question

The Drug Abuse Warning Network

answer

monitors drug-related medical emergencies.

question

The text lists three concerns that led to the adoption of the first U.S. laws regulating what we now call controlled substances. Which of these was NOT one of the three?

answer

high profits for drug sellers

question

The U.S. government in the 1800s had few regulations on industry and in general took a "hands-off" approach to government that has been referred to by the term

answer

laissez-faire.

question

Which drug is responsible for the most drug-related deaths in the 2009 DAWN data set?

answer

prescription opioids

question

Since the 1990s, HIV transmission rates among intravenous drug users have been reduced from about 50% to about 10%. According to the text, which of these factors led to this decrease?

answer

syringe exchange programs

question

When repeated exposure to the same dose of a drug results in a lesser effect, this is called

answer

tolerance.

question

The drugs with which people are most likely to develop psychological (behavioral) dependence are generally also found to have

answer

reinforcing effects in laboratory animals.

question

Rank the following drugs (from highest to lowest) according to the number of mentions in the 2009 DAWN emergency department dataset.

answer

Cocaine, prescription opioids, heroin, antidepressants

question

Our best estimate is that tobacco cigarettes are associated with over 400,000 deaths per year.

answer

True

question

The 1906 U.S. law that prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs was called the

answer

Pure Food and Drugs Act.

question

The Pure Food and Drugs Act and the Harrison Act were originally administered by the U.S.

answer

Agriculture and Treasury Departments.

question

Important changes to the regulation of drugs by the Food and Drug Administration occurred in 1938 and 1962, largely in response to

answer

the Elixir Sulfanilamide poisonings and birth defects from thalidomide.

question

Before a new drug is released to the market, the FDA requires

answer

three phases of clinical testing, with each phase involving more people.

question

The single most important legislation that has shaped the federal government's approach to controlled substances was

answer

alcohol prohibition (the 18th Amendment).

question

Cocaine selectively blocks Na+ (sodium) channels, which is the mechanism that leads to

answer

local anesthetic effects.

question

Parkinson's disease produces tremors and muscular rigidity because of damage to

answer

dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway.

question

Neural centers controlling vomiting and respiration are found in the

answer

brain stem.

question

Which chemical pathway appears to be important both in some types of psychotic behavior and in the reinforcing properties of various drugs?

answer

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

question

Most drugs have three different kinds of names. Which of them belongs to a specific manufacturer?

answer

brand name

question

The text uses an example of overlapping dose-response curves for slowed reaction time, ataxia (staggering), and coma to illustrate

answer

that different drug-related effects can have different thresholds.

question

Regardless of the route of administration, psychoactive drugs reach the brain tissue by way of the

answer

bloodstream.

question

What kind of name is Provigil (an alerting drug)?

answer

brand name

question

Marijuana and heroin are both considered to be opioid drugs.

answer

false

question

The effect of amphetamines on weight control:

answer

is real, but small and limited in duration.

question

One "non-stimulant" medication that has been approved for ADHD does not appear to have abuse potential. Atomoxetine is sold under the brand name

answer

Strattera.

question

Crack cocaine is a very stable form of the drug also known as cocaine hydrochloride.

answer

false

question

The earliest medical use for amphetamine was as a substitute for ephedrine in treating asthma.

answer

true

question

The structure of the cocaine molecule closely resembles the dopamine molecule.

answer

False

question

When benzodiazepines bind to their receptor site, they

answer

enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA.

question

The modern era of abuse of volatile solvents by young people can be traced to a 1959 newspaper report of

answer

glue sniffing

question

Inhalant use has traditionally been more common among

answer

poor Hispanic and Native American youth.

question

When barbiturates were the most popular sedative-hypnotics, low doses of the long-acting types were used as sleeping pills.

answer

false

question

Nitrous oxide ("laughing gas") is a Schedule I controlled substance.

answer

False

question

Prozac was one of the early

answer

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

question

The introduction of chlorpromazine in the U.S. in 1955 marked the last year in which

answer

the population of mental hospitals increased.

question

A chronic psychotic condition with no known physical cause is likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenia.

answer

True

question

The mood disorders include specific phobia.

answer

False

question

The latest evidence on the effectiveness of antidepressants is that they are only slightly better than placebos.

answer

True

question

One indirect consequence of effective drug treatment for serious mental disorders is that more mentally ill people are now in jail or prison than in mental hospitals.

answer

True

question

The alcoholic content of beverages is indicated by the term "proof," which is

answer

twice the percentage of alcohol.

question

Many large commercial distilleries produce grain neutral spirits, which are

answer

95 percent pure alcohol, the basis for gin and vodka.

question

When alcohol is formed, other related substances are also formed, called

answer

congeners

question

Americans drink most of their alcohol in the form of

answer

beer

question

About what percentage of college students reports drinking alcohol at least once within the past month?

