question

The correct choice of developmental sequences that appear in appropriate developmental order:

answer

Supine play with hands and feet, rolling onto belly, side-lying play, combat crawling

question

Development of postural control is dependent upon the interaction of the baby's body, task and environment.

answer

True

question

Reciprocal crawling is the highest form of hands and knees mobility.

answer

True

question

In prone, as the weight shifts cephalic, this allows for more increased freedom of upper extremity use.

answer

False

question

The following three sensory systems contribute to a child's awareness of orientation in space:

answer

Visual, somatosensory, vestibular

question

When a baby is in supine as a newborn, the following is NOT true:

answer

Baby is able to track faces across room

question

Leah has low muscle tone. You, as her OT, are trying to build her muscle strength in her trunk and gain better proximal control of her shoulder girdle. You decide to put her in a position that promotes weight bearing on one extended arm and through the pelvis to allow the non-weight bearing hand to play easily. She can finally do this because her trunk and shoulder girdle are able to move freely from each other. What is the position?

answer

Side-lying propped position playing with toys with free arm

question

Annie is excited that Taylor, her 3.5 month old baby is rolling! She is convinced that the Taylor knows what she is doing and is safe on a bed unattended as long as there are no toys around her. You are a pediatric OT, but also her friend, how do you handle this situation?

answer

Warn Annie that this type of rolling is most likely incidental rolling and probably due to an ATNR or a weight shift, and that keeping Taylor on a bed unsupervised is dangerous.

question

Brooke is an 8 month old infant who is trying to reach for a toy that is inside a closed container. Her mom provides her the support to open container giving Brooke hand over hand assistance to retrieve the toy. According to Vygotsky, the parent is providing support and assistance so that the infant can achieve this goal. Vygotsky terms this support or guidance as

answer

Scaffolding by caregiver

question

Using dynamic systems theory, children demonstrate stages of learning that define how they learn and what actions they exhibit at different stages. The child initially experiments and is highly inconsistent in his actions. What sequence reflects the stages of motor learning to acquire a new skill?

answer

Exploratory activity, perceptual learning, skill achievement

question

Using Dr. Vaughn's the "Tree of Development" analogy at what level should the OT evaluation begin and, although not ideal; at what level do many therapists often begin their evaluation?

answer

Roots; branches

question

A voluntary active movement pattern that works in the opposite movement of the reflex will help integrate the primitive reflex.

answer

True

question

___________is/are involuntary movements that, when inhibited allow for voluntary movement.

answer

Reflexes

question

What is/are the first active movement pattern(s) to develop in infancy?

answer

Extension

question

An O.T received a referral for a third grade student with handwriting difficulty. When observing the student in class, looking up to copy the homework assignments from the board and then looking down to copy the assignments in their notebook on their desk, the O.T. noticed challenges such as: difficulty maintaining desk posture (frequently laid upper body extended down on desk while seated), messy handwriting, very tight pencil grasp. These difficulties may be attributed to non integration of which primitive reflex?

answer

Symmetrical Tonic Neck reflex

question

Reflexes develop in which developmental progression?

answer

Caudal to cephalo

question

According to Konicarova and Bob (2012), results of their study support the hypothesis that the neuropsychiatric disorder (ADHD) is associated with which primitive reflexes not being integrated in school-aged children?

answer

Moro reflex and the Galant reflex

question

A child exhibiting difficulty with balls handling skills (catching/throwing) in gym class and on the playground will frequently drop the ball and/or get hit by the ball when the ball is not thrown directly to their midline. The OT will likely test for integration of which primitive reflex which may be persisting and interfering with this functional activity?

answer

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

question

Faulty movement patterns still influenced by reflexive movement provides a poor foundation for posture, stability, and mobility.

answer

True

question

Which primitive reflex did Dr. Vaughn describe as the only primitive reflex to involve all sensory systems and non-integration may contribute to increased cortisol levels and resultant high levels of stress/high anxiety and decreased immunological function?

answer

Moro reflex

question

Ezequiel is a two year old boy who loves playing with cars. He is zipping around his family room holding a wood block and going "Zoom -zoom" and laughing as he is crashing two cars together. His mother and sister are in the room watching a show together. What type of thinking is he demonstrating?

answer

Imaginary/representational thinking

question

Which activity is NOT considered play?

answer

Parent directed goals for organized activity

question

Victoria is a 12 month old girl referred to EI for her poor mobility skills. The TEAM performed their transdisciplinary evaluation and found her eligible for services. The OT was called in, given the results of the evaluation and asked to go see the baby to initiate services and initiate OT. Upon arrival, Victoria was sitting on the floor, flapping the pages of menu, holding it up to the light and tapping her fingers on the menu while rocking back and forth in a seated position. When toys were given to her, she threw them aside with a swipe of her hand, not even attempting to pick them up. She made no eye contact with the OT as well when toys were given to her. This raised a red-flag to the OT that this baby is going to need a lot more than stability and mobility training, but social play as well! What type of Parten's social play is Victoria displaying?

answer

Unoccupied behavior

question

Victoria is now 5 years old and is enrolled in the autism program in school. She participates in supervised play groups. Her favorite play group is a rough and tumble type of set up in the adaptive gym area of camp. She loves to watch the kids slide up and down the slide and laughs and claps for them. She is gravitationally insecure so she does not like slides or swings. She does like to run around the area when the kids are swinging. Pick the best answer as to what type of social play pattern she is displaying.

answer

Onlooker behavior

question

Children learn to play best by: choose one

answer

Self-guided exploration

question

Which play is predominant in infancy?

answer

Sensorimotor play

question

Which characteristics is NOT part of the definition of play?

