question

gross motor development

answer

large movements - crawling, walking

question

fine motor development

answer

smaller movements - reaching, grasping

question

Do motor skills develop at a universal or individual rate?

answer

individual

question

motor skills as dynamic systems

answer

increasingly complex systems of action with each skill

question

factors that are considered when a baby reaches a new motor milestone

answer

1. CNS 2. body's movement capacity 3. child's goals 4. environmental supports

question

How does culture affect in motor development

answer

home environment and infant-rearing practices affect motor development - some cultures discourage rapid motor development (to keep babies safe so they can't put dangerous things in their mouth) and others teach specific early motor skills

question

"tummy time"

answer

a motor development routine that's used in Western Culture - putting infant on its stomach so it can practice lifting its head up, pushing its body up, or crawling

question

Reaching steps

answer

1. prereaching (newborn - baby learns to use its arms) 2. ulnar/palmar grasp (3-4 months) - baby can hold something 3. transferring object from hand to hand (4-5 months) 4. pincer grasp (9 months) - use thumb and one finger to hold small object

question

Do babies learn to reach with their hands or feet first?

answer

feet

question

Hearing development milestones

answer

4-7 months: sense of musical phrasing 6-8 months: babies "screen out" sounds from non-native languages 7-9 months: divide the speech stream into word-like units 10 months: can detect words that start with weak syllables

question

Vision Development

answer

brain development leads to rapid improvements in vision skills. 2-4 months: ability to focus, color vision 6 months: baby scans things around them, track things 6-7 months: depth perception

question

Baby's vision doesn't become acute until

answer

4 years

question

Habituation

answer

gradual decrease in strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation or exposure. Drives babies to explore and learn

question

Babies are naturally drawn to __________ experiences

answer

novel. Eventually prefer and recognize familiarity

question

Vision and perception rod test

answer

first show baby a rod moving behind an object. Then show baby 2 images. one of complete rod, one of broken rod. Babies look at broken rod (as early as 2 months) which shows that they recognize the first rod as full (babies look at new info for longer)

question

Face perception throughout development

answer

- newborns prefer mother's face - 3 months: can distinguish between 2 strangers - 5-7 months: can perceive emotions through facial expression

question

what types of images do babies prefer

answer

images with face-like features (naturally arranged)

question

Babies can distinguish between different females or males sooner

answer

females (bc more exposure)

question

Perceptual narrowing effect

answer

perceptual sensitivity becomes increasingly attuned with age (multiple senses, shaped by environment)

question

intermodal perception

answer

simultaneous input is received from more than one sensory system (intermodal stimulation) and then we make sense of this multi-sensory input as an integrated whole -; facilitates perception of physical world and understanding of social world

question

cognition

answer

the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

question

cognition synonyms

answer

perception, learning, understanding

question

developmental domains

answer

cognitive, social-emotional, physical

question

Schemas

answer

Part of Piaget's ideas about cognitive change. organized ways of making sense of experience (creating folders of what you see in your mind). EX: baby bangs his rattle (scheme). Now he bangs a block and it feels very similar (assimilation). Now he bangs an egg and it breaks (accommodation).

question

Adaption

answer

building schema through direct interaction with the environment. 2 types: assimilation - We use our current schemes to interpret the external world. Add new information to existing information accommodation - we create NEW schemas or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking are incorrect

question

equilibrium

answer

A time when children's lives are staying more the same. They are assimilating more than they are accommodating. More stable in their development

question

disequilibrium

answer

During times of rapid change, children shift from assimilation to accommodation

question

organization

answer

internal process of rearranging and linking together schemas to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system.

question

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

answer

sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) properational concrete operational formal operational

question

sensorimotor stage

answer

piaget believed that children in the first two years of life think with their eyes, ears, and hands. can't yet carry out many activities in their head Substages: 1. Reflexive Schemes - babies suck, grasp, and look regardless of world around them 2. Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) - babies gain control of actions through primary circular reactions (repeating a behavior based on need until you gain control of it) 3. Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months) - babies try to repeat behaviors in order to get something interesting to happen in their environment -; -babies are still not in control enough to imitate others (can't play patty cake but enjoy watching others play patty cake) -No sense of object permanence yet (knowledge that objects exist even when they're out of sight) 4. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions -; Beginning of more broad intentional behavior -combine schemas into more complex action sequences to engage in intentional, goal-directed behavior -object permanence -; understand that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight -A-not-B errors: Object permanence. Baby knows it's hidden in spot A (from routine) but when it's moved to spot B the baby can't find it 5. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12 to 18 months) - babies begin to experiment with their behaviors and not repeat it each time. Action gets one pleasing response so baby tries to do something similar to get a pleasing response 6. Mental representations (18 to 24 months) - baby begins to think. Internal depictions of info that the mind can manipulate. -children can arrive at solutions before an action rather than trial and error -advanced object permanence: understand that when you leave and come back things stay in same place invisible displacement -> if it moves you have to look somewhere else -deferred imitation - being able to "play" and make things up

question

what did piaget get wrong?

answer

the timing (study table 6.1 and 6.2 in your book)

question

Follow Up on Piaget....

answer

Violation of expectation - useful experimental design that allows you to look at object permanence. Mental representation - people believe now that kids have thoughts in their heads younger than 18 months

question

Violation of expectation study

answer

Habituate babies to a physical event or show babies an expected event and an unexpected event (if they look at the unexpected thing we know that the baby thinks it's new and interesting) -; indicates that the infant is "surprised" Question: Can we really infer that the baby is "surprised" or do they just like to look at new things? If the baby is surprised, it would suggest object permanence. Video in class: 3 month old baby has heightened attention to the "magical" event more than the "unmagical" event. This supposedly means she's "surprised" and understands it shouldn't be possible. With slightly older babies, originally not surprised until you show them only one doll behind. Then when you do it again they are surprised. However, critics argue she wasn't shocked that the doll disappeared, she was just looking at something new Some researches believe maybe this is "cognitive equipment" (something we're born with) Others think it's core knowledge - innate knowledge systems that are pre-wired and ready to learn grammar. Set up for you

question

What is evidence for object permanence??

answer

violation of expectation method.

question

Cupboard study

answer

At 14 months, parents put a toy away in the cupboard when they left the house and the baby knew it was their when they got back. Baby even understood that a matching cupboard in a different room also wasn't the right cupboard (this violates Piaget who thought object permanence was at 18 months)

question

Other factors that effect A not B error in 8-12 months

answer

-Built a habit of reaching towards A -Continuing to look at A -typically spot A and B look alike -They are maintaining a constant body posture - everything is very similar already -They are continuing to perfect reaching and grabbing during this time these say that it might not just be because of object permanence

question

Success at object search task coincides with

answer

rapid development of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, experiences perceiving, acting on, and remembering objects object permanence is a gradual experience

question

Mental representation

answer

Piaget thought this didn't come until 2 years. Researchers reveal that babies experience this sooner Deferred and Inferred Imitation research reveals that 6 week old infants demonstrate deferred imitation of facial expressions (man made faces at baby and an hour later baby made faces back at him - associated him with his faces)

question

Deferred imitation

answer

the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present at a later date ex: puppet stimuli

question

inferred imitation

answer

infants are more likely to imitate purposeful behaviors than accidental/arbitrary behaviors and can make inferences about other people's intentions (if you do something on accident baby will imitate what you meant to do) researcher puts dog through the chimney looking silly 12 months - child puts dog through the chimney. But if researcher looks confused, then the child will correct him and put dog in the door 14-18 months: researcher spills raisins on the floor and kids immediately pick them up (they know you didn't mean to spill them)

question

problem solving

answer

around 8 months old, infants develop intentional means-end action sequences ex: pull on towel to get toy from other side 10-12 months, babies can problem solve by analogy ex: babies realize they can do the same type of thing with a blanket around end of first year, infants use flexible mental representations of how to use tools to get objects

question

symbolic understanding

answer

displaced reference - words represent things even when they're not there ex: 13 months - hear name of parent who just left, turn towards door Growing understanding of language. Can inform of things that are here or not ex: Lucy frog study. Take lucy out of the room then say lucy got wet! at 19 months, child picks dry one because it's what she saw before. 22 months, pick wet one (flexible use of words) 23 vs 30 months old in book Beginning awareness of the symbolic function of pictures emerges in the first year, strengthens in second. Newborns prefer moms face. 9 months old - pat pictures. 15-24. tell baby the photo is a "blicket" (random word) and then ask baby which toy is a blicket and the baby points to the actual toy (understands that the photo is representative of the toy. Younger would point at both the photo and the toy. This develops faster in countries where there are more photos

question

Evaluation of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

answer

some things follow his time frame, other emerge earlier than he thought. Sensorimotor action helps infants construct some forms of knowledge. BUT infants comprehend a lot more sooner than he thought

question

Core knowledge perspective

answer

belief that brain is set up pre wired for you to learn certain things

question

why still talk about Piaget?

answer

basis for the information-processing approach to cognitive development (which we like). It is also of practical value for teachers and caregivers

question

infants learn through _______________________

answer

classical conditioning

question

classical conditioning

answer

infants begin to recognize that certain events happen together. This allows them to anticipate events/actions and makes the world more orderly and predictable

question

Operant conditioning

answer

adding positive or negative reinforcements pos = adding stimulus neg = removing stimulus reinforcers = increase probability of event happening again punishers = decrease probability of event happening again Pos. Reinforcement - adding a stimulus to increase probability of event happening again Neg. Reinforcement - removing a stimulus to increase probability of an event happening again Pos. Punishment - adding stimulus to decrease prob. Neg. Punishment - removing stimulus to decrease prob.