answer

63 percent

question

The liver enzyme primarily responsible for metabolizing alcohol is

answer

alcohol dehydrogenase.

question

If one member of a pair of identical twins is dependent on alcohol, the other twin

answer

has about a 50 percent chance of also being dependent on alcohol.

question

Alcohol is involved in about one-third of all suicides.

answer

true

question

Hangover-prevention products sold on TV and over the Internet are actually pretty effective if they contain activated charcoal.

answer

False

question

The risk of fetal alcohol syndrome is much greater among women who are classified as problem drinkers, but still occurs in fewer than 10 percent of births in the problem-drinking group.

answer

True

question

Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline

answer

after the 1964 Surgeon General's report.

question

In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA

answer

had no authority to regulate tobacco products.

question

Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.

answer

85

question

One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is

answer

low birth weight.

question

About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that

answer

they quit smoking without a treatment program.

question

In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is

answer

varenicline (Chantix).

question

In the 18th century, English coffeehouses were referred to as

answer

penny universities.

question

_____________ is prescribed to asthma sufferers because it relaxes bronchial passages.

answer

Theophylline

question

One important determinant of the behavioral effects of caffeine is

answer

whether the person is a regular user.

question

A single species of tea bush is the basis for traditional green, black, and oolong tea.

answer

True

question

The FDA was given additional authority over dietary supplements in 2006 to set up

answer

an "Adverse Events Reporting" process.

question

Aspirin should not be used with children who have a viral infection because of increased risk of

answer

Reye's syndrome

question

By the beginning of the 20th century, a greater percentage of Americans were dependent on opioids than at any time before or since. Opium smoking and medical use of injected pure morphine were important contributors to this, along with

answer

patent medicines containing opium extracts or morphine.

question

Possession of opium, morphine, or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by

answer

a 1915 Supreme Court decision.

question

Vicodin and OxyContin are examples of

answer

prescription opioids that are being misused at relatively high rates.

question

Although pain relief is now the major medical use for opioids, they have been used to save many lives (especially in underdeveloped countries) because of their ability to

answer

treat diarrhea.

question

One major grouping of hallucinogens typically allows the user to remain in some touch with the real world and to remember much of what he or she experienced. This group of drugs was referred to as the

answer

phantastica.

question

LSD was synthesized from alkaloids derived from

answer

ergot fungus.

question

The psychological effect of LSD was first reported by

answer

Albert Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who developed the drug.

question

LSD is considered to be the most potent psychoactive agent known to man because

answer

it produces effects at such low doses.

question

Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe cubensis are examples of

answer

hallucinogenic mushrooms.

question

A close relative of LSD, d-lysergic acid amide, is found naturally in

answer

morning glories and Hawaiian baby woodroses.

question

DMT, a short-acting hallucinogen that is usually ineffective when taken orally, is found in

answer

Cohoba snuff.

question

The anticholinergic plant with a forked root that is mentioned in the Bible is

answer

mandrake.

question

The red and white speckled mushroom that has been associated with an early Christian cult as well as with other religions all over the world is

answer

amanita muscaria.

question

Which of the following hallucinogens has NOT received recent scientific interest as a psychotherapeutic agent?

answer

PCP

question

Although PCP was tested on humans, it was eventually adopted primarily for use in animals as an anesthetic and also in so-called "tranquilizer" guns.

answer

True

question

Cannabis indica has more psychoactive potency, whereas Cannabis sativa is more associated with

answer

hemp

question

The American public began to take interest in the new drug menace known as marijuana

answer

after a New Orleans newspaper in 1926 associated its use with crime.

question

The 1944 LaGuardia report of the New York Academy of Medicine concluded that "those who have been smoking marihuana for a period of years . . ."

answer

showed no mental or physical deterioration.

question

The 70 chemicals that are known to be unique to the cannabis plant are called

answer

cannabinoids.

question

In a study of heart rate changes following smoked marijuana with 4 percent THC or 20 mg oral THC

answer

the peak effects were similar, but smoking produced a faster onset of effects.

question

Studies show that marijuana increases which of the following?

answer

Nonverbal social interactions.

question

Studies of the effects of marijuana on automobile driving show

answer

significant impairments when inexperienced users are studied in a laboratory environment.

question

As of mid-2012, at least _____ states and Washington, D.C. have passed ballot initiatives allowing the use of medical marijuana.

answer

17

question

The Marijuana Tax Act, the first federal law regulating cannabis, was passed in 1937.

answer

true

question

Stimulant drugs like caffeine, amphetamines, and cocaine are sometimes considered to increase energy output and are, therefore, called __________ drugs.

answer

ergogenic

question

Laboratory studies of endurance on stationary bicycles have found that caffeine

answer

can significantly improve work output at doses of 300-500 mg.

question

Clenbuterol was first detected in Olympic athletes in 1992. Originally developed as a bronchodilator for treating asthma, this drug is

answer

a beta-2 agonist.

