question

Did You Know?

answer

More than 25 million Americans have diabetes. Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in both men and women in the United States. The 5-year survival rate for Americans with cancer has increased to 68%.

question

Chronic Disease

answer

Comes on gradually and lasts a long time. many chronic diseases can be managed, but resist a complete cure. Chronic diseases cause 7 out of 10 deaths in the United States each year.

question

Chronic Disease continues

answer

Some 75% of the $2.2 trillion in health-care expenditures in the United States goes toward the treatment of chronic diseases. Chronic diseases generally reduce quality of life

question

Influence of Four Key Behaviors that increasess the likelihood of developing chronic disease:

answer

Poor nutrition, especially a diet high in saturated and trans fats and low in fruits and vegetables. Lack of physical activity. Tobacco use—the single most avoidable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Excessive alcohol consumption

question

DIABETES facts

answer

Diabetes is now one of the most common serious illnesses in the US, more than 11% of americans aged 20 or older has diabetes and more than 35% on the way to developing it. the number of diagnosed cases tripled from 1980 to 2011

question

Diabetes mellitus:

answer

A group of diseases in which the body does not make or use insulin properly, resulting in elevated blood glucose. the word mellitus is derived from the latin word for honey.

question

Insulin:

answer

A hormone produced by the pancreas that is necessary for transportation of glucose into the body's cells

question

Pancreas:

answer

An abdominal organ that produces insulin as well as certain compounds helpful in digestion.

question

Type 1 diabetes:

answer

A form of diabetes that usually appears in childhood or adolescence. arises when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin. Blood sugar must be monitored and insulin injections are needed. there is no cure.

question

Type 2 diabetes:

answer

A form of diabetes that usually begins later in life and arises when cells resist the effects of insulin. accounts for about 90 to 95% of adult diabetes cases

question

Hyperglycemia:

answer

A persistent state of elevated levels of blood glucose.

question

Other Forms of Diabetes

answer

Gestational diabetes. Develops in a woman during pregnancy. but usually disappears after childbirth. Type 1.5 diabetes. Several varieties of diabetes blending aspects of type 1 and type 2. Researchers estimate that perhaps 10% of all diagnoses of type 2 diabetes are actually due to type 1.5

question

Physical signs and symptoms of diabetes include

answer

Frequent urination. Excessive thirst. Hunger. Tendency to tire easily. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet. A tendency to develop vaginal yeast infections in women

question

Prediabetes:

answer

A persistent state of blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dl means that you have prediabetes, but not high enough to qualify as diabetes.

question

Long-Term Effects of Diabetes

answer

It is the seventh most common cause of death in the United States.

question

Persistent hyperglycemia can lead to:

answer

Damage to blood vessels. Kidney disease or failure. Loss of sensation and tissue breakdown. High risk of non-healing wounds. which may require surgical amputation. Deterioration of vision. Severe gum disease.

question

Damage to blood vessels

answer

since these vessels supply the heart and brain. damaging then doubles the risk of hearth attack and stroke. patiens with diabetes are twice as likely to die. than patients without diabetes after hearth attack or stroke.

question

Kidney disease or failure

answer

the kidneys have microscopic blood vessels that filter excessive glucose from the blood into urine. Hyperglycemia stresses this delicate filtration system, leadingto kidney disease, a common cause of death among people with diabetes.

question

Loss of sensation and tissue breakdown High risk of non-healing wounds, which may require surgical amputation

answer

Hyperglycemia also damages blood vessels that serve nerves, causing pain, loss of sensation, tissue breakdown, and poor wound healing especially in the feet and lower legs. more than 60% of amputations in toe and lower leg is accredited to this.

question

Deterioration of vision

answer

Hyperglycemia also damages the blood vessels serving the retina of the eye, this couse vision deterioration.

question

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

answer

Overweight. Disproportionately large waist. Diet. Lack of exercise. Chronic stress. Genetic factors.

