developmental psyc chapter 1-4 – Flashcards
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What is a legitimate conclusion from the 'reality house" project conducted in 2005
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Most Families including multigenerational families, have a need for private space-- areas where individual family members can be alone.
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Who was the philosopher who believed that children are born with a mind which is a blank slate?
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John Locke
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The Idea of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau would suggest that the bias for human development is
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An individual's response to external, environment influences
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The idea that the earth contains a wide variety of life forms and that humans have developed as a result of the interaction of heredity and the environment was proposed by
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Charles Darwin
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What assertions regarding lifespan development can be attributed to both G. Stanley Hall and Charles Darwin?
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Norms should be identified for each developmental stage.
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What is the term that Arnold Gesell used to describe Genetically programmed sequential patterns of change such as puberty or menopause
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Maturation
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What theorists is known for his optimism about aging?
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Paul Baltes
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Which domain of developmental psychology examines interactions with others?
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Social
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If a child is born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and has severe mental retardation what domains of her development is directly affected?
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Cognitive
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What is central to the nature-nature controversy?
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biological process and experimental factors
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What is an example from your text of an inborn bias
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The fact that, universally children's speech begins with single words before proceeding onto sentences.
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Our sense of the "right time" to go to college, marry, have children, or retire is determined by our
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Biological clock
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What is the term for a general negative attitude about aging, typified by the belief that older persons are i incompetent or unable to complete required job functions?
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Ageism
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What best defines sensitive period?
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A specific period in development when an organism is particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence.
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What developmental outcomes would be illustrative of the concept of vulnerability?
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Very low IQ scores are most common among children who were born with a low birth weight and who are reared in high stressed, involved families.
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What best describes the goals of developmental science?
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To describe, explain, predict and influence development
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Predictions that can be tested in an effort to explain human development are known as
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hypotheses
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How does observation in the lab differ from naturalistic observation?
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The researcher in a lab setting has some level of control over the variables which might influence of the participants behavior
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You are taking part in a survey which asks about your attitudes towards physical punishment of children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are opposed to any sort of physical punishment. What best describes why you answered the way that you did?
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Social Desirability
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What is the best example of a longitudinal research study?
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Dr. Cisneros initially studied a group of recently -divorced 40- year- old to evaluate their communication skills and continued to study their interpersonal relationships for 30 years.
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Your text uses an example of sequential study in which "Baby Boomer" women were the participants. What was the finding of that study?
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The relationship between age and reported frequency of marital conflict was different in each cohort.
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In survey research it is very important that the participants reflect the characteristics of the while group of people being studied. To which characteristic of the sample are we referring
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Representativeness.
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Participants in research projects must be told of any harmful effects or possible risks associated with the research in advance of their participation. What is this ethical responsibility called?
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Informed Consent
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What best explains the protection from harm aspect of research ethics?
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If temporary harm may be caused by research, then the researchers must prove a way to relieve that harm
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After reading chapter 1, what should you be able to apply to your daily life
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You will have some tools to critically evaluate research and make an informed decision as to applying the research findings to your daily life.
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What theories relies on the understanding of unconscious drives and motive to answer the "why" of human development
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psychoanalytic
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what most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality?
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Id, ego, superego
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Freud arrived at his developmental theories through his work with that group?
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adults who were suffering from serious mental disorders.
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Erikson's is a psychosocial theory because it involves what type of interaction
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Between internal drives and cultural demands
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Elsa was frequently neglected as a child. As an infant, she would be left in wet diapers, and was not fed on a regular schedule. What crises was not properly resolved?
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Trust vs. Mistrust
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According to Erikson what is the central issue of adolescence?
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To examine one's identity and possible roles, or risk confusion about the future
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What best defines generativity?
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A sense of wanting to give back to society and future generations.
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Self absorbed, non generative adult who is not concerned with establishing and guiding a new generation will be at risk for what?
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Stagnation.
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What is considered to be the major weakness of psychoanalytic theories?
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It has been very difficult to test their key concepts.
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Watson believed that children could be trained to do anything through
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manipulation of the enviornment
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Classical conditioning plays an important role in what?
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The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment
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Miguel is expected to clean his room and empty all trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is grounded. What has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores
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Punishment
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What results in behaviors which are difficult to extinguish?
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Partial reinforcement schedules
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According to Bandura, what term best describes the expectancies we acquire?
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Self-efficacy
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What would not be considered a strength of social-learning theory?
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It provides a broad, easily applied theory of human development
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What is concerned with the developmental aspects of thinking, memory, and logic
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Cognitive
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According to Piaget's theory ,what best applies to the process of assimilation
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Using an existing scheme to make sense of an event or experience.
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What best description of the process of accommodation?
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Changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences
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What best defines the term conservation according to Piaget?
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The child learns that when an object changes shape, its quantity remains the same.
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What theorist is known for the development of sociocultural theory?
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Lev Vygotsky
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Developmentalists who study children's cognitive development from a piagetian perspective and from an information-processing perspective would agree upon all the following observations about about children's cognitive development EXCEPT
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cognitive development occurs as a result of diversified experiences in an enriched environment.
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In terms of usefulness and reliability, what is true of Vygotsky's socioculatural theory?
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there is insufficient evidence at present to either support or contradict most of his theories.
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The idea that certain human behaviors have developed and persisted in order to ensure survival of the species is drawn from what?
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Ethology.
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What do psychoanalytic and most Learning theories have in common
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They both believe that we are passive recipients of environmental influences
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An important trend in the study of human development involves incorporating may theoretical perspectives in order to better explain development. What describes this approach?
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Eclecticism
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The nucleus of the typical human cell contains how many chromosomes?
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23 Pairs
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what cells are gametes?
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Ova and sperm
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What is true about identical twin studies?
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The study of monozygotic twins is important because it helps us, to some extent, identify genetic versus environmental causes of behavior
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What is true of a trait controlled by a dominant gene?
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The trait will be expressed even if the instructions of the corresponding gene in the other half of the pairs are different.
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What is true of a trait that is passed through mitochondrial inheritance?
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It is passed from a mother to the children
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Recent research has found that diseases that appear as we age may be a result of what?
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Genomic imprinting
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What is caused by a gene on the X chromosome?
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Color Blindness
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What percent of congenital disorders are a result of harmful genes or faulty chromosomes
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30%
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What genetic disorder usually does not express symptoms until adulthood?
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Huntington's disease
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Reese is taller that average and has larger than usual teeth. Some people used to think that people like Reese would be aggressive and not very bright. What was Reese most likely born
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An extra Y chromosome
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What is a trisomy?
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Three copies of a specific autosome.
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Which of the following is the most common sex-chromosome anomaly?
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PKU
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What condition can cause a baby to grow too rapidly and result in premature labor or an infant that is too large for a vaginal birth?
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Gestational Diabetes
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The human brain develops before the reproductive system. This fact is part of what?
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The cephalocaudal growth pattern
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What stage begins when implantation is complete and continues through organogenesis
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Embryonic Stage
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Organogenesis is
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a process by which the basic structures of the embryo's organs, organ systems, and body parts are completed.
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what serve to hold neurons together?
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Myelin Sheath
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What does current research say bout smoking during pregnancy?
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Pregnant women should quit smoking because infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy weigh an average of one half pound less at birth.
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what are the characteristics of a child born with fetal alcohol syndrome
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Child may be MR, smaller than other infants of comparable maturity and may continue to be smaller than its age peers throughout life, distinctive facial features characterized by a flattened nose.
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What organisms cannot be passed to the fetus during vaginal birth?
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Rubella
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Gina appeared to be a healthy pregnant woman but her baby with born with central nervous system damage, and later was determined that the child was completely deaf and has mental retardation. What would be the most likely cause?
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cytomegalovirus
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What is associated with maternal malnutrition
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Development of mental illness in adulthood brain stunting in which both the weight and volume of brain are reduced increased risk of delivering a low birth weight infant.
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When researchers have examined the relationship between maternal emotions and prenatal development the most consistent finding has been that
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fetuses of severely distressed mothers tend to grow more slowly.
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What is not a commonly used prenatal diagnostic procedure
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electroencephalography
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How are newborn infants affected by medications given to the mother during the birthing processes
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Infants whose mothers receive analgesics or other anesthetics during labor are usually more sluggish, spend more time sleeping, and gain a little less weight during the first weeks after birth.
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What is the name of the process of creating new synapses which happens very quickly in the first couple of years after birth?
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Synaptogenesis
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What is a primary function of brain development in the first year of life?
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Formation of synapses
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Each burst of synaptogenesis is followed by which of the following processes
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Prunning
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Your brain has the ability to change in response to experience. This ability is known as
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placticity
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according to many neurophysiologists, which of the following will result in the pruning of redundant neural pathways and the selective retention of the most efficient pathways in an infants brain.
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experiences
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What effect does watching television have on the developing brain
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toddlers might improve their vocabulary and social skills by watching high quality television programs.
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What is another name for the startle reflex
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moro
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A baby will splay out its toes then curl them under in response to stroking the bottom of the foot? Which reflex is this?
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Babinski
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What describes the basic cry of an infant who is hungry?
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a cry that begins with a whimper and becomes an alternating pattern of crying, silence, and breathing.
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An infant begins whimpering and moaning then begins to cry very loudly and intensely. What is the infant most likely expressing?
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anger
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what is a false statement regarding motor skill development?
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children with mental retardation will go through a different sequence of motor sill development than normal children
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What best defines the bility of children to engage in long periods of activity without rest?
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stamina
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With regard to breast feeding, what describe an incorrect statement
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Breast feeding facilitates the development of superior social interaction between mother and child.
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Your text mentions a coexiting condition that causes chronic diarrhea in many infants who suffer from maramus. What is this coexisting condition?
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Parasitic infection.
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The disease kwashiokor is caused by what?
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insufficient dietary protein
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between 1992 and 1999 what happened to the rate of infant vaccinations in the US?
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They increased dramatically
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Immunizations are most effective if begun at what time in the child's life?
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The first month
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What is not associated with SIDS
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Greater than average birth weight
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what is the simplest precaution that a parent can take to reduce the risk of SIDS
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position the infant of his/her back to sleep
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Your daughter is 20 months old. What statement is most likely true regarding her auditory acuity and skills?
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her auditory acuity and ability to distinguish location of sound is nearly as good as that of an adult
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an infant has lost interest in a familiar stimulus. After stimulus has been removed fora time the infant shows renewed interest. This defines what
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Dishabituation
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What involves processing information based on body motion or the motion of an object in relation to the body?
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Kinetic cues
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The "visual cliff" is used to measure what?
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depth perception
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What is an accurate description of an infant's perpetual abilities?
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when newborns gaze, they can see the edges of objects
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What is most likely responsible for infant's preference for their mother's voice?
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in-utero learning.