question

Which of the following stimulant drugs have been used as performance enhancers in athletic competitions

answer

strychnine cocaine caffeine

question

Tertiary prevention programs are aimed at

answer

people who have completed treatment for dependence and need relapse prevention or follow up.

question

Teaching students relaxation or meditation techniques was seen as one possible way of providing

answer

alternatives to drug use.

question

The DARE program stands for

answer

Drug Abuse Resistance Education.

question

DARE is one of the most widespread drug prevention programs in schools. Research on DARE has shown that

answer

it has not produced lasting reductions in drug or alcohol use.

question

Studies of school-based prevention programs in the 1970s showed that students who knew more about drugs and their effects were least likely to use those drugs.

answer

False

question

Both drug agonist (substitution) and antagonist treatments are included in the __________ phase of treatment.

answer

maintenance

question

Varenicline, approved in 2006 for smoking cessation.

answer

is a partial nicotinic-receptor antagonist.

question

Although many medications have been tested for treating cocaine dependence, most have shown little promise and none has yet been approved. The most promising results have been found with

answer

modafinil.

question

Is treatment for drug dependence effective?

answer

Statistically, treatment does reduce crime and increase employment.

question

The "therapeutic workplace" is an example of what approach to drug treatment?

answer

contingency management

question

The opioid antagonist naltrexone can prevent heroin from having its normal effect if it is injected.

answer

True

question

The process of maintaining our internal environment (temperature, water balance, etc.) within certain limits is called

answer

homeostasis.

question

Gated ion channels for sodium and potassium open and close in rapid succession, causing the neuron to depolarize and then return to its normal resting level, during each

answer

action potential.

question

The process in which enzymes within neurons convert precursors into neurotransmitter molecules is called

answer

synthesis

question

The brain imaging technique that involves injection of radioactive chemicals in order to measure brain function is called

answer

positron emission tomography (PET).

question

It is possible to have an action potential that is relatively small in magnitude (if few channels are open).

answer

True

question

Parkinson's disease patients are often treated with dopamine because L-dopa cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.

answer

False

question

GABA and glutamate are similar in that they are found throughout the brain and are primarily inhibitory neurotransmitters.

answer

False

question

When neither the person taking the drug nor the person evaluating the effects of the drug knows which people are getting the experimental drug and which people are getting the placebo, this procedure is referred to as a(n)

answer

double-blind procedure.

question

The safety margin for a particular drug is based on the idea that

answer

toxic doses will typically be larger than therapeutic doses.

question

The potency of a drug is defined in terms of

answer

the amount required to produce an effect.

question

The blood-brain barrier

answer

prevents many drugs from entering the brain.

question

The most common way for drug molecules to be deactivated is by

answer

CYP450 enzymes in the liver.

question

When use of a drug interferes with normal behavior, experienced users may learn to compensate and show less impairment than new users. This is an example of

answer

behavioral tolerance.

question

In some cases, repeated use of a drug leads to pharmacodynamic tolerance, which is based on

answer

reduced sensitivity of neurons.

question

Which of the following would be a reason for a drug company NOT to pursue expensive clinical trails with a new drug?

answer

The therapeutic index less than 1.

question

Caffeine and cocaine are both considered to be stimulant drugs.

answer

true

question

For most therapeutic effects, there is a maximum effect, and increasing the dose more just increases the number and type of side effects.

answer

True

question

Most psychoactive drugs taken orally go directly from the stomach to the brain.

answer

False

question

For many psychoactive drugs, such as nicotine and cocaine, the fastest way to get an effect is by inhaling the drug's vapors.

answer

True

question

Because the effects of stimulants and depressants counteract each other, taking these drugs in combination does not produce intoxication.

answer

False

question

The use of cocaine by members of the general public in Europe was initially in the form of

answer

drinks, such as coca wine.

question

Dr. W. S. Halsted, the "father of American surgery," experimented with cocaine's ability to produce

answer

local anesthesia.

question

Which famous physician studied cocaine as a treatment for morphine dependence and depression?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

The 1914 New York Times article, "Negro Cocaine 'Fiends' are a New Southern menace,"

answer

said that cocaine increased homicidal tendencies and improved marksmanship.

question

Although National Survey on Drug Use and Health data indicates greater prevalence of illicit drug use among white Americans, black Americans represented more than 80 percent of those arrested for

answer

violation of federal crack cocaine laws.

question

Cocaine's effects in the brain

answer

result from blocking serotonin reuptake. result from blocking dopamine reuptake. result from blocking norepinephrine reuptake.

question

In the text, the highly-publicized drug arrests in Tulia, TX were used to illustrate that

answer

U.S. drug policies may target people of color disproportionately.

question

When laboratory animals are given unlimited opportunities to self-administer cocaine injection

answer

they will readily self-administer it.

question

Which of these was NOT one of the early medical uses for amphetamine first studied in the 1930s?