question

Clinical Management of Diabetes

answer

Glucose monitoring, Weight loss, Exercise, Oral medications, Insulin therapy.

question

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

answer

A group of disorders that includes hypertension or high blood pressure, coronary heart disease including heart attacks, congestive heart failure, and stroke. CVD is the leading cause of adult mortality in the United States, responsible for more than 3 in every 10 deaths

question

Arteries:

answer

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart, delivering oxygen-rich blood to the body periphery and oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

question

Veins:

answer

Vessels that transport blood toward the heart, delivering oxygen-poor blood from the body periphery or oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

question

Myocardium:

answer

The heart's muscle tissue. a thick layer of muscle

question

Atria:

answer

The two upper chambers of the heart, which receive blood from the body periphery and lungs

question

Ventricles:

answer

The two lower chambers of the heart, which pump blood to the body and lungs.

question

Capillaries:

answer

The smallest blood vessels, which deliver blood and nutrients to individual cells and pick up wastes from the same cells.

question

The Cardiovascular System

answer

is made up of blood vessels and the heart, which to gether form the blood delivery network that keeps the body functioning.

question

Atherosclerosis:

answer

A condition characterized by narrowing of the arteries because of inflammation, scarring, and the buildup of fatty deposits. High level of CRP above 3.0 mg/L indicates that inflammation is going on somewhere in the body

question

Blood pressure:

answer

Force of the blood moving against the arterial walls.

question

Electrocardiogram:

answer

A test that measures the heart's electrical activity. Commonly used to detect arrhythmias as well as the restricted blood flow that causes angina.

question

Stress test:

answer

An analysis of heart function during monitored exercise. Invasive and noninvasive imaging tests can be performed.

question

Hypertension:

answer

A persistent state of elevated blood pressure. Is a risk factor for other form of cvd including coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure and stroke

question

Factor influencing blood pressure.

answer

The level of your blood pressure in determined in part by the pumping action of the heart. When the contracts, an action called systole, the pressure of the blood in the arteries momentarily increases. When it relaxes, an action called diastole, the blood pressure drops.

question

Signs and symptoms of hypertension:

answer

None in most people—hence the name "silent killer."

question

Long-term effects of hypertension:

answer

left untreated, can lead to coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke and it can cause vision losss and kidney disease and can reduce you ability to think clearly, rember and learn.

question

Coronary Heart Disease

answer

Also called coronary artery disease. Plaque in the coronary arteries builds up to the point that it impairs the heart's ability to function. The single leading cause of death in the United States

question

Angina pectoris:

answer

Chest pain due to coronary heart disease. Angina is not life-threatening, but it does signal a greater risk of a life-threatening cardiac event.

question

Myocardial infarction or heart attack:

answer

Cardiac crisis in which a region of heart muscle is damaged or destroyed by reduced blood flow.

question

Arrhythmia:

answer

Any irregularity in the heart's rhythm.

question

Bradycardia:

answer

A slow arrhythmia. slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute

question

Tachycardia:

answer

A fast arrhythmia. is a heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute

question

Sudden cardiac arrest:

answer

A life-threatening cardiac crisis marked by loss of heartbeat and unconsciousness. The person's heart needs to be restart within 6 minutes via electrical shock to prevent death.

question

Electrocardiogram (ECG): EKG

answer

A test that measures the heart's electrical activity. Commonly used to detect arrhythmias as well as the restricted blood flow that causes angina.

question

Congestive Heart Failure

answer

The heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, so blood may pool in other areas of the body, leading to damage to those areas and inability to function properly. Hypertension is the most common risk factor.

question

Stroke

answer

A medical emergency in which blood flow to or in the brain is impaired.

question

there are Two Types of Stroke

answer

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic

question

Ischemic stroke:

answer

A stroke caused by a blocked blood vessel.

question

Hemorrhagic stroke:

answer

A stroke caused by a ruptured blood vessel.

question

Transient ischemic attack, TIA:

answer

A temporary episode of stroke-like symptoms, indicative of high stroke risk.

