Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer – Flashcards

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Did You Know?
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More than 25 million Americans have diabetes. Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in both men and women in the United States. The 5-year survival rate for Americans with cancer has increased to 68%.
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Chronic Disease
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Comes on gradually and lasts a long time. many chronic diseases can be managed, but resist a complete cure. Chronic diseases cause 7 out of 10 deaths in the United States each year.
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Chronic Disease continues
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Some 75% of the $2.2 trillion in health-care expenditures in the United States goes toward the treatment of chronic diseases. Chronic diseases generally reduce quality of life
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Influence of Four Key Behaviors that increasess the likelihood of developing chronic disease:
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Poor nutrition, especially a diet high in saturated and trans fats and low in fruits and vegetables. Lack of physical activity. Tobacco use—the single most avoidable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Excessive alcohol consumption
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DIABETES facts
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Diabetes is now one of the most common serious illnesses in the US, more than 11% of americans aged 20 or older has diabetes and more than 35% on the way to developing it. the number of diagnosed cases tripled from 1980 to 2011
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Diabetes mellitus:
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A group of diseases in which the body does not make or use insulin properly, resulting in elevated blood glucose. the word mellitus is derived from the latin word for honey.
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Insulin:
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A hormone produced by the pancreas that is necessary for transportation of glucose into the body's cells
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Pancreas:
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An abdominal organ that produces insulin as well as certain compounds helpful in digestion.
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Type 1 diabetes:
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A form of diabetes that usually appears in childhood or adolescence. arises when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin. Blood sugar must be monitored and insulin injections are needed. there is no cure.
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Type 2 diabetes:
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A form of diabetes that usually begins later in life and arises when cells resist the effects of insulin. accounts for about 90 to 95% of adult diabetes cases
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Hyperglycemia:
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A persistent state of elevated levels of blood glucose.
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Other Forms of Diabetes
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Gestational diabetes. Develops in a woman during pregnancy. but usually disappears after childbirth. Type 1.5 diabetes. Several varieties of diabetes blending aspects of type 1 and type 2. Researchers estimate that perhaps 10% of all diagnoses of type 2 diabetes are actually due to type 1.5
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Physical signs and symptoms of diabetes include
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Frequent urination. Excessive thirst. Hunger. Tendency to tire easily. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet. A tendency to develop vaginal yeast infections in women
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Prediabetes:
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A persistent state of blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dl means that you have prediabetes, but not high enough to qualify as diabetes.
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Long-Term Effects of Diabetes
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It is the seventh most common cause of death in the United States.
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Persistent hyperglycemia can lead to:
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Damage to blood vessels. Kidney disease or failure. Loss of sensation and tissue breakdown. High risk of non-healing wounds. which may require surgical amputation. Deterioration of vision. Severe gum disease.
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Damage to blood vessels
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since these vessels supply the heart and brain. damaging then doubles the risk of hearth attack and stroke. patiens with diabetes are twice as likely to die. than patients without diabetes after hearth attack or stroke.
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Kidney disease or failure
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the kidneys have microscopic blood vessels that filter excessive glucose from the blood into urine. Hyperglycemia stresses this delicate filtration system, leadingto kidney disease, a common cause of death among people with diabetes.
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Loss of sensation and tissue breakdown High risk of non-healing wounds, which may require surgical amputation
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Hyperglycemia also damages blood vessels that serve nerves, causing pain, loss of sensation, tissue breakdown, and poor wound healing especially in the feet and lower legs. more than 60% of amputations in toe and lower leg is accredited to this.
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Deterioration of vision
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Hyperglycemia also damages the blood vessels serving the retina of the eye, this couse vision deterioration.
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Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
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Overweight. Disproportionately large waist. Diet. Lack of exercise. Chronic stress. Genetic factors.
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Clinical Management of Diabetes
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Glucose monitoring, Weight loss, Exercise, Oral medications, Insulin therapy.
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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
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A group of disorders that includes hypertension or high blood pressure, coronary heart disease including heart attacks, congestive heart failure, and stroke. CVD is the leading cause of adult mortality in the United States, responsible for more than 3 in every 10 deaths
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Arteries:
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Vessels that transport blood away from the heart, delivering oxygen-rich blood to the body periphery and oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
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Veins:
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Vessels that transport blood toward the heart, delivering oxygen-poor blood from the body periphery or oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
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Myocardium:
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The heart's muscle tissue. a thick layer of muscle
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Atria:
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The two upper chambers of the heart, which receive blood from the body periphery and lungs
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Ventricles:
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The two lower chambers of the heart, which pump blood to the body and lungs.
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Capillaries:
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The smallest blood vessels, which deliver blood and nutrients to individual cells and pick up wastes from the same cells.
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The Cardiovascular System
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is made up of blood vessels and the heart, which to gether form the blood delivery network that keeps the body functioning.
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Atherosclerosis:
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A condition characterized by narrowing of the arteries because of inflammation, scarring, and the buildup of fatty deposits. High level of CRP above 3.0 mg/L indicates that inflammation is going on somewhere in the body
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Blood pressure:
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Force of the blood moving against the arterial walls.
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Electrocardiogram:
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A test that measures the heart's electrical activity. Commonly used to detect arrhythmias as well as the restricted blood flow that causes angina.
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Stress test:
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An analysis of heart function during monitored exercise. Invasive and noninvasive imaging tests can be performed.
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Hypertension:
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A persistent state of elevated blood pressure. Is a risk factor for other form of cvd including coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure and stroke
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Factor influencing blood pressure.
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The level of your blood pressure in determined in part by the pumping action of the heart. When the contracts, an action called systole, the pressure of the blood in the arteries momentarily increases. When it relaxes, an action called diastole, the blood pressure drops.
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Signs and symptoms of hypertension:
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None in most people—hence the name "silent killer."
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Long-term effects of hypertension:
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left untreated, can lead to coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke and it can cause vision losss and kidney disease and can reduce you ability to think clearly, rember and learn.
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Coronary Heart Disease
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Also called coronary artery disease. Plaque in the coronary arteries builds up to the point that it impairs the heart's ability to function. The single leading cause of death in the United States
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Angina pectoris:
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Chest pain due to coronary heart disease. Angina is not life-threatening, but it does signal a greater risk of a life-threatening cardiac event.
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Myocardial infarction or heart attack:
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Cardiac crisis in which a region of heart muscle is damaged or destroyed by reduced blood flow.
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Arrhythmia:
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Any irregularity in the heart's rhythm.
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Bradycardia:
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A slow arrhythmia. slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute
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Tachycardia:
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A fast arrhythmia. is a heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute
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Sudden cardiac arrest:
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A life-threatening cardiac crisis marked by loss of heartbeat and unconsciousness. The person's heart needs to be restart within 6 minutes via electrical shock to prevent death.
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Electrocardiogram (ECG): EKG
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A test that measures the heart's electrical activity. Commonly used to detect arrhythmias as well as the restricted blood flow that causes angina.
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Congestive Heart Failure
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The heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, so blood may pool in other areas of the body, leading to damage to those areas and inability to function properly. Hypertension is the most common risk factor.
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Stroke
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A medical emergency in which blood flow to or in the brain is impaired.
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there are Two Types of Stroke
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Ischemic and Hemorrhagic
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Ischemic stroke:
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A stroke caused by a blocked blood vessel.
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Hemorrhagic stroke:
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A stroke caused by a ruptured blood vessel.
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Transient ischemic attack, TIA:
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A temporary episode of stroke-like symptoms, indicative of high stroke risk.
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Signs and Symptoms of an Impending Stroke
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The person may feel week, numb, or paralysis in the arm, leg, or face—especially on one side of the body. Blurred vision. Slurred speech. Sudden and severe headache, sometimes accompanied by dizziness or vomiting. Confusion or delusions.
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Long-Term Effects of a Stroke
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Paralysis. Impaired speaking, swallowing, and chewing. Loss of memory, impaired decision making, and personality changes. Pain, cold, and other uncomfortable sensations. Clinical management: medication, neurologist, speech and physical therapists.
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Aphasia:
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a difficulty in understanding and expressing ideas in spoken or written words.
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balloon angioplaty
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an arterial treatment that uses a small balloon to flatten plaque deposits against the arterial walls
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cornary artery bypass grafting
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a precedure to build new pathway for blood to flow around areas of arterial blockage.
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Congenital heart disease
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is a problem with the heart's structure and function that is present at birth. in most cases can be treated with drugs or surgery.
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Heart valve disorders
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The heart valves are like one-way doors, which open and close with each beat of the heart, controlling the blood flow from one chamber to the next. When functioning correctly, they keep blood from flowing backward into a chamber when closed.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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A genetic disorder resulting in a thick, stiffened muscle wall that cannot pump enough blood during vigorous activity. Children with HCM are not allowed to play competitive sport. HCM can cause sudden death in an athlete.
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Rheumatic heart disease
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Rheumatic fever is a delayed sequela of an upper respiratory infection caused by the Group A hemolytic streptococcus that causes such common childhood illnesses such as strep throat, and ear infections.
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Dyslipidemia
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Disorder characterized by abnormal levels of blood lipids such as high LDL cholesterol or low HDL cholesterol.
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Low density lipoprotein LDL
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A cholesterol containing compound that as it degrades releases its cholesterol load into the bloodstream; often refer as bad cholesterol.