answer

treating anxiety

question

During World War II, amphetamines

answer

were used to decrease fatigue by several nations' militaries.

question

Crystal meth refers to

answer

methamphetamine crystals, which may be smoked.

question

Which of the following is true about the current use of amphetamines to treat depression?

answer

Amphetamines are used as mostly as an adjunctive therapy.

question

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are characteristics of

answer

ADHD

question

Sigmund Freud was always opposed to the use of cocaine for treating psychiatric conditions.

answer

False

question

Use of cocaine during pregnancy has been clearly linked to many kinds of birth defects and mental retardation.

answer

False

question

Scientific data indicate that chronic methamphetamine use causes extreme tooth decay.

answer

False

question

The CNS depressants include various prescription drugs referred to as

answer

sedative-hypnotics

question

How are barbiturates usually classified?

answer

duration of action

question

Two drugs that were introduced as being safer than the barbiturates, but in the long run proved to be not much safer, were

answer

meprobamate and methaqualone.

question

The "date-rape" drug Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)

answer

is sold as a hypnotic agent (sleeping pill) in many countries other than the U.S.

question

Zolpidem (Ambien) is:

answer

not a benzodiazepine chemically, but it has similar effects.

question

The four most widely sold benzodiazepines are all longer-acting drugs sold primarily as

answer

anxiolytics.

question

Sedative-hypnotic agents bind to which receptors in the brain?

answer

GABA

question

Withdrawal from long-term use of sedative-hypnotic drugs is characterized by

answer

anxiety, insomnia, nausea, seizures.

question

One of the oldest gaseous anesthetics, popularly known as "laughing gas," is

answer

nitrous oxide.

question

Anecdotally, __________ (or "poppers") are used to enhance sexual pleasure.

answer

amyl nitrite

question

Paraldehyde is a CNS depressant that is currently available in several over-the-counter medications.

answer

False

question

Among the sedative-hypnotic drugs, short-acting barbiturates seem to be the most likely to lead to drug dependence.

answer

True

question

The majority of "huffers" (users of inhalants) are above age 25.

answer

False

question

The perspective that symptoms of a mental disorder lead to a diagnosis that illuminates both the underlying cause and a cure for the disorder is referred to in the text as the

answer

medical model.

question

The most recent (2000) version of the American Psychiatric Association's classification system for mental disorders is called the

answer

DSM-IV-TR.

question

Both depressed and manic symptoms appear in the general classification of

answer

mood disorders.

question

Bipolar disorder refers to

answer

alternating periods of mania and depression.

question

The antipsychotic drugs that have been marketed in the past ten years, such as Zyprexa (olanzepine), are referred to as

answer

atypical antipsychotics.

question

What is the mechanism of action for typical antipsychotics?

answer

block D2 dopamine receptors.

question

One side effect common with the older antipsychotics, but less common with the newer ones, is

answer

pseudoparkinsonism.

question

Many of the new atypical antipsychotics are known to cause

answer

significant weight gain and metabolic changes.

question

People taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression must avoid

answer

foods high in tyramine, such as aged cheeses.

question

Tricyclic antidepressants work by

answer

inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

question

The FDA now requires a printed warning on several selective reuptake inhibitors because they increase the risk of

answer

suicide in children and adolescents.

question

Current theories of the antidepressant action of drugs focus less on the initial biochemical effects of the drugs and more on the

answer

delayed reaction of the neurons to repeated drug exposure.

question

The acceptance of the mood stabilizer _____________ was slowed by a series of overdose poisonings and by the fact that the drug is one of the basic elements and could not be patented.

answer

lithium

question

The first antipsychotic drugs were the phenothiazines, introduced in the 1950s.

answer

True

question

The MAO inhibitors are considered to be atypical antipsychotics.

answer

False

question

One of the symptoms of a major depressive episode is decreased or increased appetite.

answer

True

question

Alcoholic beverages form when yeasts act upon sugars in the process of

answer

fermentation.

question

Heating a solution of alcohol and water, then collecting the alcohol vapors and condensing them into a liquid with a higher alcohol content, is called

answer

distillation.

question

In most commercial beers sold in the U.S., the alcohol content is about

answer

4 percent

question

Benjamin Rush, a physician who also signed the Declaration of Independence, was the first to

answer

refer to alcohol addiction as a disease.

question

Age 21 became the legal drinking age in all U.S. states in what year?

answer

1988

question

Americans drink most of their alcohol in the form of

answer

beer

question

Total per-capita consumption of alcohol

answer

has declined considerably from its peak in 1981.

question

Which of these states has the highest per-capita sales of alcohol?

answer

New Hampshire

question

One major factor determining individual differences in BAC after drinking alcohol is

answer

proportion of body fat.

question

Although the exact mechanisms for alcohol's action in the brain are not completely understood, it is now believed that the most important of its many effects is

answer

enhancing GABA's inhibitory effects.

question

Research studies in which half the participants are told they are drinking alcohol and half are not, with half of each group actually receiving alcohol and half not, are using the ___________ design.

answer

balanced placebo

question

At a BAC of 0.08, the relative risk of being involved in a fatal automobile crash is about

answer

three times as great as for a sober driver.

question

The total number of alcohol-related traffic fatalities per year in the U.S.

answer

has declined from the peak year of 1980.

question

Which of the following are signs of alcohol poisoning?

answer

Breathing rate is slow or irregular Skin is cold and clammy Vomiting and then loss of consciousness

question

Breath samples to determine BAC

answer

provide an accurate indicator of BAC across a wide range.

question

"Wailing of cats", "out of tune", "workmen in my head" all refer to

answer

alcohol-related hangover.

question

Cirrhosis of the liver can result from drinking alcohol

answer

in large amounts (a pint of whiskey a day) for ten years or more.

question

Growth retardation, small head circumference, small eyes, flattened bridge of the nose, and mental retardation are signs of

answer

fetal alcohol syndrome.

question

Distillation is the process in which yeasts transform sugars into alcohol.

answer

False

question

The alcohol concentration of most wines is about 40 percent.

answer

False

question

National prohibition of alcohol sales in the U.S. from 1920-1933 reduced alcohol-related hospitalizations and deaths, and apparently reduced overall per capita consumption of alcohol.

answer

True

question

During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England?

answer

Snuff

question

One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking among adults is

answer

higher level of education.

question

The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been

answer

cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

question

Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at

answer

440,000.

question

Nicotine acts in the brain by

answer

first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors.

question

As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by

answer

paralysis of respiration muscles.

question

Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of

answer

nicotine replacement therapy.

question

In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is

answer

varenicline (Chantix)

question

The most popular form of tobacco use in America before 1900 was cigar smoking.

answer

False

question

The FDA has regulated nicotine content of cigarettes since 1964.

answer

False

question

Nicotine acts in the brain to first stimulate and then block several nicotinic subtypes of cholinergic receptor.

answer

True

question

A cigar contains enough nicotine for two lethal doses, if the nicotine were injected.

answer

True

question

The legend of the discovery of coffee relates to

answer

Kaldi and his dancing goats.

question

Green, black, and oolong tea are all prepared from leaves of

answer

Camellia sinensis.

question

The world's greatest per-capita consumers of tea are found in

answer

Turkey

question

Theobroma, the genus name for the cacao tree, is Latin for

answer

food of the gods.

question

In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because

answer

the syrup contained caffeine.

question

According to current FDA rules on "cola" drinks,

answer

they cannot contain more than 6 mg caffeine per ounce.

question

The main active ingredient in Red Bull and other energy drinks is

answer

caffeine.

question

The maximum CNS effect of caffeine is reached about _____ after drinking coffee.

answer

2 hours

question

The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is

answer

headache

question

Caffeine works in the brain by

answer

blocking adenosine receptors.

question

Caffeine has been shown to be an effective treatment for

answer

migraine headaches.

question

Often people who drink too much alcohol attempt to "sober up" by drinking coffee. Several studies support the idea that caffeine

answer

is likely to lead to increased arousal, but the drinker is still impaired.

question

In 2009, Americans consumed more gallons of coffee than of soft drinks.

answer

False

question

Most American coffee comes from China.

answer

False

question

The xanthine found in tea that is prescribed for asthma is called robusta.

answer

False

question

The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

answer

expanded the definition of dietary supplements and restricted the FDA's regulatory authority over them.

question

SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) is a dietary supplement that has some research support for its possible use in treating

answer

depression.

question

The U.S. market for over-the-counter drug products totals about

answer

$18 billion.

question

OTC drugs approved as sleep aids, like Nytol and Sominex,

answer

contain an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine.

question

Besides analgesia (pain relief), another important effect of aspirin is as a(n)

answer

antipyretic (reduces fever).

question

The generic name for Tylenol and Datril is

answer

acetaminophen.

question

NSAID stands for

answer

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

question

Cold viruses are usually transmitted

answer

by being picked up on the hands and touching your eyes or nose.

question

Why would you want dextromethorphan in a cold remedy?

answer

It acts as a cough suppressant.

question

There has been some reported abuse by young people of products containing _________, which they take in high doses to produce visual and auditory hallucinations.

answer

dextromethorphan

question

Suppose you have a cold and you choose to take Tylenol Cold to treat your symptoms (runny nose, congested nasal passages, and fever). Which of these ingredients in this OTC product is unnecessary?

answer

dextromethorphan

question

The textbook suggests that consumers are best able to choose from among the wide variety of OTC products by

answer

knowing a fairly small number of ingredient names.

question

The main proposed use for St. John's wort has been for treating depression.

answer

True

question

The FDA panels that review OTC drugs approve ingredients, not the actual products that often contain several ingredients.

answer

True

question

OTC stimulants typically include pseudoephedrine.

answer

False

question

The generic ingredient in Advil is acetylsalicylic acid.

answer

False

question

The heartburn drug Prevacid was recently moved from prescription only to OTC.

answer

True

question

The evidence indicates that many dietary supplements enhance male sexual performance.

answer

False

question

One of the general principles of psychoactive drug use is that "the effect of any psychoactive drug depends on ___________________."

answer

the individual's history and expectations

question

The use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring is

answer

abuse.

question

Drugs have played a significant role in human society

answer

for thousands of years.

question

In the past 100 years, the introduction of vaccines to prevent diseases and antibiotics to cure some types of infections laid the foundation for

answer

our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.

question

Based on two large surveys, it appears that the percentage of young people reporting current marijuana use

answer

is about half the percentage reporting current use in the late 1970s.

question

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that, in about 1980,

answer

rates of using alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs reached their highest points, and all are now lower than in 1980.

question

One personality variable that has been consistently associated with higher rates of substance dependence is

answer

high impulsivity.

question

An example of a longitudinal study of drug use would be

answer

following the same group of people at intervals over several months or years.

question

In one study, adolescents who smoked cigarettes were about twice as likely as nonsmokers to later use marijuana. For this reason, cigarettes have been referred to as

answer

a gateway substance.

question

Some drugs have the effect that, every time you take the drug, you increase slightly the probability that you will take it again. This process is referred to as

answer

reinforcement.

question

Which type of factor probably plays a bigger role in determining whether a person will try a drug in the first place, as opposed to determining which of those who try it will become dependent?

answer

social

question

Cocaine and methamphetamine are still used for medical purposes in the United States.

answer

true

question

There are some drugs that we should just define as being bad drugs.

answer

false

question

The best information we have about which illicit drugs are most widely used comes from police arrest reports.

answer

False

question

According to data from Monitoring the Future, an effective public policy would be to increase the perception of the risk of marijuana use because increased perception of risk causes a decrease in marijuana use.

answer

False

question

The Monitoring the Future survey collects drug use information from students ages 10 and older.

answer

False

question

When using a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents, this is called

answer

behavioral toxicity.

question

Acute drug effects are those that

answer

are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body.

question

Which is an example of chronic physiological toxicity?

answer

lung cancer from smoking

question

What is a Drug Recognition Expert?

answer

A police officer trained to recognize drug-related behavioral impairments

question

When repeated exposure to the same dose of a drug results in a lesser effect, this is called

answer

tolerance.

question

The occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome is evidence of

answer

physical dependence.

question

The DSM-IV-TR does not define addiction as such, but has diagnostic criteria for

answer

substance dependence and substance abuse.

question

As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research, the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use is now believed to be

answer

psychological dependence, based on reinforcement.

question

Those who are diagnosed with a personality disorder, such as antisocial personality disorder,

answer

have an increased likelihood of also having a substance use disorder.

question

Which of the following drugs has been clearly linked to crimes and violence?

answer

alcohol

question

In an annual study done by the U.S. Justice Department, people arrested for various crimes are given urine tests to detect the presence of drugs. In 2010, about ____ percent of the adult male arrestees tested positive for at least one illicit drug.

answer

between 50 and 80

question

About how many arrests are made in the U.S. each year for drug-law violations?

answer

1,500,000

question

In 2009, methamphetamine was the most frequently cited drug associated with emergency-room visits.

answer

False

question

The drugs that are most likely to lead to dependence are the ones that have reduced effects after repeated use.

answer

False

question

The data suggest that marijuana use increases the likelihood of a person committing a violent crime.

answer

False

question

One concern that led to the initial passage of federal drug-control legislation in 1906 was

answer

patent medicines.

question

In the early 1900s in the U.S., fears about opium and cocaine were closely linked to

answer

minority racial groups.

question

When the Pure Food and Drugs Act was first passed, drugs were legally required to be

answer

pure and accurately labeled.

question

Before the FDA approves an IND for human testing of a new drug,

answer

the drug has been tested in at least two species of nonhuman animals.

question

Substances with high abuse potential and no currently accepted medical use are listed in

answer

Schedule I.

question

From the 1920s to the 1970s, about 1 out of 1,000 Americans was in prison at any point in time. Due largely to changes in drug laws and drug enforcement, that rate has now

answer

increased to about 5 per 1,000.

question

The U.S. federal government's budget for "drug control"

answer

about $26 billion.

question

An economic study of U.S. efforts to eradicate coca fields in South America indicated

answer

that even if we produced massive disruption of one country's supply, market forces would replace the supply within two years.

question

It is estimated that ______ percent of the illegal drug supply is seized by federal agencies each year.

answer

10-15

question

The Harrison Act of 1914 made it illegal to possess or use heroin or marijuana.

answer

False

question

Despite their potential medical benefits both marijuana and methamphetamine are Schedule I drugs.

answer

False

question

Precursors refers to substances like pseudoephedrine that can be chemically altered to make a controlled substance.

answer

True

question

The textbook pointed out that drug prevention and drug ________ might have different goals and use different approaches.

answer

education

question

Tertiary prevention programs are aimed at

answer

people who have completed treatment for dependence and need relapse prevention or follow up.

question

Which of these is NOT one of the Institute of Medicine's classifications for prevention programs?

answer

affective prevention

question

Beginning in 1986, the federal government launched a massive campaign based on anti-drug policies, locker searches, etc., to promote

answer

"Drug-Free" schools.

question

Which of these is NOT one of the successful components included in the social influence model?

answer

discussing the penalties for getting caught with cigarettes

question

Project ALERT and Life Skills Training were included as examples of

answer

programs that work.

question

The most consistent feature of workplace drug prevention programs has been

answer

random urine testing.

question

In discussing what we should be doing in drug prevention, the text says, "above all"

answer

avoid sensational scare stories and preachy approaches.

question

One study of the Life Skills Training program found significantly lower use of

answer

marijuana alcohol tobacco

question

A 1984 review of prevention studies concluded that values clarification approaches were clearly effective in actually preventing future drug use.

answer

False

question

One of the top programs on SAMHSA's list of effective prevention programs is DARE.

answer

False

question

Studies of court-ordered referrals to Alcoholics Anonymous versus other types of interventions have

answer

not found differences in effectiveness between AA and other approaches.

question

Motivational enhancement therapy has as its goal

answer

helping the user move to another "stage of change."

question

Prevention of withdrawal symptoms using medications would be considered part of the ____________ process.

answer

detoxification

question

Because of the potential danger of alcohol withdrawal symptoms, these symptoms are often prevented or treated by administering

answer

benzodiazepines.

question

Besides methadone, another substitute medication has recently been approved for maintaining opioid dependent patients. It is

answer

buprenorphine.

question

Although no medication has yet received FDA approval for treating cannabis dependence, one has shown effectiveness in relieving cannabis withdrawal symptoms. That medication is

answer

oral THC.

question

The DSM-IV-TR provides diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and substance abuse.

answer

True

question

In motivational enhancement therapy, drinkers are given antabuse so that they will be afraid to drink alcohol.

answer

False

question

Acamprosate, the most recent drug approved to treat alcohol dependence, is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter GABA.

answer

True

question

The only kinds of medications approved for use in smoking cessation are various forms of nicotine replacement therapy, like nicotine patches and gum.

answer

False

question

Moderate doses of dronabinol can be used to reduce the symptoms associated with marijuana withdrawal.

answer

True

question

The 16th century European physician Paracelsus, and later Dr. Thomas Sydenham promoted the use of

answer

laudanum.

question

One thing that apparently contributed to the spread of opium smoking in China was

answer

a 1644 edict from the emperor forbidding tobacco smoking.

question

The two major active chemicals in opium are

answer

morphine and codeine.

question

In 1898, Bayer laboratories marketed diacetylmorphine tablets under the brand name

answer

Heroin

question

"Black tar" is

answer

a name given heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form.

question

At the current time, most of the heroin in the U.S. originates from poppy fields in

answer

Colombia and Mexico.

question

Which of these opioids is about 100 times as potent as morphine?

answer

fentanyl

question

The fact that animals with no history of opioid withdrawal will press a lever to self-administer low doses of intravenous morphine or heroin demonstrates the importance of ____________ in developing opioid dependence.

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Heroin is more potent than morphine because

answer

it more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier.

question

Heroin was originally a brand name for diacetylmorphine, manufactured by Bayer laboratories.

answer

True

question

Heroin first became popular among opioid abusers in the 1970s, due to returning Vietnam veterans.

answer

False

question

Naloxone and nalorphine are endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine.

answer

False

question

Withdrawal from opioid drugs is often fatal.

answer

False

question

In recent years, heroin use has been a rapidly spreading problem in the U.S. suggesting that it is becoming an epidemic.

answer

False

question

The majority of U.S. soldiers who used heroin in Vietnam did so through the intravenous route because the drug was relatively impure.

answer

False

question

Long-term use of opioid drugs has been clearly shown to damage both the liver and the brain.

answer

False

question

he psychological effect of LSD was first reported by

answer

Albert Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who developed the drug.

question

The major thrust of early research on LSD was for its

answer

supposed ability to access the subconscious mind.

question

During the 1950s, one U.S. government agency that conducted research with LSD was the

answer

Central Intelligence Agency.

question

The early LSD researcher who was fired from his academic job, became a proponent of hallucinogenic drug use, and started a religion in which LSD was the sacrament is:

answer

Timothy Leary.

