills developed in interaction with others or with cultural tools.

question

Argumentation

answer

The process of debating a claim with someone else.

question

Arousal

answer

Physical and psychological reactions causing a person to feel alert, attentive, wide-awake, excited or tense.

question

Articulation Disorders

answer

Any of a variety of pronunciation difficulties, such as substitution, distortion, or omission of sounds. Ex: Stuttering

question

Assertive Discipline

answer

Clear, firm, un-hostile response style.

question

Assessment

answer

Procedures used to obtain information about student performance.

question

Attention

answer

Focus on a stimulus.

question

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

answer

Currant term for disruptive behavior disorders marked by overactivity, excessive difficulty sustaining attention, or impulsiveness.

question

Attribution Theories

answer

Descriptions of how individuals' explanations, justifications, and excuses influence their motivation and behavior.

question

Authentic Assesments

answer

Assessment procedures that test skills and abilities as they would be applied in real-life situations.

question

Authentic Task

answer

Tasks that have some connection to real-life problems the students will face outside the classroom.

question

Autisim/ Autisim spectrum disorder

answer

Developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age 3 and ranging from mild to major.

question

Automated Basic Skills

answer

Skills that are applied without conscious thought.

question

Automaticity

answer

The ability to preform thoroughly learned tasks without much mental effort.

question

Availability Heuristic

answer

Tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind.

question

Balanced Bilingualism

answer

Adding a second language capability without losing your heritage language.

question

Basic Skils

answer

Clearly structured knowledge that is needed for later learning and can be taught step-by-step.

question

Behavioral Modification

answer

shaping behavior through rewards and punishments

question

Behavioral Learning Theories

answer

Explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior.

question

Behavioral Objectives

answer

Instructional objectives stated in terms of observable behaviors.

question

Being Needs

answer

Maslow's three higher level needs, sometimes called growth needs.

question

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

answer

(base to top) Physical needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs, self actualization needs

question

Belief Perseverance

answer

The tendency to hold onto beliefs, even in the face of contradictory evidence.

question

Bilingual

answer

Speaking two languages and dealing appropriately with two different cultures.

question

Bioecological model - Bronfenbrenner's Theory

answer

describes the nested social and cultural contexts that shape development.

question

Microsystem

answer

the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment

question

Mesosystem

answer

in the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings.

question

Exosystem

answer

Societal institutions (government, community, schools, place of worship, and local media)

question

Macrosystem

answer

consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

question

Chronosystem

answer

In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, changes in ecological systems that are caused by time.

question

Blended Families

answer

Parents, children, and stepchildren merged into families through remarriages.

question

Body Mass Index (BMI)

answer

A measurement that allows you to assess your body size, taking your height and weight into account.

question

Bottom-up Processing

answer

Perceiving based on noticing separate defining features and assembling them into a recognizable pattern.

question

Brainstorming

answer

Generating ideas without stopping to evaluate them.

question

Bulimia

answer

Eating Disorder characterized by overeating, then getting rid of the food by self-induced vomiting or laxatives.

question

CAPS

answer

A strategie used when reading literature: Character, Aim of story, Problem, Solution.

question

Central Executive

answer

In Baddeley & Hitch's model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information, attention, and other mental resources.

question

Central Tendency

answer

A measure that represents the typical response or test score of a group as a whole; Mean, Median, Mode

question

Cerebral Palsy

answer

Condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, and other neurologic deficiencies due to brain damage.

question

Chain Mnemonics

answer

Memory strategies that associate one element in a series with the next element.

question

Chunking

answer

Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units.

question

Classical Conditioning

answer

Association of automatic responses with new stimuli.

question

Classification

answer

Grouping objects into categories.

question

Classroom Assessments

answer

these are selected and created by teachers and can take many different forms --unit tests, essays, portfolios, projects, performances, oral presentations, etc.

question

Classroom Management

answer

techniques used to maintain a healthy learning environment, relatively free of behavior problems

question

Cloud Computing

answer

Allows computer users to access applications, such as Google documents or Microsoft Web Mail, as well as computing assets such as network-accessible data storage and processing to use online applications.

question

Cmaps

answer

Tools for concept mapping developed by the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition that are connected to many knowledge maps and other resources on the internet.

question

Coactions

answer

Joint actions of individual biology and the environments --each shapes and influences the other.

question

Co-constructed Process

answer

A social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem. The final product is shaped by all participants.

question

Code-switching

answer

Moving between two speech forms.

question

Cognitive apprenticeship

answer

A relationship in which a less experienced learner acquires knowledge and skills under the guidance of an expert.

