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epiphyses

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growth center where cartilage hardens to bone

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Cerebellum

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aids in balance and control of movement

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reticular formation

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maintains alertness and consciousness

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Hippocampus

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memory and spatial perception for movement

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corpus callosum

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connects the two cerebral hemispheres

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Synaptic pruning

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Neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their connective fibers, and the number of synapses gradually declines.

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Growth hormone (GH)

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necessary for the development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals.

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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prompts the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, necessary for normal brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size.

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make-believe play

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review development and examples on page 226-227

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dual representation

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viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.

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Limitations in preoperational thinking

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egocentrism Lack of conservation lack of hierarchical classification

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What does Vygotsky's sociocultural theory stress?

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stresses the social context of cognitive development, in which rapid growth of language broadens preschoolers' participation in dialogues with more knowledgeable individuals within their culture.

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What did Vygotsky believe?

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language is the foundation for all higher cognitive processes, and that children speak to themselves for self-guidance.

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What happens in Vygotsky's view

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as children get older and tasks become easier, their self-directed speech is internalized as silent, inner speech.

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Where does Vygotsky believe that childrens learning takes place?

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the zone of proximal development

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the zone of proximal development

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range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of adults or more skilled peers.

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What must an adult do to make learning effective?

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engage in scaffolding, adjusting the support offered to fit the child's current level of performance.

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What did Vygotsky see as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development?

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make-believe play

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memory—memory for everyday experiences

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The capacity to bind together stimuli supports an increasingly rich episodic memory

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scripts

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general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation.

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Theory of mind

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a coherent set of ideas about mental activity. We use this to interpret our own and others' behavior

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metacognition

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"thinking about thought."

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emergent literacy

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Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

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Phonological awareness

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the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language—is a strong predictor of emergent literacy knowledge.

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principle of cardinality

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the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set. age 3 1/2 - 4

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child-centered programs

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teachers provide a wide variety of activities from which children select, and much learning occurs through play.

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academic programs

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teachers structure children's learning of specific academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill.

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Fast-mapping

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connecting new words with concepts after a brief encounter

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Pragmatics

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the practical, social side of language—how children learn to engage in effective and appropriate communication

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X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's

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skeletal age

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_____________ may profoundly affect handedness.

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Prenatal events

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Fibers linking the __________ to the __________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination

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cerebellum; cerebral cortex

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release __________, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone (GH) to have its full impact on body size.

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thyroxine

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As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy,

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balance improves greatly

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By age 2 or 3, most children can

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use a spoon effectively

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Researchers today believe that make-believe play

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not only reflects but also contributes to children's cognitive and social skills

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In Michaela's preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and Legos. This is an example of

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gender typing

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An important motivator of prosocial behavior is

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empathy

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According to Erikson, one of the major functions of play is to allow children to

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try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.

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Preschoolers' self concepts

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consist largely of observable traits

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Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.

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relational

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Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges

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allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence

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According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is

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initiative v. guilt

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Inactivity is __________ excessive weight gain in children

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both a cause and consequence of

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Throughout elementary and secondary school, __________ predicts academic success.

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self-regulation

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Middle-ear infections become __________ frequent in middle childhood because the Eustachian tube becomes __________

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less; longer, narrower, and more slanted

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Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in

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working memory capacity

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Kim Lee is able to mentally represent her neighborhood and describe it to others. Kim Lee's representation is known as __________.

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cognitive map

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Research on nutrition indicates that

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malnutrition that persists from infancy or early childhood into the school years usually leads to permanent physical and mental damage.

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As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, __________ continues to predict reading and spelling progress

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phonological awareness

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Jacob, a sixth grader, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows

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industriousness.

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___________ parenting is correlated with unrealistically high self-esteem.

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indulgent

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Fernando's parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he is distressed. Fernando is probably

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prosocial

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Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to children with siblings.

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are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation

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Fuctional Play (0-2 yr)

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simple, repetative motor movements, with or without objects

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Constructive Play (3-6yr)

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Creating or constructing something

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make-believe play (2-6 yr)

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Acting out everyday and imaginative roles

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nonsocial activity

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unoccupied, onlooker behavior solitary play

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parallel play

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plays near other children with similar materials does not try to influence them

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associative play

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engages in seperate activities exchanges toys and comments

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cooperative play

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orients with peers toward a common play goal

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psychoanalytic

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Freud: superego and guilt New evidence: induction, empathy based guilt

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social learning

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modeling moral behavior punishment

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cognitive development

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children as active thinkers about social rules

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Proactive (or instrumental) aggression

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occurs when children want an object, privilege, space, or social reward and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal.

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Reactive (or hostile) aggression

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a response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person

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Physical aggression

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involves physical injury or destruction of another's property.

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Verbal aggression

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involves threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing.

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Relational aggression

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damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation

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social learning

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gender-typed behavior leads to gender identity

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cognitive development

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self-perceptions (gender constancy) precede gender typed behavior

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gender schema

answer

combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features

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Authoritative

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self-control, moral maturity, high self-esteem

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Authoritarian

answer

anxiety, unhappiness, low self-esteem, anger, defiance

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Permissive

answer

impulsivity, poor school achievement

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Uninvolved

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depression, anger, poor school achievement

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The most common vision problem in middle childhood

answer

is myopia, or nearsightedness; heredity and experience play a role in its development.

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What are the major characteristics of concrete operational thought?

answer

Conservation Classification Seriation Spatial reasoning

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Seriation

answer

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension ex. length, weight (6-7 years old ). The concrete operational child can seriate mentally, called transitive inference (around 7 years old)

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Spatial reasoning

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cognitive maps or mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces

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decentration

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Focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them

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Reversibility

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Thinking through a series of steps and then mentally reversing direction

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whole-language approach

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children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language.

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phonics approach

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children should first be coached on phonics—the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds

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self efficacy

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a feeling of being in control of their emotional experience

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The more parents ____________, the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.

answer

label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers

question

Which of the following statements is supported by research on recess?

answer

Elementary school students are more attentive in the classroom after recess than before it.

Developmental Learning Theories Ch. 7-10 – Flashcards

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