question

The sensation of experiencing sounds as pictures, or of seeing movements produced by musical rhythms, is known as

answer

synesthesia.

question

The combination of two plants, one containing DMT and the other containing harmaline (an MAO inhibitor), was originally used by indigenous cultures in South America and is called,

answer

ayahuasca.

question

The Native American Church includes aspects of Christianity and uses __________ as a sacrament.

answer

peyote

question

Besides hallucinations, mescaline also produces

answer

pupil dilation and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

question

The catechol hallucinogens include mescaline plus a variety of synthetic derivatives of

answer

amphetamine.

question

A drug that has been reported to produce an increase in sociability and euphoria, as well as an increase in blood pressure, body temperature, and pulse is:

answer

MDMA.

question

PCP was patented as Sernyl and first tested as

answer

a dissociative anesthetic.

question

Atropa belladonna is also known by the name

answer

deadly nightshade.

question

Which of the following most accurately describes recent psilocybin research?

answer

the acute effects on mystical experiences

question

When evaluating drug-related data from animal studies, which of these questions should be asked?

answer

Was the dosing regimen used similar to that used by humans? Was the route of administration similar to that used by humans? Was the drug self-administered by the animal?

question

The flowering tops (buds) of unpollinated female cannabis plants produce a high-grade marijuana known as

answer

sinsemilla.

question

The natural substance in the body that has marijuana-like effects is called

answer

anandamide.

question

The 1999 report from the Institute of Medicine suggested that marijuana cigarettes should

answer

be allowed for no more than six months for patients with intractable pain or vomiting.

question

Tolerance to the effects of smoked marijuana

answer

allows experienced marijuana users to obtain euphoric effects with minimal cognitive impairment.

question

Most of the resin is in which part of the cannabis plant?

answer

flowering tops.

question

Which of the following did NOT occur in the late 1960s and throughout the1970s in the United States?

answer

Marijuana use among high school students reached an all-time low.

question

Rimonabant is currently available as an anti-obesity agent. What is its primary mechanism of action?

answer

CB1 receptor antagonist

question

Cannabis sativa is grown primarily for its psychoactive resins.

answer

False

question

The primary active ingredient in marijuana is delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

answer

True

question

The natural substance found in the body that has marijuana-like effects is called ayahuasca.

answer

False

question

It is a common misperception that marijuana smokers get "the munchies" and eat more, but laboratory studies have not supported this idea.

answer

False

question

The 1999 report from the Institute of Medicine said that marijuana cigarettes should be made available to any medical patient on the recommendation of a physician.

answer

False

question

Panic reactions can be a common reaction in inexperienced marijuana smokers.

answer

True

question

Although regular marijuana smokers often show a slowing of cognitive processing, evidence for negative acute cognitive effects is less dramatic than it is for infrequent users.

answer

True

question

In the 1800s, the French cycling team endorsed Mariani's "wine for athletes" that contained

answer

cocaine.

question

The International Olympics Committee first established rules disqualifying competitors who failed or who refused to take drug tests in

answer

1968

question

After the National Football League banned the distribution of amphetamines in 1971,

answer

individual players could still get a prescription and use amphetamines if they wanted.

question

During and after World War II, it was found that malnourished people could gain weight more rapidly if they were treated with

answer

testosterone.

question

An American physician came back from the 1956 Olympic games after learning about the Soviets' use of a steroid drug and helped to develop and test more selective ____________ steroids.

answer

anabolic

question

College athletes who want to avoid failing a drug test

answer

have to be very careful, because there are more than 3,000 products containing banned substances.

question

One ingredient in dietary supplements was banned by the FDA in 2004 after a Major League Baseball pitcher died from heat stroke after using it. The ingredient was

answer

ephedrine.

question

Although testosterone and related anabolic steroids clearly increase muscle mass during puberty, it has been more difficult to determine scientifically whether adult men with normal testosterone can get much stronger from extra steroids, partly because

answer

it would be unethical to expose research participants to the high doses of multiple steroids reportedly used by athletes

question

It has been difficult to do double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on the effects of steroids because

answer

they produce detectable psychological effects

question

Women who use steroids to increase their strength might produce some irreversible effects, including

answer

increased facial hair growth.

question

As part of the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1990, anabolic steroids were

answer

listed as Schedule III controlled substances, with limited prescription refills.

question

Some bodybuilders are trying to appear not only big and strong, but also lean. This is sometimes referred to as looking

answer

cut, ripped, or shredded.

question

An ideal body fat range for a healthy male is

answer

14 to 20 percent.

question

When applied to a drug, the word ergogenic means "energy-producing."

answer

True

question

Some beta-2 agonists sold for treating asthma have been used by athletes as "nonsteroidal anabolic agents."

answer

True

question

At the highest level of athletic competition (such as the mile run), amphetamines are probably not beneficial as performance enhancers because they only improve performance by 1%.

answer

False

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