answer

Externally motivated

question

Executive functioning and self-regulation can be seen in the following age(s):

answer

-Infancy as young as 6 months old -3 year olds -6 year olds -Twelve year olds

question

What statement best describes playfulness?

answer

It refers to a person's approach toward play

question

You are treating a 4 year old boy with poor strength and endurance. You play a game of building a tower using large boxes filled with bean bags. You allow the child to take breaks but decrease the time for breaks each week. How are you using play in this treatment session?

answer

Tool to increase strength and endurance

question

In adolescence, there is a connection between hormones, stress and:

answer

Substance abuse Depression Anxiety disorders Emotional disorders

question

Why should occupational therapists working with teens with disabilities be receptive to discussions about sex?

answer

Teens with disabilities are more likely to experience sexual abuse

question

What is the term for how one views his or her physical self?

answer

Body image

question

Which group of adolescents is more likely to demonstrate lower self-esteem and poor self-concept associated with body image and engage in more risky behaviors?

answer

Early maturing girls

question

Which statement best describes the psychosocial development of late adolescents?

answer

Strengthen relationships with parents.

question

Which parenting style would be most helpful for successful adolescent development?

answer

Authoritative

question

Which of the following behaviors are indicative of a teen with negative self-esteem?

answer

Makes self-deprecating comments, makes excuses

question

According to the text, which statement best describes the role of the occupational therapist working with an adolescent with disabilities?

answer

Help provide opportunities for teens to engage in typical adolescent experiences, make their own choices, and engage in social relationships.

question

Possibly linked to hormonal changes, adolescent girls are more prone to eating disorders with sharing family meals cited as a practice to reduce that risk.

answer

True

question

At what age does the average child copy a triangle and print their own name?

answer

5-6 years

question

At what age do children demonstrate adult speed in writing?

answer

Ninth grade

question

What area of handwriting readiness can games such as obstacle courses and the "hokey-pokey" promote?

answer

Right-left discrimination

question

What are the advantages of cursive writing?

answer

It allows for faster and more automatic writing.

question

Erica is eating her cheerios and hides a cheerio in the palm of her hand. Which in-hand manipulation did Erica use?

answer

Translation

question

A teacher in the toddler (18-24 months) classroom of a local daycare center asked you, the occupational therapy consultant, for advice on cutting activities for one of her activity centers. What do you recommend?

answer

Filling the sand and water table with scraps of paper and scissors for students to practice snipping, Rolling out green "snakes" with playdough and snipping the rolls into small pieces with scissors.

question

To prevent future handwriting difficulties (dysgraphia), the article by Zobel-Lachiusa & Pierce, 2011, discusses the value of early introduction of manuscript writing, before the age of five years, for elementary-aged children.

answer

False

question

What is the optimal position of upper extremities for successful scissors use?

answer

Wrist in 40-45 degrees of extension, forearm in midposition, thumb holding paper pointed up, thumb holding scissors pointed up, radial fingers used to open/close scissors, ulnar fingers remain flexed and still.

question

Kenny is a 6 year old entering kindergarten. He was transferred to his current school with an IEP stating, "Kenny will be able to write his name independently by October 2014." It is the beginning of the school year and you notice Kenny cannot even imitate a +, square or circle. At this point in time, what concepts should Kenny be working on in therapy?

answer

Trace and then learn to imitate forms such as +,O,/, X

question

Which grasp patterns do not require thumb opposition?

answer

Lateral pinch, Hook grasp, Power grasp

question

Tyra is a 14-year-old girl who lives with her two older brothers (16 and 18) and parents. She receives special education services including services within the general education class and some pull out services. Recently, Tyra has expressed anger and irritability, snapping frequently at peers. However, some days she presents as a pleasant and giddy teen. What is the most likely cause of this behavior?

answer

Changing moods are typical of adolescence.

question

In adolescence, there is a connection between hormones, stress and:

answer

Substance abuse Depression Anxiety disorders Emotional disorders Any of the above

question

The visual system is completely developed at birth

answer

False

question

A kindergarten-aged student should be able to exhibit which visual skill(s)?

answer

-Follow a moving object 8-12" away with eyes -move eyes separately from head -track objects with eyes in horizontal, vertical, oblique and circular planes

question

Newborns most prefer to gaze at

answer

Human faces

question

A result of the sequence of visual perceptual development, letters that involve oblique or diagonal lines such as A,X,Y, K, should be taught for handwriting at around what age?

answer

6-7 years

question

A nine year old fourth grade student is observed reversing letters b,d,p,q, this is most due to difficulties with:

answer

Visual discrimination

question

Which of the following is a required performance skill/pattern for successful dressing?

answer

Cognitive skills, sensory-perceptual skills

question

Which of the following is false regarding toileting?

answer

Supervision is required if the child is capable of participating in self-catherization

question

Which of the following parental body mechanics are NOT recommended when bathing a child?

answer

Hunch over the child

question

Verbal cues, shadowing, two finger assist, and hand over hand cues are five by parents or therapists to help children with learning a new skill. The hierarchy of cues is often given using the fewest cues necessary and fades out to promote independence

answer

True

question

Effra is a 5 year old boy has a diagnosis of severe CP, is totally dependent on an adult for positioning and often displays abnormal reflexes. He has extreme extensor tone when being moved in space or when his head tips backwards. In order to help decrease the amount of extension in his trunk, what can the ot suggest when educations staff and/or parents on changing effra?

answer

Encourage parents or staff to use a privacy screen when changing/dressing effra. & Use a wedge or elevate the head with a pillow or support to help decrease extensor tone

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