Drug Abuse In Sport Essay Example
Drug Abuse In Sport Essay Example

Drug Abuse In Sport Essay Example

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  • Pages: 8 (1949 words)
  • Published: September 11, 2017
  • Type: Research Paper
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Introduction:

History of drug maltreatment

The issue of drug maltreatment has a long history in sports. In Ancient Greece, Olympic athletes would consume specific diets that included herbs, mushrooms, and sesame seeds to improve their physical performance. Likewise, during Roman times, gladiators would take stimulants to fight fatigue. South American Indians also utilized coca leaves to enhance endurance. By the 19th century, drug abuse had become a major concern.

Swimmers, smugglers, and bicyclers used caffeine, strychnine, intoxicant, cocaine, opium, and O to enhance performance. In 1896, cyclist Arthur Linton became the first reported case of an athlete's death from strychnine consumption, which was given to him by his manager. Then, in 1904, smuggler Thomas Hicks nearly died in the Olympic Marathon in St Louis, USA, due to the use of strychnine and brandy. During World War II, milita

...

ry personnel began taking pep pills to reduce fatigue. In the 1940s and 1950s, pep pills became the preferred choice over other drugs in sports. The first reported death from amphetamine abuse occurred in 1964 when Danish cyclist Canute Jensen died on the opening day of the Rome Olympics. In 1967, British cyclist Tommy Simpson died from amphetamine abuse during the Tour de France.

After Simpson's death, the International Olympic Committee took action and published the first list of prohibited substances in 1968. During the 1950s, athletes and weightlifters started misusing a new category of drugs known as anabolic steroids to enhance muscle size and strength. In 1964, suspicions arose concerning anabolic steroid usage among athletes in the Summer Olympics in Tokyo due to their increased muscle mass.

Top concerns regarding drug abuse

1. East German athletes

From 1972 to 1988, East Germany, a countr

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with a population of 17 million people, won between 20 to 40 gold medals every four years, making them a formidable competitor against the United States and Soviet Union. The head of the Olympic athletics commission in East Germany, Manfred Ewald, along with Dr.

During that time, Manfred Hoeppner, the athletics physician, intentionally administered banned substances to the athletes without their knowledge. This led to severe health complications for the athletes including liver dysfunction, cancer, hormonal changes, and infertility. Starting from 1966, numerous doctors and managers in East Germany implemented a government-sponsored program called "systematic and overall doping in competitive sports." After the collapse of East Germany and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, many athletes came forward and acknowledged the pills and injections they had been given.

Kornelia Ender, Barbara Krause, and Carola Nitschke were among the East German athletes who were administered steroids. Heidi Kreiger also received a significant amount of steroids, which eventually resulted in her undergoing gender reassignment surgery.

2. Pan American Games in 1983

In 1983, testosterone was added to the list of prohibited substances by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), making it the first natural substance to be subjected to testing. The test assessed the ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E). The initial steroid drug test occurred during the Pan American Games held in Caracas, Venezuela.

Around 15 athletes were caught at these games. American weightlifter Jeff Michaels and Canadian weightlifter Guy Greavette tested positive for steroids. They returned their medals and were suspended for 2 years. Many athletes from the U.S track-and-field team chose to withdraw from the game instead of being caught.

3. Ben Johnson’s scandal

In 1988, Canadian Ben Johnson was

stripped of his gold medal in the 100-meter race at the Seoul Olympics after testing positive for the anabolic steroid stanozolol.

Johnson has received a 2-year ban from competition.

4. Michelle Smith: the Irish swimmer

In 1998, Olympic champion swimmer Michelle Smith tested positive for a banned substance during out-of-competition testing at her home. The test revealed a dangerously high level of alcohol that could be lethal if consumed by an athlete.

FINA, the international governing body for swimming, has determined that Smith's urine sample was tainted with alcohol in an attempt to hide its contents. As a result, Smith has been given a four-year suspension.

5. Chinese swim team

Over the past 15 years, it has been revealed that the Chinese national swim team used anabolic steroids, erythropoietin, and human growth hormone. China achieved a significant number of gold medals during the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and the 1994 world championships. These achievements raised suspicions of drug usage as female swimmers set numerous world records in these global swimming competitions. Moreover, at the 1994 Asian Games, eleven athletes were found guilty of using dihydrotestosterone as prohibited substances.

China has been the leading country in terms of drug abuse among swimming nations, with over 40 Chinese swimmers testing positive for drug use since 1990. This issue dates back to 1967 when Simpson died at Tour de France due to amphetamine abuse, highlighting the problem of doping among cyclists. The Festina cycling team's expulsion from the competition in summer 1998 further exemplifies the persisting drug abuse among cyclists, as French officials found EPO in their masseur's car.

After investigations, six of Festina's nine riders admitted to using drugs. Furthermore, the team leader also failed drug

tests for anabolic steroids. In addition, in 2002, Stefano Garzelli, the leader of Vini Caldirola squad, tested positive for probenecid, a diuretic used as a masking agent. Similarly, during the same year's Tour de France, Spanish cyclist Igor Gonzalez de Galdeano tested positive for an anti-asthmatic drug. Furthermore, in January 2004, two cyclists from the Cofidis squad, a top team in France, were caught using EPO and pep pills as drugs.

7. Steroids in baseball

In 2002, a study published by Sports Illustrated revealed that National League MVP Ken Caminiti stated that "at least half the players are using steroids." Additionally, in 2003, Major League Baseball disclosed that approximately 7% of the 1,438 tests conducted on participants were positive for steroids.

8. Doping in skiing

Drug abuse in cross-country skiing, especially with EPO, has been prevalent for years. For instance, during the 2001 world championships in Finland, six Finnish skiers failed drug tests for HES, a plasma volume expander.

At the Salt Lake Games, three skiers were found to have tested positive for Darbepoetin, a synthetic version of the hormone EPO. As a result, Olga Danilova and Larissa Lazutina, who had both won medals for Russia, were later disqualified and stripped of their medals. The gold medal was then given to Beckie Scott from Canada, who originally finished in third place.

9. BALCO scandal

The BALCO scandal involves a company called Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative (BALCO), which specializes in providing nutritional supplements. Victor Conte founded BALCO in 1984 and developed a method for analyzing urine and blood samples to determine the specific supplements needed to address vitamin and mineral deficiencies. One of the substances banned by BALCO

was Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), which managed to go undetected during drug tests.

"The Clear," also known as THG, is a popular anabolic steroid that is well-known for its ability to decrease fatigue during training and stimulate muscle growth. In 2003, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) introduced a test for THG after discovering an unidentified syringe containing the substance, which was reportedly extensively utilized by athletes. Don Catlin successfully developed and implemented the test, identifying positive THG results in urine samples obtained from athletes participating in the US championships and various trials. Notable individuals implicated in the BALCO scandal and confirmed users of THG consist of Kelli White, Marion Jones, C.J. Hunter, Tim Montgomery, baseball player Barry Bonds, NFL player Bill Romanowski, and Dwain Chambers."

In 2004, Dwain Chambers, the European 100m title holder at that time, was banned from competition for 2 years. Kelli White, the champion of both the 100m and 200m races, was also banned for the same duration. USADA convicted BALCO for distributing THG. In 2005, Victor Conte was sentenced to four months in jail.

Greg Anderson, Barry Bond’s trainer, was sentenced to three months in jail.

10. Ma’s smugglers

Ma Junren managed the Chinese female athletes who were accused of smuggling banned substances. In 1993, Ma’s team won three gold medals at the World Track and Field Championships in Stuttgart. Additionally, in 1997, they set world records. This raised suspicions that the athletes were using prohibited substances.

During the 2000 summer Sydney Olympic, a doping scandal involving Ma's Chinese smugglers took place. Prominent smugglers like Liquing Song and Lili Yin tested positive for testosterone during an out-of-competition trial in 2000. Consequently, the Chinese smugglers were expelled from

the Olympic squad.

History of drug testing:

Drug testing was initially conducted for racehorses and then later expanded to include humans. The first drug trial took place in 1910 in Vienna, where a Russian Chemist tested alkaloids on horse saliva.

Drug testing on human urine originated in the 1950s as a response to widespread abuse of pep pills. In 1967, British cyclist Tommy Simpson's death from amphetamine abuse during the Tour de France prompted the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to establish the Medical Commission and create a list of banned substances. Professor Beckett, a member of the Medical Commission at that time, developed methods for identifying drugs used "in competition." These drug testing techniques were first employed at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics specifically for non-steroidal drugs like narcotic analgesics and stimulants. However, no tests were conducted for anabolic steroids during that period.

The first formal drug proving programmes for narcotics and stimulations were carried out at the Munich Olympics in 1972, taking place during the competition periods. Anabolic steroids misuse became widespread in the 1970s and was officially banned by the IOC in 1974, with its inclusion on page 313 of the list occurring in 1975. The first formal steroid proving plan occurred at the Montreal Olympics in 1976, utilizing radioimmunoassay testing to identify its presence and GCMS for verification.

In and out of competition testing:

Initially, proving programmes mainly focused on trials during competition periods; however, it was later acknowledged that these trials had limited effectiveness in detecting violations.

Athletes learn about avoiding drug tests by understanding the duration drugs remain in their bodies, enabling them to abstain from substance use prior to competitions. To counteract this, "out-of-competition" testing initiatives

were introduced to detect individuals who misuse drugs for unfair advantages. Norway initiated the first out-of-competition tests in 1977, followed by the UK in the early 1980s. However, it was not until WADA's establishment in 2000 that worldwide adoption of out-of-competition testing became prevalent.

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has been widely accepted worldwide for its implementation of out-of-competition testing initiatives.Below is a table that categorizes abused drugs and their methods of doping.

Narcotics< / td >
< t d > Morphine, Methadone, Codeine< / td >
< / tr >
<

tr allign = " left " valingn = " top ">
< t d > Peptide and glycoprotein endocrines
< / td >
< t d > Human growing endocrine , adrenocorticotropic hormone , human chorionic gonadotropin , erythropoietin
< / td >
< / tr >
< tr allign = " left " valingn = " top ">
< t d > Diuretic drugs and

dissembling agents
?

< tr allign = " left " valingn = " top ">

< t d > Beta - blockers < / t d >
?

< tr allign =" left" valingn =" top">
< t d>Central Nervous System Stimulants

Athletes frequently use stimulations to heighten watchfulness and cut down weariness i.e.increase physical and mental performance.1p41.

Doping categories and methods illustrations
Anabolic steroids Testosterone, Durabolin (discussed subsequently)
Blood Doping blood transfusion (discussed subsequently)
Stimulations Amphetamine, ephedrine, cocaine, caffeine

The use of substances to alleviate discomfort in athletes during competition has now expanded to include training sessions as well.Amphetamines, a

synthetic compound created in 1920, were originally designed for appetite suppression and treating narcolepsy. They also served to fight fatigue and enhance alertness. Nonetheless, their clinical application ceased due to the development of tolerance.

Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant that has longer-lasting and more toxic effects on the central nervous system compared to amphetamine.

Mechanism of action:

Methamphetamine indirectly affects adrenergic neurotransmitters by entering nerve cells and releasing norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endings. It also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as MAO inhibition. Other drugs such as Dexamphetamine, Phenmetrazine, and Ritalin have similar mechanisms.

Routes of administration:

Amphetamine can be taken orally, nasally, or intravenously; however, smoking amphetamine is not very effective.

The use of methamphetamine for recreational purposes is growing, and athletes often turn to amphetamines to combat fatigue, improve concentration, increase alertness, feel euphoria, and endure painful injuries. However, these drugs have notable adverse effects, particularly an increased risk of stroke. Amphetamines induce peripheral vasoconstriction which results in elevated blood pressure. [p42.p72]

The overheating of the organic structure causes dehydration and impairs athletes' consciousness, leading to poor decision-making.

Instances of amphetamine abuse:

During World War II, amphetamines were widely used by military personnel to combat fatigue. Athletes in the 1940s and 1950s also embraced their usage. The control of this substance began with the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. In the 1960 Rome Olympics, cyclist Knud Jensen died due to amphetamine abuse during extreme summer temperatures. Similarly, British cyclist Tommy Simpson lost his life in the 1967 Tour de France while climbing Mont Ventoux as a result of abusing amphetamines.

His death was caused by cardiac arrest.1p72 In 1997,

American football players Clarkson and Thompson withdrew from drama because of amphetamine abuse, which they took to digest injuries.1p72 Effects on behavior Mandell (1979), Golding (1981). In 2002, British skier Alain Baxter lost his Olympic bronze medal and was banned from skiing from March until June due to a positive test for Methamphetamine (l-form), which is found in OTC Vicks inhaler. IOC tests do not differentiate between l- and d-form. D-form is used as a performance-enhancing drug. Later on, Baxter's name was cleared of being a drug cheat, and it was confirmed that the drug was in the l-form.

Ecstasy

Ecstasy is a man-made stimulus drug that was synthesized in 1914 as an appetite suppressant. It has properties similar to amphetamines and is now commonly used in dance clubs, but it can be misused by athletes. In the UK, it has been classified as an illegal substance since 1977, and in the USA its usage has been controlled since 1985. There have been no studies on ecstasy abuse by athletes since 1990.

73 Ephedrine and related compounds
Ephedrine is a natural product found in the plant genus Ephedra.

Phyenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine, both synthetic drugs, are commonly used as bronchodilators to alleviate cold symptoms.1.p73.p42.

Mechanism of action

These substances have an adrenergic action, which leads to the depletion of noradrenalin from neural storage sites. As a result, this has indirect effects on sympathetic nerve cells and the central nervous system.1.p73

Paths of disposal

The oral route is the most common method of administration for ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine, as they are found in cold medicines in the UK and USA.

Phenylpropanolamine is now prohibited by the US government.

1.p74

Consequence of Ephedrine in Sport

Ephedrine is misused by athletes for its euphoric action. 1p42. Athletes attempt to misuse ephedrine because its usage can be negotiated due to its presence in nonprescription medication. 1p42

Side effects

The main side effect is cardiac arrhythmias.

Cases of Ephedrine abuse

Pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and phenylephrine were removed from the WADA list of banned substances in 2004, but they are still controlled by WADA for athlete's abuse. Ephedrine is still on the banned list.

In the 1972 Olympics, the US swimmer, De Mont, was banned for testing positive for urinary ephedrine, which he claimed was due to a medication. Similarly, in 1988 at Seoul, Linford Christie tested positive for a cold remedy substance and was at risk of losing his Ag decoration.

Cocaine

Cocaine used to be an ingredient in Coca-Cola until it was deemed illegal and removed in 1903. Its main therapeutic effect is as a local anesthetic.

Mechanism of action

Cocaine works by inhibiting the re-uptake of norepinephrine, Dopastat, and 5-HT into the presynaptic terminals of the mesolimbic reward/pleasure pathway, resulting in its adrenergic central effects.

Paths of disposal

The most common method of using cocaine is through "snorting." The powder is drawn up into the nose and absorbed through the nasal epithelium into the bloodstream.

Cocaine can reach the brain within about three minutes when administered, either by inhalation or intravenously. When smoked in a pipe, it is quickly absorbed in the lungs and reaches the brain in approximately five seconds.

The Effects of Cocaine in Sports

It was abused in sports because of its euphoric effects and its ability to reduce fatigue.

Side Effects of Cocaine

Some of the side effects of cocaine include tachycardia,

high blood pressure, and, at high doses, tremors and seizures. The concomitant use of cocaine with alcohol and anabolic steroids may result in the production of cardiotoxic metabolites.


Reported instances of cocaine abuse

Len Bias, the US hoops participant, and Don Rogers, the American football player died from cocaine maltreatment. ( 1 )


Caffeine

Caffeine is the most popular used drug which is found in many drinks like java, tea and soft drinks. Caffeine was banned by IOC but so it was withdrawn from the list by WADA in January 2004. However, its usage is still monitored by WADA.

Quantitative measurement for caffeine in urine was established in 1984 at the Olympic Games in Sarajevo and Los Angeles. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) set the threshold for caffeine concentration in urine at 15 mcg per milliliter, which was later reduced to 12 mcg per milliliter in 1988. Studies have shown that caffeine doses of 1000mg are necessary to eliminate caffeine from urine at levels exceeding 12 mcg per milliliter.

Methods of administration

Caffeine can be administered in the form of tablets or injections.

Effects of caffeine in sports

High doses of caffeine are required in sports to reduce fatigue and enhance concentration.

Side effects

shudders

Narcotic anodynes

These are referred to as opiates, with raw opium containing morphine and codeine, both of which possess potent pain-relieving properties. The commonly misused drugs in this

category include Morphine, diacetylmorphine, and dolophine hydrochloride. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has prohibited all opiates, except for dextromethorphan, pholcodine, and diphenoxylate.

Codeine was initially banned, but due to its presence in many nonprescription medicines and the refusal of many athletics federations, it was eventually removed from the list.

Mechanism of action:

Opiates bind to specific opiate receptors in the brain and spinal cord, and also interact with endogenous opiate peptides, enkephalins, and endorphins, to mediate emotional highs and addiction.

Routes of administration:

Opiates can be taken orally, through injection, or inhalation.

Effects of narcotic analgesics in athletics:

These substances are used for their euphoric and analgesic effects. They are utilized to mimic pain during training or competition.

Side effects:

Side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, skin itching, lack of concentration, drowsiness, comas, and dependency.

At high doses, it can cause respiratory depression.

Diuretic Drugs and Other Cover Agents

Diuretic drugs, such as furesamide, acetazolamide, and Hygroton, are used to reduce blood pressure by increasing urine production.

Effects of Water Pills in Athletics

Diuretic drugs are abused by athletes to counteract the fluid retention side effect caused by the misuse of anabolic steroids.

They are also utilized to decrease the athlete’s weight in sports where competition is based on weight classes. P46red and BBC. Additionally, water pills are employed to enhance urine flow, thereby increasing the rate at which abused drugs or their metabolites are eliminated in urine, making it difficult to detect the abuse.

Side effects

These include: muscle spasms, dehydration, headache, nausea, and kidney damage.

Probenecid is used

as a masking agent to suppress the elimination of banned drugs and their metabolites through the kidneys. However, it is no longer effective due to the ability of gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy to detect its presence.

Beta blockers

These were included in the list of doping categories in 1985. However, in 1993, they were added to the "classes of drugs capable of certain limitations" section due to their medicinal uses. Athletes used beta blockers to enhance performance by increasing cardiac output and improving blood flow to muscles.

Peptide and glycoprotein hormones

These substances are naturally produced by the body.

Effects in athletics

*Corticotrophin: It stimulates the release of adrenal corticoids, mimicking pain after injury.
*Human Growth Hormone (HGH) and chorionic gonadotropin (HCG): These hormones have anabolic effects, increasing muscle size and strength.

Erythropoietin is a peptide hormone that increases red blood cell production, thus enhancing oxygen transportation in the blood (Internet Explorer). The increase in performance is reported by the BBC.

Side effects

HGH and EPO both have their main side effects. HGH may cause acromegaly, while EPO may thicken the blood and lead to heart attacks. The chemical and physical manipulation involves altering a urine sample using various substances or procedures to conceal the detection of a banned substance.

Examples of use are: the usage of other’s piss, usage of acetum to impact the piss, epitestosterone to change the ratio. BBC intelligence, doping

Anabolic Steroids

What are Anabolic steroids?

Testosterone was isolated in 1935. It is an endogenous steroidal endocrine male endocrine produced by testicles in work forces. steroid 7. It is synthesized from cholesterin like all other steroidal endocrines. Steroid 7.

Epitestosterone is an isomer of testosterone and is present in a small proportion

compared to testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for both the androgenic and anabolic effects. The androgenic functions of testosterone result in changes to the primary male sexual characteristics.

steroid 7. The effects of steroids are twofold: the androgenic effects enhance musculus growth, protein synthesis, and red blood cells, while the anabolic effects are responsible for these actions. steroid 7. Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. steroid 10. Upon administration, they interact with androgen receptors located in the prostate, skeletal musculus, and central nervous system, thus exerting their mechanism of action.

Their construction is developed and modified to enhance the anabolic effects while reducing the androgenic effects of steroids. (steroid 10)

Paths of disposal

Anabolic steroids can be administered orally or intramuscularly. Nowadays, athletes are also using transdermal patches, sublingual tablets, nasal sprays, and dermatological gels containing testosterone to avoid detection in drug tests.

Reasons for athletes' misuse of anabolic steroids

Athletes misuse anabolic steroids because of their positive effects on skeletal muscle tissues. They are used to increase strength, muscle size, body weight, protein metabolism, and collagen synthesis. (Steroid 6 and 35)

Some athletes use anabolic steroids to increase muscle size. However, the consumption of these drugs can have various negative effects, including cardiovascular issues. Anabolic steroids can lead to severe coronary heart disease, as they decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

Steroid 25- steroid 7. leading to coronary artery disease.

  • Increase heart stroke

Anabolic steroids increase blood clotting and thus promoting thrombosis resulting in heart attacks. steroid 26

  • Liver problems

Oral anabolic steroids result in cholestatic hepatitis and jaundice.

The usage of

steroids can lead to an increase in liver enzymes, such as aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase (steroid 7,26). Anabolic steroids, when taken in high doses, have been shown to decrease sperm counts by 73% and cause azoospermia, which reduces fertility (Holma). These steroids also impact the secretion of reproductive hormones like testosterone, resulting in a decrease in libido due to lower levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (steroid 7). Additionally, abuse of anabolic steroids can potentially lead to prostate cancer (steroid 37).

Some sexual side effects may also occur due to steroid use:

  • Sexual side effects

Another side effect of steroid use is gynaecomastia, which is the enlargement of mammary tissues in men caused by the conversion of androgens to estradiol and estrone (steroid 37).

  • Gynaecomastia

steroid 7,37

  • Psychological effects

A survey in USA revealed that anabolic steroids have shown changes in mood, such as increased anger and depression. Steroid 7. Other side effects include hyperinsulinemia, high blood pressure, tendon damage, and steroid 26. Other effects include edema, muscle cramps, acne hirsutism, and deepening of the voice. Steroid 35

History of anabolic steroids abuse and drug testing

The use of prohibited substances like caffeine, cocaine, and strychnine began during the 19th century in various athletic events such as cycling, swimming, and distance running.

The use of steroids in athletics began in the 1950s with the Soviet weightlifting teams (p54 green, steroid26). By the 1960 Olympic Games, the use of anabolic steroids was limited

to Soviet weightlifting, but by 1964, their usage had expanded to all strength athletics (p45 green).

Anabolics gained popularity in various sports during the 1972 Olympic Games. In 1974, the medical committee of the IOC banned the use of anabolic steroids, and by 1975, they were added to the list of prohibited substances. The first official testing for anabolic steroids was introduced in the 1972 Munich Olympics, but there was no concrete evidence at that time (7).

P4. The initial official trial for anabolic steroids took place during the 1976 Montreal Summer Olympics (7). The first instances of positive tests for steroids occurred at the same event, with 8 athletes - seven weightlifters and one female athlete in a field event - being caught for steroid abuse (7). p75. However, no positive tests were recorded at the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games. Anabolic androgenic steroids are extensively utilized by athletes to improve their performance and physical appearance. Steroid 6.

The usage of anabolic steroids is not limited to professional athletes but also includes high school male and female students. According to statistics published by 26 WADA accredited research labs from 1993 to 2003, anabolic steroids are the most widely used banned substances (p32.red).

1993 1994 2001 2002 2003
stimulations 22.8% 24% 15.4% 14.9% 19%
Anabolic steroids 59.9% 50.5% 40.1% 36.8% 32.1%

In contrast to pep pills and other stimulants which are taken on the day of competition (which can result in sudden death due to cardiac arrest), anabolic steroids are administered during training exercises and not before the competition periods (p31 red). They are taken in cycles lasting six to twelve weeks, and typically two to three cycles are taken in a year (Steroid7).

The introduction of "out of competition" testing programs restricted the use of anabolic steroids. One notable case of steroid abuse occurred in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) between 1965 and 1989, where steroids were utilized to enhance performance, resulting in numerous achievements for East German athletes. Coaches and doctors in East Germany implemented a systematic doping program involving steroids. In 1965, a pharmaceutical company developed a chlor-substituted derivative of methandrostenolone known as Oral-Turbinabol R, which was administered to female athletes during the Olympic Games starting from 1968.

Detection of anabolic steroids:

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