question

Signs and Symptoms of an Impending Stroke

answer

The person may feel week, numb, or paralysis in the arm, leg, or face—especially on one side of the body. Blurred vision. Slurred speech. Sudden and severe headache, sometimes accompanied by dizziness or vomiting. Confusion or delusions.

question

Long-Term Effects of a Stroke

answer

Paralysis. Impaired speaking, swallowing, and chewing. Loss of memory, impaired decision making, and personality changes. Pain, cold, and other uncomfortable sensations. Clinical management: medication, neurologist, speech and physical therapists.

question

Aphasia:

answer

a difficulty in understanding and expressing ideas in spoken or written words.

question

balloon angioplaty

answer

an arterial treatment that uses a small balloon to flatten plaque deposits against the arterial walls

question

cornary artery bypass grafting

answer

a precedure to build new pathway for blood to flow around areas of arterial blockage.

question

Congenital heart disease

answer

is a problem with the heart's structure and function that is present at birth. in most cases can be treated with drugs or surgery.

question

Heart valve disorders

answer

The heart valves are like one-way doors, which open and close with each beat of the heart, controlling the blood flow from one chamber to the next. When functioning correctly, they keep blood from flowing backward into a chamber when closed.

question

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

answer

A genetic disorder resulting in a thick, stiffened muscle wall that cannot pump enough blood during vigorous activity. Children with HCM are not allowed to play competitive sport. HCM can cause sudden death in an athlete.

question

Rheumatic heart disease

answer

Rheumatic fever is a delayed sequela of an upper respiratory infection caused by the Group A hemolytic streptococcus that causes such common childhood illnesses such as strep throat, and ear infections.

question

Dyslipidemia

answer

Disorder characterized by abnormal levels of blood lipids such as high LDL cholesterol or low HDL cholesterol.

question

Low density lipoprotein LDL

answer

A cholesterol containing compound that as it degrades releases its cholesterol load into the bloodstream; often refer as bad cholesterol.

question

High density lipoprotein HDL

answer

A cholesterol containing compounds that removes excess cholesterol from the bloodstream; often referred to as good cholesterol.

question

Metabolic syndrome:

answer

A set of five unhealthy physical and metabolic conditions together linked to an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disease.

question

5 unhealthy physical Metabolic syndrome:

answer

Abdominal obesity. Elevated blood pressure. Elevated fasting blood glucose. Elevated blood triglycerides. Low HDL cholesterol.

question

Cardiometabolic risk (CMR):

answer

A cluster of nine modifiable factors that identify individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

question

9 unhealthy factors to identify Cardiometabolic risk (CMR):

answer

Abdominal obesity. Elevated blood pressure. Elevated fasting blood glucose. Elevated blood triglycerides. Low HDL cholesterol. High LDL cholesterol. Smoking. Inflammatory markers. Insulin resistance.

question

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

answer

Blood pressure. Blood lipids. LDL: Bad cholesterol . HDL: Good cholesterol. Blood glucose. Inflammatory markers. Homocysteine.

question

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease continues

answer

Weight. Diet. Physical activity. Smoking. Drug abuse. Emotions and stress level. Sleep. Income. Age, sex, and genetics cannot be controlled, but do contribute to risk.

question

Your blood glucose

answer

Levels of 110 mg/dl or higher increases risk for cardio vascular disease

question

Inflammatory markers

answer

Physicians can detect inflammation in the body by measuring your blood level of a protein called C - reactive protein CPR. Produced by the liver during an inflammatory response.

question

High levels of CRP or reactive protein

answer

High level of CRP above 3.0 mg/L indicates that inflammation is going on somewhere in the body, but not necessarily in the blood vessels. so it is not likely that a doctor would order a CRP test unless there is other significant risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia.