question

Cognitive behavior modification

answer

Procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive learning principles for changing your own behavior by using self-talk and self-instruction.

question

Cognitive evaluation theory

answer

Suggests that events affect motivation through the individual's perception of the events as controlling behavior or providing information.

question

Cognitive load

answer

The volume of resources necessary to complete a task.

question

Cognitive Objectives

answer

Instructional objectives stated in terms of higher-level thinking operations.

question

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

answer

Suggests that events affect motivation through the individual's perception of the events as controlling behavior or providing information.

question

Cognitive Load

answer

The volume of resources necessary to complete a task.

question

Cognitive Science

answer

The interdisciplinary study of thinking, language, intelligence, knowledge creation, and the brain.

question

Cognitive View of Learning

answer

A general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring, remembering, and using knowledge.

question

Collaboration

answer

A philosophy about how to relate to other --how to learn and work.

question

Collective Monologue

answer

Form of speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate.

question

"Commitment" in Marcia's theory of identity statuses

answer

An individuals' choices concerning political and religious beliefs, for example, usually as a consequence of exploring the options.

question

Community of Practice

answer

Social situation or context in which ideas are judged useful or true.

question

Compensation

answer

The principle that, changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another.

question

Complex Learning Environments

answer

Problems and learning situations that mimic the ill-structured nature of real life

question

Concept

answer

A category used to group similar events, ideas, objects or people.

question

Concept Map

answer

A diagram showing relationships between different ideas or concepts

question

Concrete Operations

answer

Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations.

question

Conditioned Response (CR)

answer

A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

question

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

answer

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.

question

Confidence Interval

answer

Range of scores within which an individual's score is likely to fall.

question

Confirmation Bias

answer

Seeking information that confirms our choices and beliefs, while dis-confirming evidence.

question

Constructionism

answer

How public knowledge in disciplines such as science, math, economics, or history is constructed

question

Constructionist Approach

answer

View that emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of information.

question

Context

answer

The physical or emotional backdrop associated with an event.

question

Contiguity

answer

Association of two events because of repeated pairing.

question

Contingency Contract

answer

Formal agreement on behavior change, reinforcements, penalties; specifying what a student must do to earn a particular reward or privilege.

question

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

answer

The reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs.

question

Convergent Questions

answer

Questions that have a single correct answer.

question

Convergent Thinking

answer

Narrowing possibilities to a singe answer.

question

Cooperative Learning

answer

The use of groups; emphasizes the social nature of learning; students work in small mixed-ability groups.

question

Co-regulation

answer

A transitional phase during which students gradually appropriate self-regulated learning skills. OR -a period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior

question

Criterion-referenced grading

answer

Assessment of each student's mastery of course objectives.

question

Criterion-referenced testing

answer

Testing in which scores are compared to a set performance standard

question

Critical Periods

answer

If learning doesn't happen during these periods it never will.

question

Critical Thinking

answer

Evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining a problem, the evidence, and the solution.

question

Crystallized Intelligence

answer

Ability to apply culturally culturally approved problem-solving methods.

question

Cueing

answer

Providing a stimulus that "sets-up" a desired behavior.

question

Cultural deficit model

answer

A model that explains the school achievement problems of ethnic minority students by assuming that their culture in inadequate and does not prepare them to succeed in school.

question

Cultural Tools

answer

The real tools (computers, scales, etc.) and symbol systems (numbers, language, graphs) that allow people in a society to communicate, think, solve problems, and create knowledge.

question

Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

answer

Teaching methods for students of differing cultures to increase academic success and competence.

question

Culturally Responsive Management

answer

Taking cultural meanings and styles into account when developing management plans and responding to students.

question

Culture

answer

The knowledge, values, attitudes and traditions that guide the behavior of a group of people and allow them to solve the problems of living in their environment.

question

Culture-fair/Culture free test

answer

A test that eliminates cultural difference that could affect performance; a test without cultural bias.

question

Cyber Aggression

answer

Using social media to spread rumors, make threats or otherwise terrorize peers.

question

Decay

answer

The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time.

question

Decentering

answer

Focusing on more than one aspect at a time.

question

Declarative Knowledge

answer

Verbal information that is factual; knowing that something is the case.

question

Deficiency Needs

answer

Maslow's four lower-level needs, which must be satisfied first.

question

Defining Attribute

answer

Qualities that connect members of a group to a specific concept

question

Developmental Crisis

answer

A specific conflict whose resolution prepares the way for the next stage.

question

Deviation IQ

answer

Score based on a statistical comparison of an individual's performance

"Educational Psychology; Active Learning Edition" by Anita Woolfolk – Flashcards

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