question

habituation

answer

gradual decrease in strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation or exposure

question

imitation

answer

copy behavior of another person. Important to initial infant learning. Expands over first 2 years. Mixed opinions on whether newborn imitation is intentional or an automatic response to stimuli. Then around 1-2 -; they intentionally imitate mirror neurons may underlie imitative capacities - fire identically when primate hears/sees an action as when they carry out that action themselves.

question

core knowledge of morals in young infants

answer

Belief that babies are already born with a sense of right and wrong -study at Yale that may support this: babies watch a puppet show. One character can't get up the hill and the other comes and help. In another trial a 3rd character bumps the original character down the hill. >80% of babies choose the helpful character. Another: one puppet is playing with the ball and drops it. second character gives it back and the third grabs it and steals it. Third: one puppet is trying to open a box and fails. Second helps him, third shuts it.

question

Piaget vs. Information processing

answer

Piaget: one theory that covers all aspects of cognitive development. Very specific stages. vs. Info processing: Focuses specifically on attention, memory, categorization of skills, and problem solving. Piaget combines all of these: says they change together. Info processing looks at them independently and says they change at different rates depending on your environment. BOTH AGREE that children are active learners - play some part in their own development

question

Diagram of Info Processing model

answer

in book.

question

Information Processing

answer

"sensory register": takes in what's around you and stores it. 1. Short term memory store - retaining information in order to actively "work" on it to reach a goal 2. working memory - basic capacity. number of items that can be briefly held in mind while engaging in some effort to manipulate/analyze them in a way to reach your goal -; ex: give students 5 numbers. have to hold them in working mem to repeat them backwards. say your working memory is "5 numbers" 3. long term memory - permanent knowledge base retrieval - getting information back from our long term memory -; strategies include categorization Central executive : runs your memory. conscious part of your mind. More effective it is, the better we are at certain cognitive activities. These are automatic processes (so well learned that they do not take up any space in our working memory) sensory register moves to short term memory with attention. Short term moves to long term with storage. Long term moves back to short term with retrieval.

question

automatic processes

answer

things that are so well learned that they don't take up space in our working memory - don't have to consciously think about it ex: driving a car, walking,

question

aspects of the cognitive system that improve with age

answer

part of information processing model. 1. basic capacity 2. processing speed - how fast you can work on information you're holding in short term or working memory 3. functioning of the central executive -> leads to more complex thinking

question

Executive function

answer

A part of information processing. The cognitive operations and strategies that allow us to reach the goals we're trying to reach. (attention, impulse control, information coordination, though/behavior control). This predicts cognitive and social outcomes. Common to measure on tests. Predicts their task persistence, self control, interpersonal skills

question

What part of information processing predicts cognitive and social outcomes?

answer

Executive functioning. Stronger executive functioning = better interpersonal skills, task persistence, and self control

question

Attention in infancy

answer

Infants need time for habituation and recovery decreases with age - take in information more quickly. At first, infant will spend 3-4 minutes looking at a new object. Later on only 5-10 seconds. This happens throughout first year. In second year, they begin to be able to hold attention. Decreases attention in novelty items. More intentional behavior

question

When does intentional behavior begin to increase and how does that benefit them?

answer

Around two years old. Helps children reach specific goals (predicts later intelligence scores).

question

How can parents help foster children's focus?

answer

Using verbal prompts and gestures and praise will help increase their attention span.

question

memory

answer

processing in infants is similar to adults and older children they are just not able to hold on to as much.

question

recognition

answer

A way to refer to long term memory in babies. noticing when a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced

question

Operant conditioning to look at retention in babies example

answer

Looking at if they remember the relationship. Maximum retention (in weeks) increases proportionally with age in months. Mobil attached to leg up to 6 months Making a train move after 6 months - pushing lever makes train move

question

Memory is dependent on __________ for the first _______ of life

answer

context, 6-9 months. If something changes, they can't generalize the information. Ex: if you move the baby to a different crib, they probably wont remember that they can make the mobil move in a different crib until 9 months.

question

When does the importance of context decline?

answer

9 months

question

recall vs recognition

answer

recognition - same stimulus sparks babies memory recall - remembering something that's not actually present. Babies can do this as early as 6 months of age and increases rapidly.

question

What is one way to look at recall in babies

answer

Hiding something and having baby look for toy. If baby can look under cup for it, they have recall

question

what does habituation help us study in infants?

answer

cognitive skills. Familiarity preference -> Which object they look at for a longer period of time Novelty preference Infants learn and retain info without needing to be physically active.

question

outcomes on early memory tasks can predict _____________________________

answer

performance on memory tests later in childhood. enviroment can affect this. Neg. social interactions, no practice of problem solving, etc. can harm this

question

Infantile amnesia

answer

concept that we are unable to retrieve memories from before the age of 3. Can't be explained by the passage of time because we can recall many meaningful events from the recent and distant past.

question

explanations for infantile amnesia

answer

hard to tell because hard to measure memory in infants. 1 possible explanation: development of new neurons through age of 3. these neurons in hippocampus disrupt memories already stored. Things are still plastic. 2nd: Infants and toddlers don't have the verbal abilities that are used to store information 3rd: toddlers need to develop self-awareness before they can store memories

question

categorization

answer

grouping similar objects and events into categories! children start to do this at a very young age -> physical, social, and emotional factors. Can do this by shape and size within first few months Measured using habituation. Baby is shown 4 photos of different things. Categorization is affected by: Adults labeling and drawing attention to objects, cultural differences in development of categories

question

MAKE A TIMELINE

answer

do it

question

Info processing analyzes the cognitive processes ____________

answer

separately! (rather than broad like Piaget) more recent views on early cognition have applied the dynamic systems theory (info processing is limiting)

question

limitations of info processing

answer

doesn't take social interactions into consideration. -; Vygotsky's sociocultural theory looks at this!

question

children's social interactions help them with...

answer

voluntary attention, deliberate memory, categorization, problem solving. Children develop in similar cognitive ways but the rate for each varies from culture to culture. This is when Vygotsky's sociocultural theory develops.

question

Zone of proximal development

answer

Within their learning range. range of task child can complete with assistance from a skilled partner. Vygotsky.

question

scaffolding

answer

Helping the child in the Zone of proximal development. "helps children pick up mental strategies and build skills to perform tasks independently". Ex: teaching a child to stack blocks. Adult does it first (scaffolding) to show them how to do it. Then they can do it on their own too.

question

Modern cultures vs. developing cultures

answer

modern: use single activities to teach skills that will be used later on developing: commonly learn through observation of others' daily activities (motivated to be part of the community)

question

overall cognitive development

answer

piaget: new schemas developed through active interaction w/ world info processing: focus on practice and children becoming more efficient by developing skills Vygotsky: focus on cultural influence

question

cognitive tests

answer

measure behaviors that reflect developmental level and/or cognitive abilities. Can also predict future intelligence, academic achievement, and career success or if child needs extra support -tests are standardized. Give test to large representative sample and use as a standard for interpreting scores

question

intelligence quotient

answer

IQ score. Average score for all ages = 100. Compare to others of own age. child has intellectual disability ;115 -; child is above average. better than 84% of kids their own age

question

Bayley scales

answer

scale of infant development. 1 month to 3.5 years. Cognitive Scale-III Children perform categorization tasks (which one doesn't belong)

question

influence of nurture on cognitive skills

answer

children in poverty show gradual decline on intelligence test scores. center and home based interventions can help! - educational services, nutritional services, health services, parenting and social support

question

childcare influence on cognition

answer

lower quality childcare - lower cognitive, social, language and academic skills hard to find high quality affordable childcare in US!

question

when does a fetus' hearing develop?

answer

24 weeks

question

is crying voluntary or involuntary

answer

involuntary

question

why can't the baby human make sounds yet

answer

larynx is high in the throat to protect choking, large tongue, small mouth

question

What noise does a baby prefer

answer

mother's voice. also prefers rhythm of their native language over other languages.

question

When does the larynx drop?

answer

3 months old -; baby can now vocalize with other noises besides crying

question

Gazing

answer

babies instinctively know that eye contact is an important part of communication

question

culture bound language specialists

answer

over time, children can only distinguish certain sounds. Eventually, will no longer be able to hear sounds in other languages that aren't used in your dominant language. This happens by 10 months. Earlier than 10months, babies are "universal listeners" and can distinguish between the two sounds

question

universal mother-ease

answer

the way mothers speak to babies. sing song quality, high pitch tone, sentences are reduced to short phrases, repetition. repetition helps the baby learn language

question

mouth sound mapping

answer

baby practices sounds and listens to themselves to learn speech. circa 9 months

question

Theories of Language Development

answer

1. behaviorism 2. nativist theory

question

behaviorism

answer

babies learn language and communication through operant conditioning (reinforcement) and imitation. limitation - can't account for why humans, but not other species acquire language

question

Nativist Theory

answer

Noam Chomsky - believes language is etched into the structure of the brain. Believes grammar is way too complex for it to be taught directly. Focus on nature LAD (language acquisition device): innate system in all children that contains universal grammar. This explains why humans are the only species with a complex language limitations - no actual list of grammatical rules that applies to all languages. -5,000-8,000 languages in the world... one rule? probs not. -children don't generalize grammatical rules or master all grammar until middle childhood (if this was true, they would be able to speak in grammatically correct sentences sooner)

question

Where is language located in brain?

answer

left hemisphere. in Broca's area (language production) and Wernicke's area (comprehension of language)

question

Sensitive period for language

answer

As age increases, ability to learn language decreases. Applies to first and second language. There is a sensitive, or optimal, period for learning language and no specific cut off EX: If a baby damaged their broca's or wernicke's area another area of the brain would be able to take over the skills of those locations. EX: A baby who is born deaf gets implants at 3-4 months, language development is normal. If after the age of 2, children are behind in language development. If after 4, language delays are severe and persistent

question

interactionist theory

answer

Interaction between inner capacities and environmental factors 1. Interactionist/information processing - LOOK UP 2. social interactionist - looking at how children want to communicate -> caregivers provide communication -> children relate content to meaning *disagreement on whether children are born with specialized language structures or not. Agree that their experiences greatly affect their progress

question

Developing language parts

answer

1. production - words and word combinations that children use. *Recall word AND concept 2. comprehension - language that children understand. *recognize meaning

question

do all animals point?

answer

nope. uniquely human

question

how do babies learn the names of things?

answer

Have to point in addition to naming. If it's unclear what the adult is talking about, baby doesn't learn name

question

Is it easier for a baby to learn sign language or english?

answer

sign! the part of the brain that controls physical movements develops sooner than the language part

question

Primary engine for learning language to a baby?

answer

imitation

question

What types of words do babies learn more of?

answer

nouns. Things from daily life. food high on the list

question

First Year language

answer

"coo" - vowel like noises (first around 2 months) *ooo or aaa "babble" - consonant vowel combinations in long strings (first around 2 months) *baba or nana cooing and babbling develop around same age (even if they are deaf)

question

other forms of communication besides language

answer

joint attention - child attends to same thing as caregiver give and take - child and care giver imitate each others sounds preverbal gestures - used to direct attention, influence behavior, and convey info. *pointing *simple sign-language gestures

question

first word problems

answer

under-extension: apply words too narrowly *using "dog" to refer to one specific toy rather than all dogs *younger over-extension: apply words to a wider collection of objects than appropriate *using "car" to refer to all moving vehicles. including trains and trucks *as they get older. Can contextualize the word, but doesn't have a good enough vocabulary to know the subtleties

question

telegraphic speech

answer

Babies first phrases! two word utterance or phrase that focuses on high content words (words they hear a lot) and omit less important ones "more milk" or "go car"

question

individual differences in babies

answer

females slightly ahead in language development. (remember female brain develops at a faster rate)

question

factors that can play into language development

answer

-personality (shy vs outgoing, positive vs negative) -amount and quality of caregiver-child conversation -SES (middle/upper class more pos interactions)

question

referential style

answer

Individual differences in language. some babies vocabulary are mainly words that refer to objects

question

expressive style

answer

more social formulas and pronouns in vocabulary (thank you, done, i want it) These babies tend to be more outgoing

question

english speaking children tend to use a lot of ________

answer

nouns. mothers label objects frequently

question

children in asian cultures tend to use more _______

answer

verbs

question

infant directed speech

answer

how adults speak to young infants. short sentences, high pitched exaggerated expression, pauses between speech segments, clear gestures, repetition targets zone of proximal development!

question

supporting language development

answer

live caregiver infant interactions support and predict language development and later academic success

question

emotions often arise when?

answer

in social relations or external stimuli

question

emotions

answer

feeling that can affect behavior. amplify motivational states. accompanied by physiological changes (cortisol, sweating, crying, endorphins) and thoughts about the emotion and its causes.

question

valence of emotions

answer

positive - negative

question

emotions across different people

answer

uncontrollable quality. different people experience them differently. some are universal.

question

folk psychology of emotions

answer

stimulus (bang!) -; perception/integration (danger) -; particular emotion experienced (fear) -; specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races, etc.) EMOTION BEFORE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE

question

James-Lange theory of emotions

answer

stimulus (bang!) -; perception/integration (danger) -; specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races, etc.) -; particular emotion experienced (fear) LAST 2 SWITCHED - PHYSIOLOGICAL BEFORE EMOTION

question

emotions play powerful roles in:

answer

social relationships, exploration of environment, and discovery of self.

question

Emotions become _______________ with age

answer

more varied and complex

question

in children, ______________ provide best clues to emotions vs. adults?

answer

facial expressions. vs. adults who use many different ways to express emotions

question

Do babies smile in first 3 months?

answer

only a reflex in first month from touching face

question

When does baby human learn to read emotions of their mother?

answer

around 12 weeks. Later for men or other women

question

Basic emotions babies can feel

answer

happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust

question

First appearance of basic emotions

answer

happiness -smile: from birth (reflex) -social smile (from stimulus): 6 to 10 weeks -laugh: 3 to 4 months anger -general distress: from birth -anger (from stimulus): 4-6 months sadness -distress (first) to "still face" (neutral face when sad): 2-7 months fear -first fears: 6-12 months -stranger anxiety: 8-12 months (this goes away after)

question

social referencing

answer

babies will actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation. Perceive stimulus based on their mother's response.

question

cross cultural differences in stranger anxiety

answer

Efe (republic of congo) has less biological mothers taking direct care of young babies -> collective caregiving system results in less stranger anxiety Earlier and greater stranger anxiety in Israeli settlements that are vulnerable to terrorist attacks

question

Emotional expression cross-cultural differences

answer

Nso people (Cameroon) discourage emotional expression and encourage calmness which results in the social smile being delayed. Japanese and Chinese cultures value social harmony - discourage strong expression of emotions. Results in infants that smile, laugh, and cry less than babies in America

question

Self-conscious emotions in baby

answer

Self consciousness emotions appear after the baby can recognize him/herself (middle of second year). Require adult instruction on when to feel them. embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt, envy.

question

Psychodynamic Stages

answer

Erikson's Stage is still used to look at how parents interact with kids 1st year - how parents interact with baby teaches them to have a trusting or mistrusting nature *warm, loving parents have trusting children 2nd year - autonomy vs. shame and doubt *Parents that provide guidance and choices, and aren't extremely controlling or shame children allows them to develop independence (autonomy)

question

temperament

answer

early-appearing, stable differences in reactivity (quickness and intensity of emotion arousal, attention, and motor activity) and self-regulation (strategies that modify reactivity) ***self-regulation -> often strategies we use when we're experiencing negative emotions

question

Rothbart's Model of Temperament

answer

STUDY SLIDE

question

Effortful control Predicts what?

answer

the babies ability to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.Predicts persistence, task mastery, academic achievement, moral maturity, and social behaviors.

question

Temperament Categories

answer

Easy Temperament: 40% of babies-adjusts to changes well Difficult Temperament: 10% of babies-intense reactions to changes around them and slow to accept new experiences -higher risk for later adjustment problems Slow to warm up: 15% of babies-more inactive -mild reactions than easy category (for pos. and neg. emotions)-can adapt to changes (slower than easy category)Unclassified: 35%-mix of first three categories

question

Subdued personalities show more activity under stimulus in

answer

right frontal lobe

question

Exuberant personalities show more activity under stimulus in

answer

left frontal lobe

question

Do babies temperaments change or stay the same?

answer

stay the same through 24 months

question

bowlby's ethological theory of attachment

answer

recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival bowlby = first to focus on parent child relationship, but more for survival needs than comfort/love

question

What drives early attachment? Is it simply survival or more?

answer

First experiment that looked at this: Harlow's experiment on young monkeys - infant monkeys removed from mother and raised in isolation. Others can be seen and heard but no interaction. Mother = doll that feeds it and gives it necessities. Young monkey is placed in cage with two dolls - one that is soft and can be cuddled. one that is made of only wire, but offers food. Monkey prefers the soft cuddly one and only goes to the food one when it's hungry. Shows that comfort grows early attachment

question

ethological theory of attachment stages

answer

pre-attachment: birth-6 weeks - don't mind unfamiliar adults attachment in the making: 6 weeks-8 months -interact more with main caregiver than other adults -develop sense of trust with main caregiver. expect a response from them. -attention when they're around, but no separation anxiety yet clear-cut attachment: 6-8 months to 1.5-2 years -separation anxiety -main caregiver = secure base when exploring formation of a reciprocal relationship: 1.5-2 years and on -understand parent may need to leave and that they'll come back -to buy more time with caregiver: negotiate rather than just get upset

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categories of attachment (based on middle class families in the US)

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secure attachment - 60% of children -use parent as secure base. Actively seek parent when they return. Avoidant attachment - 15% of children -child seems unresponsive to parent -ok playing on their own or with someone else -child slow to greet parent upon their return insecure-resistant attachment - 10% of children -seek closeness to parent. Clingy -very upset/distressed when parent leaves -upset AGAIN when parent returns. anger or sadness disorganized/disoriented attachment - 15% -MOST UNHEALTHY relationship between parent and child -greatest insecurity -when parents leave, child shows confused behaviors (sometimes happy, sometimes sad) -behavior more unpredictable -dazed look

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internal working model:

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child's set of expectations about availability and support from an attachment figure - this becomes a part of their personality and serves as a guide for future relationships

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care-giving and attachment

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To form a healthy attachment with a caregiver there needs to be early, consistent and sensitive care-giving...

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INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY

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when the caregiver responds to infant signals appropriately -ex: if parent is trying to engage child when child tries to sleep. child might become more avoidant -ex: depressed mothers tend to have children with disorganized attachment. don't know what to expect from parent

question

How can attachment be measured in infants?

answer

1) measure synchronicity 2) attachment q-sort (natural setting). measures attachment in children 1-5 years. Trained observer sorts 90 behaviors of parent-child interactions in the home and rates how true each one is - "if mother moves far away, the child follows along"

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synchronicity

answer

parent and child have a similar emotional response to an emotional event -this a good predictor of good attachment ex: play sad or happy music and see if parent and child show same emotion and same intensity

question

when does separation anxiety appear and leave?

answer

appears 6-8 months. the same time that babies learn to crawl.

question

sign of healthy attachment

answer

separation anxiety. 8 months to 1.5-2 years. sad/stressed when mother leaves and consoled QUICKLY upon her return

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sign of unhealthy attachment

answer

when parent returns, baby responds with anger or avoidance, not happiness

question

separation anxiety timeline

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begins at 8 months. peaks at 10 months. fades last half of second year.

question

with secure attachment do babies always listen to their parents?

answer

nope! only when they're unsure about a situation

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cross cultural differences in the strange situation task

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strange situation task = experiment with researcher and mother leaving more avoidant attachment than resistant in germany and US. japan and israeli kibbutzim more resistant attachment than avoidant. note: behaviors can be misinterpreted due to cultural differences -ex: independence promoted more in Germany -> higher avoidant attachment in Germany. Doesn't necessarily mean they have a bad relationship -Japan: mothers spend even more time with their babies early on. Not much experience with being separated so reaction is more intense when mother leaves

question

multiple attachments?

answer

infants can form multiple attachments: fathers, grandparents, nannies, etc. -interact with mother and father equally if both there but more upset when mother leaves -mother attachment because mother often spends more intimate time with child can be harder with siblings

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how can parents promote sibling attachment?

answer

-spend extra time with older child -patience with sibling misbehavior -discuss baby's wants and needs. Teach older sibling how to help care for baby -> older sibling can develop pride when caring for baby -express positive emotion towards partner and engage in joint problem solving

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peer sociability

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promoted by child-caregiver bond secure attachment often related to positive outcomes in preschool and middle childhood children should be exposed to other children their same age by the age of 2 to start forming those relationships

question

continuity of caregiving may link ...

answer

infant attachment and later development

question

effects of early attachment security are __________

answer

Conditional. They depends upon the quality of future relationships. Need to continue having secure healthy relationships to have that well being.

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children that have secure early attachment to parents have what qualities later?

answer

self regulation, social skills, stronger moral compass,

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negative attachment in parents leads to children that:

answer

are avoidant of other people, hard to build healthy relationships, disorganized behavior

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self awareness

answer

at birth, infants have a sense of self as a distinct agent, separate from the surrounding world. Measured by habituation (showing photos of legs from different angle -> when angle isn't from their own view of themselves, they look at that photo longer). -can categorize themselves based on characteristics (age, gender, etc.) between 18 and 30 months

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self-recognition

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sense of self as object of knowledge and evaluation. Aware of qualities that make self unique at 20 months. -Begin to see themselves as a social being ****** this is being able to recognize yourself in a mirror study: baby stands on rug tied to cart and tries to move it. researchers believe that babies have to have a sense of self in order to understand that they are the ones stopping it from moving. DEVELOPS AT 18 MONTHS

question

Scale Error

answer

2.5 year old child plays in room of large toys (car, chair, slide). If they replace the toys was miniature replicas, the child tries to get into the car anyways. They know the toys are small but don't change their behavior. sense of scale is so fragile that their emotions can overpower their perception

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development of self-awareness

answer

-sensitive caregiving and culture play roles -self-awareness helps the child begin to relate to others and develop empathy -needed to become capable of compliance

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physical development

answer

process that starts in infancy and continues into adolescence focusing on gross (large muscles) and fine (small movements) motor skills & puberty. -developing control over the body -peak in childhood

question

EARLY CHILDHOOD -years -children add _____________ inches in height and about _______ pounds in weight each year in early childhood -what else happens to body?

answer

2-6 years old 2-3 inches 5 pounds -boys bigger and more muscular -posture and balance improve -individual differences in body size are more apparent during early childhood than in infancy and toddlerhood -note that growth norms are different across populations and cultures -> must be taken into account when looking at health based on height

question

skeletal growth

answer

Both bones and dental BONES -2-6 years old approximately 45 new epiphyses emerge in various parts of the skeleton (epiphyses = growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone) DENTAL -children start to lose baby (primary) teeth by end of preschool years -diseased baby teeth can affect the health of permanent teeth

question

how is dental health linked to income?

answer

low income have less access to healthy food or may not invest in dental health insurance

question

brain development

answer

2-6 years - brain increases from 70% of adult weight to 90% of adult weight age 5-6 - cerebral cortex has overproduced synapses (energy metabolism in cortex peaks) age 8-10 - plasticity of young brain leads to synaptic pruning -> decline in brain plasticity (conserve energy)

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EEG

answer

measures neural activity. Electroencephalogram.

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NIRS

answer

near-infrared spectroscopy. measures neural activity .

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fMRI

answer

functional magnetic resonance imagine. measures neural activity.

question

what do EEG NIRS and fMRI all show about brain development?

answer

major development in brain from age 2-10 (early and middle childhood) reveals rapid growth from early to middle childhood in prefrontal-cortical areas devoted to inhibition of impulses, attention, working memory (store info in your brain until you need to use it), and planning and organizing behavior

question

Left cerebral hemisphere vs right hemisphere

answer

left hemisphere is especially active between ages 3-6. right hemisphere activity increases steadily. shows lateralization - some cognitive processes are dominant

question

handedness

answer

**research on handedness supports the joint contribution of nature and nurture to brain lateralization fetus can show preference for hand with thumb sucking; 6mos are more proficient reaching with one hand **reflects the greater capacity of the individual's dominant cerebral hemisphere to carry out skilled motor action -twins are more likely to differ in handedness -baby's head position can influence handedness ** demonstrates lateralization - brain tries to specialize

question

left handedness

answer

higher in people with intellectual disabilities and mental illness - early damage to the left hemisphere that may also have caused their disabilities (maternal stress, prolonged labor, prematurity) most left handers have no developmental problems and may even be slightly advantaged in speed and flexibility of thinking -> perhaps more even distribution of cognitive functions

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cerebellum

answer

rear and base of brain. balance and motor coordination.

question

reticular formation

answer

in brain stem. maintains alertness and consciousness. myelinates throughout early childhood and into adolescence. *controls sleep cycle

question

hippocampus

answer

inner brain structure. memory and images of space that help us find our way. develops rapidly in second half of first year, when recall memory and independent movement emerge *develops fairly early! 2 year old has good recall but poor communication skills

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amygdala

answer

inner brain structure. processes novel and emotional information.

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prefrontal cortex

answer

regulation of emotion

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corpus callosum

answer

fibers connecting left and right hemispheres. increase at age 1 and peak between 3-6 years. smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body and integration of many aspects of thinking involved in complex tasks.

question

Heredity and hormones influence on physical development

answer

-genes control production of hormones which influence physical growth pituitary gland: 2 hormones 1. GH (growth hormone) - development of all body tissues 2. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - prompts thyroid gland to release thyroxine, necessary for brain development and for GH to have full impact on body size 2% of kids have GH deficiencies - series of injections. not needed (cost/benefit analysis -> sizism isn't true - short men do fine in society) TSH deficiencies must be treated immediately - necessary for brain development. If not treated, death

question

emotion well-being on growth

answer

stressful home lives -; more respiratory and intestinal illnesses ; more unintentional injuries

question

psychosocial dwarfism

answer

short stature, immature skeletal age, serious adjustment problems. can be caused by extreme emotional deprivation which suppresses release of GH. Can return to normal if child is removed from stressful environment.

question

sleep habits and problems on growth

answer

-body produces GH during sleeping hours -sleep difficulties associated with impaired cognitive performance -; more pronounced effect in low-SES children -Stress + lack of sleep = bad -majority of Western parents engage in bedtime routines with their preschoolers

question

cosleeping

answer

when kids sleep with parents. common everywhere by in the US. caucasian preschoolers are less likely to cosleep with their parents than african-american and hispanic.

question

sleep problems may result from ________

answer

inadequate parental control over young children's media use or from a mismatch between parental demands and children's biology

question

how many 3-6 year olds experience occasional nightmares?

answer

half

question

percent of children that are frequent sleepwalkers

answer

4%

question

percent of children that experience sleep terrors

answer

3%

question

nutrition on physical development

answer

-preschool appetite declines bc growth has slowed -pickiness is adaptive (from evolution) -preschoolers need a high-quality diet that incudes same adult food in lower quantities -children imitate family/friend food choices -increased adult control at mealtime impacts kids ability to recognize hunger cues on their own -many children in US and developing countries lack access to sufficient high-quality food to support growth -; called a "food dessert" -nutritionally deficient diet is associated with learning and behavioral problems in childhood and adolescence

question

infectious disease ; malnutrition

answer

-minor illnesses like colds can poorly affect children that are malnourished -disease is a major contributor of malnutrition - hindering psychical growth and cognitive development -diarrhea - growth stunting, childhood deaths, and lower intelligence scores * can give kids oral re-hydration therapy (ORT)

question

how many deaths of children under 5 annually

answer

6.6 million. 98% developing countries, 65% due to infectious disease

question

Immunization

answer

immunization results in dramatic declines in chidlhood diseases -17% of US preschoolers lack essential immunizations -22% for poverty stricken children -; inability to pay for vaccines and lack of access to primary care - some parents do not immunize their children because of misconceptions about vaccine safety (causes autism - just both appear around 2) -day care attendance correlated with childhood illnesses

question

otitis media / middle ear infection

answer

common between 6 months and 3 years -; can result in delayed language progress in early childhood and poorer academic performance

question

leading cause of childhood mortality? where and what

answer

industrialized nations. unintentional injuries. US - 35% childhood deaths / 50% of adolescents

question

factors related to childhood injuries

answer

childhood injuries occur within a complex ecological system of individual, family, community, and societal influences. boys more likely to be injured than girls - greater impulsivity and risk taking inattentiveness, overactivity, and aggression also related to higher risk of injuries (also often boys) -; less likely to comply with safety factors poverty, single parenthood, low parental education -; more distractions -; injury societal conditions: rapid pop. growth, overcrowded cities, heavy traffic + weak safety measures -; injury

question

how can we prevent childhood injuries?

answer

laws requiring safety, community efforts to modify environment (car seats, medicine caps, pool fences) interventions aimed at parents that highlight risk factors and model and reinforce safety practices that help reduce home hazards and childhood injuries family conditions important

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