question

Homocysteine

answer

The amino acid homocysteine can only be metabolized by the body when we consume adequate amount of the B vitamins folate, B6 and B12. High levels fo homocysteine in the blood are associated with an increased risk of MI and strokes

question

Cardioverte Defibrillator

answer

Implantable Cardioverter defibrillator ICD Is put into a person who survives a sudden cardiac arrest. This implantable device is similar to a pacemaker, but transmits stronger electric pulses to help prevent further dangerous arrhythmias.

question

What Is Cancer?

answer

Cancer is a group of diseases marked by the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells. More people are surviving cancer now than ever before, but disparities exist in cancer rates

question

Carcinogen:

answer

A substance known to trigger DNA mutations that can lead to cancer.

question

Oncogene:

answer

A mutated gene that encourages the uncontrolled cell division that results in cancer.

question

Tumor:

answer

An abnormal growth of tissue with no physiological function.

question

Benign tumor:

answer

A tumor that grows slowly, does not spread, and is not cancerous.

question

Malignant tumor:

answer

A tumor that grows aggressively, invades surrounding tissue, and can spread to other parts of the body; all cancers are malignant.

question

Metastasis:

answer

The process by which a malignant tumor spreads to other body sites.

question

Progression of cancer

answer

first, carcinogen causes a mutation in the DNA of a normal cell. second, the cell with mutation in DNA divides repeatedly. then, cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and spread to other sites in the body.

question

Risk Factors for Cancer

answer

Genetic and biological factors. Lifestyle factors. Environmental exposures. Tanning. Job with exposure to radiation or chemicals. Residence in an area characterized by high pollution. Exposure to infectious agents . Hepatitis B and C.. HIV. HPV.

question

Genetic and biological factors for cancer

answer

cancer is fundamentally a disease of the DNA. it involves not only the genes that become damaged in cancer, but other genes involved in preventing this damage. some types of cancer run in families or are more common in certain ethnic group.

question

Genetic and biological factors for cancer continues

answer

people who inherit a weaker version of a suppressor gen are more likely to develop cancer if they encounter carcinogens. Cancer can also be related to biological factors, such as the body's hormones.

question

Lifestyle factors for cancer

answer

when you think about the vegetables you eat, do you picture a colorful salad or a bag of fries? how often do you exercise? are your BMI and waist size whithin a healthful range? do you smoke? do you drink alcohol? all these life choices afect your risk of cancer.

question

Environmental exposures factors for cancer

answer

taning. jobs that involves working with chemicals. living in areas with high levels of pollutions. all these are exposing you body and your DNA to carcinogens on a regular basis.

question

Exposure to infectious agents factors for cancer

answer

certain infectious migroorganisms are known carcinogens. some of the more common are. Hepatitis b and C HIV HPV

question

Hepatitis b an c

answer

these forms of the hepatitis virus can lead to liver cancer.

question

HIV

answer

because this virus suppresses the immune system, can lead to certain types of cancer that are otherwise rare. these are called apportunistic cancers because they occur when reduced immune defenses give them the opportunity to develop.

question

HPV or Human papillomavirus infection

answer

is usually transmitted through sexual contact. nearly all women with cervical cancer have evidence of HPV, although not all cervical HPV infections turn into cancer. HPV is also linked with throat cancer, most likely due to transmision during oral sex.

question

Detecting Cancer

answer

No single test can detect all cancers. Screening tests such as a mammogram and a colonoscopy can detect cancers at specific sites.

question

A biopsy

answer

A biopsy is a test for cancer in which a small sample of the abnormal growth is removed and studied. Lab tests of blood and other body fluids can detect the presence of tumor markers that suggest cancer.

question

Imaging technologies

answer

Imaging technologies can be used to detect cancers. Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET).

question

General Symptoms of Cancer

answer

Unexplained weight loss. Fever. Fatigue. Pain. Skin changes, including darkened skin, yellowed skin and eyes (jaundice), reddened skin, itching, and excessive hair growth.

question

Types of Cancer

answer

Carcinoma. Sarcoma. Lymphoma. Myeloma. Leukemia. Malignant melanoma.

