Early Childhood Education Content Exams – Flashcards
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Which ages does the field of early childhood education serve?
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Birth through eight years old
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Which study was the first to determine the lasting effects of a high quality preschool education on educational and economic outcomes for children?
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The Perry Preschool Project
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What is the best definition of development?
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Age-related change that results from an interaction between biological maturation and a physical and/or social experience.
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What is the type of play that describes when a child uses one thing to represent something else such as a block becomes a car of a hairbrush becomes a baby bottle for a doll?
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Symbolic Play
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Which statement is true regarding the principles and values of the Reggio Emilia Approach?
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Teachers use documentation to help children revisit their experiences, remember and analyze their thinking, and deepen their understanding.
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Who was one of the first to think that teaching methods of young children should not be punitive, and that teachers needed to engage children with nature and follow their lead?
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John Amos Comenius
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The intentional teacher carefully plans in advance and...
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...takes advantage of the "teachable moments" that are unplanned and spontaneous in the day.
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"Effective Practices" equals
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Knowing children + Knowing how to teach + Knowing what to teach
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What is the term used for a classroom where children and adults engage in warm, positive relationships; treat each other with respect; and learn from and with each other?
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A Caring Community of Learners
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What is an inappropriate strategy for preventing or intervening bullying?
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Ignore the situation and allow the children to work out their own problems even if they ask for help.
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Which term refers to what a teacher says or does that engages children and contributes to their learning and development?
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Pedagogy
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What is the behavior or activity that a teacher deliberately selects and flexibly applies to help students construct meaning?
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Teaching Strategy
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What kind of question is "Why do you think the girl in the story cried?"
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An Open-Ended Question
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What is a written plan that describes goals for children's learning and development, and the learning experiences, materials, and teaching strategies that are used to help children achieve goals?
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Curriculum
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What is an example of an activity that would be found in an integrated curriculum?
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Children read about a famous illustrator and then write a letter to him with samples of their own illustrations
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According to Rosegrant and Bredekamp (1992), who is the center of the curriculum learning model?
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The child
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What is a test said to be if the results obtained from a test are consistent and accurate over time?
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Reliable
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Which method is the best way that children acquire language?
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Through interactions with more competent speakers
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What is a child using the word ball to stand for an object that is round a good example of?
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Symbolic representation
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A child can look at a group of 4 crackers and know that there are 4 crackers without counting is a good example of what?
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Subitizing
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Which concept does a child need to know so that they can count?
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One-To-One Correspondence
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What are small-sized blocks, cubes, patterns, blocks, beads, pegs, and the like that are designed for children's play and learning?
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Manipulatives
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How does the transnational theory of development explain how children develop?
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Both nature and nurture are partners in development
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What term refers to a child's ability to overcome, adapt to, or minimize the damaging effects of adversity?
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Resilience
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What is vital in supporting children in social and emotional development?
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Play
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What shapes the feelings, knowledge, and expectations that influence social emotional development?
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The values and practices of each child's family and community
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What type of play do we see when children play next to each other, and they talk about their play but not really with each other?
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Parallel Play
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What is the process where children learn expected rules of behavior?
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Acculturation
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What type of communication style is a teacher using if they were to say "You really need to be sure to continue with potty training over the weekend so that Billy won't regress."?
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Aggressive-Communication
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Which principle of of ethical behavior takes precedent over all others?
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Above all, we shall not harm the children
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What are personal views about what is right and wrong and how to behave?
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Morality
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What are the dimensions of the Mariner's Star?
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1. Creating a Caring Community of Learners 2. Teach to Enhance Learning and Development 3. Plan Curriculum to Achieve Important Goals 4. Assess Children's Development and Learning 5. Build Relationships with Families and Communities
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This part of the Mariner's Star would incorporate opportunities for children to feel that they are safe and cared for. It would also incorporate opportunities for children to develop positive personal relationships with their teacher and their peers.
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Creating a Caring Community of Learners
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This part of the Mariner's Star is where teachers thoroughly plan activities and environments with their students in mind. Teachers use several strategies that help each child develop and learn. The plans teachers make are not just lessons but also routines as well.
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Teach to Enhance Learning and Developement
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This part of the Mariner's Star is where the curriculum are found. Teachers need to create activities that are developmentally appropriate but what they will teach in those lessons are found in the curriculum. Thus, having developmentally appropriate curriculum will lead to developmentally appropriate lessons.
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Plan Curriculum to Achieve Important Goals
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This part of the Mariner's Star refers to how the teacher will assess their students. Assessment is important because it allows the teacher to see children's progress and what areas children might be behind in.
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Assess Children's Development and Learning
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This part of the Mariner's Star refers to how families and communities are integrated into the classroom. These relationships are extremely important because it gets families involved in a child's education and provides several informative resources for the teacher to utilize in the classroom.
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Build Relationships with Families and Communities
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What to teachers keep in mind when making decision in developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)?
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1. age appropriateness (what most children of a given age can do), 2. individual appropriateness (each child's skills, interests, and characteristics), and 3. social and cultural appropriateness (children's families, cultures, and communities)
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An approach to early childhood education that means teachers meet individual children where they are and help them reach challenging but achievable goals that will support their development and learning.
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Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)
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Where does developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) come from?
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The work of thousands of early childhood professionals and is based on years of research.
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When were NAEYC's publications about developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) first published?
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1986
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When were NAEYC's publications about developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) expanded?
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1997
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When were NAEYC's publications about developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) last updated?
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2009
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According to the National Coalition for Parent Involvement in Education, family engagement is a shared relationship in which what occurs?
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Schools and other community agencies and organizations are committed to reaching out to engage families in meaningful ways and in which families are committed to actively supporting their children's learning and development
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According to the National Coalition for Parent Involvement in Education, family engagement is ____________ cross a child's life and entails enduring commitment but changing parent roles as children mature into young adulthood.
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Continous
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According to the National Coalition for Parent Involvement in Education, what does effective family engagement do?
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Cuts across and reinforces learning in the multiple settings where children learn- at home, in prekindergarten programs, in school, in after school programs, in faith-based institutions, and in the community.
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According to the National Coalition for Parent Involvement in Education, high-impact family and community engagement is what?
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Collaborative, culturally competent, and focused on improving children's learning.
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According to the National Coalition for Parent Involvement in Education, what are some high-impact engagement strategies?
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1. Building personal relationships, respect, and mutual understanding with families through home visits, community walks, and class meetings; 2. Sharing data with families about student skill levels; Modeling effective teaching practices so families can use them at home; 3. Listening to families about their children's interests and challenges, then using this information to differentiate instruction; 4. Incorporating content from families' home cultures into classroom lessons; 5. Aligning family engagement activities with school improvement goals.
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The smallest stable relationship system. They are usually have one side in conflict and two sides in harmony, contributing to the development of clinical problems.
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Triangels
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The variance in individuals in their susceptibility to depend on others for acceptance and approval.
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Differentiation of self
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The four relationship patterns that define where problems may develop in a family. - Marital conflict - Dysfunction in one spouse - Impairment of one or more children - Emotional distance
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Nuclear family emotional system
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The transmission of emotional problems from a parent to a child.
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Family projection process
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The transmission of small differences in the levels of differentiation between parents and their children.
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Multigenerational transmission process
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The act of reducing or cutting off emotional contact with family as a way managing unresolved emotional issues.
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Emotional cutoff
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The impact of sibling position on development and behavior.
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Sibling position
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The emotional system governs behavior on a societal level, promoting both progressive and regressive periods in a society.
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Societal emotional process
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What are the 8 interlocking concepts in the Family Systems Theory?
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1. Triangles 2. Differentiation of Self 3. Nuclear Family Emotional System 4. Family Projection Process 5. Multigenerational Transmission Process 6. Emotional Cutoff 7. Sibling Position 8. Societal Emotional Process
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Who's theory is the Family Systems Theory?
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Dr. Murray Bowen
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What does the Family Systems Theory suggest?
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That individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit. Families are systems of interconnected and interdependent individuals, none of whom can be understood in isolation from the system.
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Whose theory was the Ecological Theory?
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Uri Bronfenbrenner
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Based on the idea that the environment greatly influences a child's development. The Ecological model seeks to explain individual knowledge, development, and competencies in term of the guidance, support, and structure provided by society and to explain social change over time in terms of the cumulative effect of individual choices.
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Ecological Theory
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What are some implications for practice/examples of the Ecological Theory?
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Environments produce differences in development across and within societies. Systems change; support may need to change as well.
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Who does the Ecological Theory belong to?
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Uri Brofenbrenner
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What is the summary of the Ecological Theory?
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Based on the idea that the environment greatly influences a child's development. The Ecological model seeks to explain individual knowledge, development, and competencies in term of the guidance, support, and structure provided by society and to explain social change over time in terms of the cumulative effect of individual choices.
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What are the implications for practice/examples for the Ecological Theory
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Environments produce differences in development across and within societies. Systems change; support may need to change as well.
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What are the 3 aspects of the Ecological Theory?
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1. Microsystem 2. Exosystem (community) 3. Macrosystem (cultural context)
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Deals w/ family or classroom or religious setting. Closest to child.
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Microsystem
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Friends of family, neighborhood, mass media, social and legal systems.
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Exosystem (community)
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Economic conditions, cultural values, political, philosophies, social conditions.
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Macrosystem (cultural context)
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What are instructional implications/examples of the Microsystem?
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New sibling; child may regress, needs extra attention.
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What are instructional implications/examples of the Exosystem?
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Parent's job; security, promotions, or conflict all affect the child
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What are instructional implications/examples of the Macrosystem?
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Economic downturn 2008, loss of jobs and support; child may not be able to continue with extracurricular activities.
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What points on the Mariner's Star does the Ecological Theory fall under?
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Create a Caring Community of Learners Build Relationships with Families
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Who does the Stages of Personal and Social Development belong to?
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Erik Erikson
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What is the summary of the Stages of Personal and Social Development?
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Through a hypothesis of four stages of psychological and social development in the lives of children, Erikson identifies how children might typically negotiate personal challenges and resolve them dependent upon their age and stage of development.
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What are implications for instruction/examples of the Stages of Personal and Social Development?
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Erikson's theory emphasizes the role of the sociocultural context on children's personal and social lives. Erikson provides useful observations of developmental patterns so teachers can anticipate and respond to children's needs appropriately.
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What stage of the Stages of Personal and Social Development are children birth through 12 months in?
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Trust v. Mistrust
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The infant must form a first loving, trusting relationship with the caregiver, or develop a sense of mistrust.
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Trust v. Mistrust
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What are the implications for instruction/examples for Trust v. Mistrust?
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Parental stress; this may signal to the child that their needs might not be taken care of.
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What stage of the Stages of Personal and Social Development are children 12 through 36 months in?
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Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt
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The child's energies are directed toward the development of physical skills,including walking, grasping, and rectal sphincter control. The child learns control but may develop shame and doubt if not handled well. Being able to see self as an individual. Self confidence.
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Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt
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What are the implicatons for instruction/examples for Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt?
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Being yelled at frequently; a child will feel that they are not ever going to please their parent or guardian. Provide opportunities for independence.
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What points on the Mariner's Star does the Stages of Personal and Social Development fall under?
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Teach to Enhance Learning and Development Assess Learning and Development
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Who does the Self-Actualization Theory belong to?
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Abraham Maslow
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Maslow identified a hierarchy of needs that motivate people's behavior and their ability to reach a hierarchy of personal goals. Maslow pointed out that if basic needs are not met, it is not possible for people to actualize personal satisfaction and succeed at a higher level of growth and learning.
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Self-Actualization Theory
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What is the implications for instruction/examples for the Self-Actualization Theory?
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Water, shelter, safety, and security - are met to assist in helping children to develop a sense of community and belonging, self-esteem, and respect for others.
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Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security. physical needs. psychological safety and security.
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Basic Needs of the Self-Actualization Theory
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What are implications of instruction/examples for the Basic Needs of the Self-Actualization Theory?
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Food, water, safe place to live and sleep.
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Maslow termed the highest-level of the pyramid as ___________ _______ (also known as being needs or B-needs). ___________ _______ do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person. sense of belonging and love. self-esteem and respect for others.
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Growth Needs
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What are the implications for instruction/examples for the Growth Needs of the Self-Actualization Theory?
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Truth, goodness, beauty, unity, purity.
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What points on the Mariner's Star does the Self-Actualization Theory fall under?
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Creating a Caring Community of Learners Assess Learning and Development
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Who does the Cognitive Theory belong to?
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Jean Piaget
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According to Piaget, children learn by constructing their own understanding based on their direct experiences with people and objects. Piaget identify four age-related stages of cognitive development that describe how cognitive abilities change as children get older.
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Cognitive Theory