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High density lipoprotein HDL
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A cholesterol containing compounds that removes excess cholesterol from the bloodstream; often referred to as good cholesterol.
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Metabolic syndrome:
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A set of five unhealthy physical and metabolic conditions together linked to an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disease.
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5 unhealthy physical Metabolic syndrome:
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Abdominal obesity. Elevated blood pressure. Elevated fasting blood glucose. Elevated blood triglycerides. Low HDL cholesterol.
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Cardiometabolic risk (CMR):
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A cluster of nine modifiable factors that identify individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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9 unhealthy factors to identify Cardiometabolic risk (CMR):
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Abdominal obesity. Elevated blood pressure. Elevated fasting blood glucose. Elevated blood triglycerides. Low HDL cholesterol. High LDL cholesterol. Smoking. Inflammatory markers. Insulin resistance.
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Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
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Blood pressure. Blood lipids. LDL: Bad cholesterol . HDL: Good cholesterol. Blood glucose. Inflammatory markers. Homocysteine.
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Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease continues
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Weight. Diet. Physical activity. Smoking. Drug abuse. Emotions and stress level. Sleep. Income. Age, sex, and genetics cannot be controlled, but do contribute to risk.
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Your blood glucose
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Levels of 110 mg/dl or higher increases risk for cardio vascular disease
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Inflammatory markers
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Physicians can detect inflammation in the body by measuring your blood level of a protein called C - reactive protein CPR. Produced by the liver during an inflammatory response.
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High levels of CRP or reactive protein
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High level of CRP above 3.0 mg/L indicates that inflammation is going on somewhere in the body, but not necessarily in the blood vessels. so it is not likely that a doctor would order a CRP test unless there is other significant risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia.
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Homocysteine
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The amino acid homocysteine can only be metabolized by the body when we consume adequate amount of the B vitamins folate, B6 and B12. High levels fo homocysteine in the blood are associated with an increased risk of MI and strokes
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Cardioverte Defibrillator
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Implantable Cardioverter defibrillator ICD Is put into a person who survives a sudden cardiac arrest. This implantable device is similar to a pacemaker, but transmits stronger electric pulses to help prevent further dangerous arrhythmias.
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What Is Cancer?
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Cancer is a group of diseases marked by the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells. More people are surviving cancer now than ever before, but disparities exist in cancer rates
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Carcinogen:
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A substance known to trigger DNA mutations that can lead to cancer.
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Oncogene:
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A mutated gene that encourages the uncontrolled cell division that results in cancer.
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Tumor:
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An abnormal growth of tissue with no physiological function.
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Benign tumor:
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A tumor that grows slowly, does not spread, and is not cancerous.
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Malignant tumor:
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A tumor that grows aggressively, invades surrounding tissue, and can spread to other parts of the body; all cancers are malignant.
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Metastasis:
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The process by which a malignant tumor spreads to other body sites.
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Progression of cancer
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first, carcinogen causes a mutation in the DNA of a normal cell. second, the cell with mutation in DNA divides repeatedly. then, cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and spread to other sites in the body.
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Risk Factors for Cancer
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Genetic and biological factors. Lifestyle factors. Environmental exposures. Tanning. Job with exposure to radiation or chemicals. Residence in an area characterized by high pollution. Exposure to infectious agents . Hepatitis B and C.. HIV. HPV.
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Genetic and biological factors for cancer
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cancer is fundamentally a disease of the DNA. it involves not only the genes that become damaged in cancer, but other genes involved in preventing this damage. some types of cancer run in families or are more common in certain ethnic group.
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Genetic and biological factors for cancer continues
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people who inherit a weaker version of a suppressor gen are more likely to develop cancer if they encounter carcinogens. Cancer can also be related to biological factors, such as the body's hormones.
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Lifestyle factors for cancer
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when you think about the vegetables you eat, do you picture a colorful salad or a bag of fries? how often do you exercise? are your BMI and waist size whithin a healthful range? do you smoke? do you drink alcohol? all these life choices afect your risk of cancer.
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Environmental exposures factors for cancer
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taning. jobs that involves working with chemicals. living in areas with high levels of pollutions. all these are exposing you body and your DNA to carcinogens on a regular basis.
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Exposure to infectious agents factors for cancer
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certain infectious migroorganisms are known carcinogens. some of the more common are. Hepatitis b and C HIV HPV
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Hepatitis b an c
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these forms of the hepatitis virus can lead to liver cancer.
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HIV
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because this virus suppresses the immune system, can lead to certain types of cancer that are otherwise rare. these are called apportunistic cancers because they occur when reduced immune defenses give them the opportunity to develop.
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HPV or Human papillomavirus infection
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is usually transmitted through sexual contact. nearly all women with cervical cancer have evidence of HPV, although not all cervical HPV infections turn into cancer. HPV is also linked with throat cancer, most likely due to transmision during oral sex.
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Detecting Cancer
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No single test can detect all cancers. Screening tests such as a mammogram and a colonoscopy can detect cancers at specific sites.
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A biopsy
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A biopsy is a test for cancer in which a small sample of the abnormal growth is removed and studied. Lab tests of blood and other body fluids can detect the presence of tumor markers that suggest cancer.
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Imaging technologies
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Imaging technologies can be used to detect cancers. Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET).
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General Symptoms of Cancer
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Unexplained weight loss. Fever. Fatigue. Pain. Skin changes, including darkened skin, yellowed skin and eyes (jaundice), reddened skin, itching, and excessive hair growth.
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Types of Cancer
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Carcinoma. Sarcoma. Lymphoma. Myeloma. Leukemia. Malignant melanoma.
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Carcinoma:
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Cancer of the tissues that line or cover the body.
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Sarcoma:
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Cancer of muscle or connective tissues
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Central nervous system cancer:
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Cancer of the brain or spinal cord.
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Lymphoma:
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Cancer of the lymph system.
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Myeloma:
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Cancer of the bone marrow.
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Leukemia:
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Cancer of blood-forming tissue
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Malignant melanoma:
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An especially aggressive form of skin cancer.
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The A, B, C, D, E, of melanoma skin cancer are:
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Asymmetry. One half doesn't match the appearance of the other half. Border irregularity. The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred. Color. The color is not uniform. Diameter. The size of the mole is greater than 1/4 inch. Evolution. There is a change in the size, shape, surface, or color of a mole.
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Common Cancers
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Skin. Lung. Colorectal. Oral.
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Skin cancel
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more than 2 million people develop skin cancer each year. the vast majority of these cancers are treatable, but about 76000 are malignant melanomas which is the most deadly form of skin cancer.
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colorectal cancer.
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colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death overall
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Lung cancer.
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is the third most common malignancy in the united states. moreover, it accounts for nearly 160,000 deaths
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pancreatic cancer.
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one of the most deadly type of cancer. most patients die within the first year of diagnosis and just 6 % survive for five years. poor prognosis is due in part to the fact that pancratic cancer typically goes undetected until it has advanced beyond treatment.
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Common Cancers in men
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Prostate. Testicular
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Prostate cancer
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is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among men in the united states and the second most deadly for mens.
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risk factors of Prostate cancer
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-age, more common in men over 50. -race, african american men are more likely to be diagnose. -family history. -a diet high in processed meats or dairy may increase risk.
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Testicular cancer
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more common in young men.
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risk factors of Testicular cancer
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being a white male between the ages of 20 to 39. -having a family history of cancer. -undescended testicle.
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Common Cancers in women
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Breast. Ovarian. Cervical, and uterine
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Breast cancer
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the second leading cancer death in women
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risk factors of Breast cancer in women
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genetics. about 5 to 10 % of cases occurs in women with an abnormal varant of tumor suppressor genes identified as BRCA 1 and BRCA 2. -also mestrual period that end early in life. -never having children or having the first child after 30
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Ovarian cancer
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causes more deaths among women than any other cancer of the female reproductive system since it usually advanced before it is detected.
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Ovarian cancer risk factors
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family history of breast or ovarian cancer. -mutation in the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 genes. -age, since it develops more in women after menopause. -never having children. -Infections that leads to pelvic inflamatory disease. -Obesity.
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Cervical, and uterine cancer
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a cancer that arise in the lining of the uterus or endometrium. also in the cervix at the base of the uterus.
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Cervical, and uterine cancer risk factors
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woman's xposure to estrogen do to obesity, hormonal replacement therapy, late menopause and never having children. cervical cancer is persistent with infection with certain strains of HPV.
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What are BRCA1 and BRCA2?
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genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins. These proteins help repair damaged DNA. When either of these genes is altered, or not functioning correctly, DNA damage may not be repaired properly. As a result, cells are more likely to develop additional genetic alterations that can lead to cancer.
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Treating Cancer
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Surgery offers the greatest chance for cure, especially if performed before the cancer has metastasized. Chemotherapy: Drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy uses high-energy subatomic particles to precisely locate cancer cells. Immunotherapy stimulates the patient's immune system.
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Treating Cancer continues
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kill cancer cells or damage their DNA so that they can no longer reproduce. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to precisely locate cancer cells. Immunotherapy stimulates the patient's immune system.
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Supporting a Friend with a Chronic Disease
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Listen. Learn. Follow through. Share feelings, not advice. Know when to get help.
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