question

Carcinoma:

answer

Cancer of the tissues that line or cover the body.

question

Sarcoma:

answer

Cancer of muscle or connective tissues

question

Central nervous system cancer:

answer

Cancer of the brain or spinal cord.

question

Lymphoma:

answer

Cancer of the lymph system.

question

Myeloma:

answer

Cancer of the bone marrow.

question

Leukemia:

answer

Cancer of blood-forming tissue

question

Malignant melanoma:

answer

An especially aggressive form of skin cancer.

question

The A, B, C, D, E, of melanoma skin cancer are:

answer

Asymmetry. One half doesn't match the appearance of the other half. Border irregularity. The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred. Color. The color is not uniform. Diameter. The size of the mole is greater than 1/4 inch. Evolution. There is a change in the size, shape, surface, or color of a mole.

question

Common Cancers

answer

Skin. Lung. Colorectal. Oral.

question

Skin cancel

answer

more than 2 million people develop skin cancer each year. the vast majority of these cancers are treatable, but about 76000 are malignant melanomas which is the most deadly form of skin cancer.

question

colorectal cancer.

answer

colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death overall

question

Lung cancer.

answer

is the third most common malignancy in the united states. moreover, it accounts for nearly 160,000 deaths

question

pancreatic cancer.

answer

one of the most deadly type of cancer. most patients die within the first year of diagnosis and just 6 % survive for five years. poor prognosis is due in part to the fact that pancratic cancer typically goes undetected until it has advanced beyond treatment.

question

Common Cancers in men

answer

Prostate. Testicular

question

Prostate cancer

answer

is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among men in the united states and the second most deadly for mens.

question

risk factors of Prostate cancer

answer

-age, more common in men over 50. -race, african american men are more likely to be diagnose. -family history. -a diet high in processed meats or dairy may increase risk.

question

Testicular cancer

answer

more common in young men.

question

risk factors of Testicular cancer

answer

being a white male between the ages of 20 to 39. -having a family history of cancer. -undescended testicle.

question

Common Cancers in women

answer

Breast. Ovarian. Cervical, and uterine

question

Breast cancer

answer

the second leading cancer death in women

question

risk factors of Breast cancer in women

answer

genetics. about 5 to 10 % of cases occurs in women with an abnormal varant of tumor suppressor genes identified as BRCA 1 and BRCA 2. -also mestrual period that end early in life. -never having children or having the first child after 30

question

Ovarian cancer

answer

causes more deaths among women than any other cancer of the female reproductive system since it usually advanced before it is detected.

question

Ovarian cancer risk factors

answer

family history of breast or ovarian cancer. -mutation in the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 genes. -age, since it develops more in women after menopause. -never having children. -Infections that leads to pelvic inflamatory disease. -Obesity.

question

Cervical, and uterine cancer

answer

a cancer that arise in the lining of the uterus or endometrium. also in the cervix at the base of the uterus.

question

Cervical, and uterine cancer risk factors

answer

woman's xposure to estrogen do to obesity, hormonal replacement therapy, late menopause and never having children. cervical cancer is persistent with infection with certain strains of HPV.

question

What are BRCA1 and BRCA2?

answer

genes that produce tumor suppressor proteins. These proteins help repair damaged DNA. When either of these genes is altered, or not functioning correctly, DNA damage may not be repaired properly. As a result, cells are more likely to develop additional genetic alterations that can lead to cancer.

question

Treating Cancer

answer

Surgery offers the greatest chance for cure, especially if performed before the cancer has metastasized. Chemotherapy: Drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy uses high-energy subatomic particles to precisely locate cancer cells. Immunotherapy stimulates the patient's immune system.

question

Treating Cancer continues

answer

kill cancer cells or damage their DNA so that they can no longer reproduce. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to precisely locate cancer cells. Immunotherapy stimulates the patient's immune system.

question

Supporting a Friend with a Chronic Disease

answer

Listen. Learn. Follow through. Share feelings, not advice. Know when to get help.

Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards