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The average North American newborn

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weighs approx 7 1/2 lbs

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Compared to the first year, growth during the second year

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proceeds at a slower rate

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The major motor skill most likely to be mastered by an infant before the age of 6 mos is

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sitting with head steady

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Norms suggest that the earliest walkers in the world are infants from

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Uganda

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Head-sparing is the phenomenon in which

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the brain continues to grow even though the body stops growing as a result of malnutrition

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Dreaming is characteristic of

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REM sleep

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For a pediatrician, the most important factor in assessing a child's healthy growth is

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the percentile rank of a child's height of weight

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Brain functions that depend on babies having things to see and hear and people to feed and carry them are called

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experience-expectant

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Compared with formula-fed infants, breast fed infants tend to have

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fewer allergies and digestive upsets

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Maramus and kwashiorkor are caused by

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protein-calorie deficiency

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The infant's first "motor skills" are

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reflexes

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Which of the following is said to have had the greatest impact on human mortality reduction and population growth

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childhood immunizatino

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Which of the following is true of motor skill development in healthy infants

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it follows the same basic sequence the world over; occurs at different rate from individual to individual; it follows norms that vary from one ethnic group to another

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All the nerve cells a human brain will ever need are present

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at birth

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Chronically malnourished children suffer in which of the following ways

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They have no body reserves to protect them, their brains may not develop normally, they may die from marsmus

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Dendrite is to axon as neural ____ is to neural _____

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input; output

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A reflex is best defined as an

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involuntary response to a given stimulus

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A norm is

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a standard, or average, that is derived for a specific group or population

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Most babies can reach for, grasp, and hold onto an object by about the _____ month

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sixth

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Regarding the brain's cortex, which of the following is not true

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only primates have a cortex

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During the first weeks of life, babies seem to focus reasonably well on

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objects at a distance of 4-30 inches

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Which sleep stage increases markedly at about 3 or 4 months

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slow-wave

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An advantage of breast milk over forumla is that it

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is always sterile and at body temperature

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Synapses are

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intersections between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons

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Transient exuberance and pruning demonstrate that

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the specifics of brain structure and growth depend partly on the infant's experience

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Climbing is to using a crayon as ______ is to _______

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gross motor skill; fine motor skill

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Some infant reflexes are critical for survival. Hiccups and sneezes help the infant maintain the ____ and leg tucking maintains ______

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oxygen supply; a constant body temp

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Compared with the brains of laboratory rats that were raised in barren cages, those of rats raised in stimulating, toy-filled cages

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were better developed and had more dendritic branching

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In determining a healthy child's growth, a pediatrician focuses on

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the child's past growth, the growth of the child's brothers and sisters, the stature of other children

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Infant sensory and perceptual abilities appear to be especially organized for

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comfort and social interaction

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Newborns have 2 identifiable emotions

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pleasure and pain

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Parenting that focuses more on children's intellectual development than on their physical development is called

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distal parenting

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An infant's fear of being left by the mother or other care giver, called ____, is most obvious at about _____

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separation anxiety; 9-14 mos

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Social referencing refers to

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the infant response of looking to trusted adults for emotional cues in uncertain situations

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A key difference between temperament and personality is that

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personality includes traits that are primarily learned

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The concept of a working model is most consistent with

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cognitive therapy

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Freud's oral stage corresponds to Erikson's crisis of

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trust vs mistrust

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Erikson believed that the development of a sense of trust in early infancy depends on

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consistency, continuity, and sameness of experience

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Keisha is concerned that her 15-month old daughter, who no longer seems to enjoy face to face play, is showing signs of insecure attachment. You tell her

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not to worry; face to face play almost disappears toward the end of the first year

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"Easy", "slow to warm up" and "difficult" are descriptions of different

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types of temperament

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The more physical play of fathers has been described as

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proximal parenting

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Synchromy is a term that describes

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the carefully coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant

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The emotional tie that develops between an infant and his or per primary caregiver is called

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attachment

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Research studies using the still-face technique have demonstrated that

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a parent's responsiveness to an infant aids development

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Interest in people, as evidenced by the social smile, appears for the first time when an infant is _____ wks old

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6

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Infant-caregiver interactions that are marked by inconsistency are usually classified as

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disorganized

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Freud's anal stage corresponds to Erikson's crisis of

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autonomy vs shame and doubt

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Not until the sense of self begins to emerge do babies realize that they are seeing their own faces in the mirror. This realization usually occurs

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between 15 and 24 mos

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When there is goodness of fit, the parents of a slow-to-warm-up boy will

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give him extra time to adjust to new situations

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Emotions such as shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride emerge at the same time that

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self-awareness begins to emerge

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Research by the NYLS on temperamental characteristics indicates that

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temperament is probably innate

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In the second 6 mos, stranger wariness is a

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normal emotional response

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The caregivigin environment can affect a child's temperament through

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the child's temperamental pattern and the demands of the home environment

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While observing mothers playing with their infants in a playroom, you notice one mother who often teases her son, ignores him when he falls down, and tells him to "hush" when he cries. Mothers who display these behaviors usually have infants who exhibit which type of attachment

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disorganized

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The later consequences of secure attachment and insecure attachment for children are

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balanced by the child's current rearing circumstances

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The attachment pattern marked by anxiety and uncertainty is

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insecure-resistant/ambivalent

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Compared with mothers, father are more likely to

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engage in noisier, more boisterous play

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Like Freud, Erikson believed that

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problems arising in early infancy last a lifetime

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Which of the following is an example of social learning

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Zach develops a hot temper after seeing his father regularly display anger and, in turn, receive respect from others

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Which of the following is not true regarding synchrony

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Synchrony appears to be uninfluenced by cultural differences

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In general terms, the Gibsons' concept of affordances emphasizes the idea that the individual perceives an object in terms of its

answer

function or use to the individual

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According to Piaget, when a baby repeats an action that has just triggered a pleasing response from his or her caregiver, a stage ___ behavior has occurred

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3

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Sensorimotor intelligence begins with a baby's first

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reflex actions

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Piaget and the Gibsons would most likely agree that

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learning and perception are active cognitive processes

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By the end of the first year, infants usually learn how to

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accomplish simply goals

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When an infant begins to understand that objects exist even when they are out of sight, she or he has begun to understand the concept of object

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permanence

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Today, most cognitive psychologists view language acquisition as

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determined by both biological maturation and learning

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Despite cultural differences, children all over the world attain very similar language skills

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in the same sequence according to a variable timetable

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The average baby speaks a few words at about

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12 months

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A single word used by toddlers to express a complete thought is

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a holophrase

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A distinctive form of language, with a particular pitch, structure, etc that adults use in talking to infants is called

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the LAD

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Habituation studies reveal that most infants detect the difference between a pah sound and a bah sound at

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1 month

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The imaging technique in which the brain's magnetic properties indicate activation in various parts of the brain is called an

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MRI

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A toddler who taps on the computer's keyboard after observing her mother sending email the day before is demonstrating

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deferred imitation

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In Piaget's theory of sensorimotor intelligence, reflexes that involve the infant's own body are examples of

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primary circular reactions

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Stage five (12-18 mos) of sensorimotor intelligence is best described as

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the period of the "little scientist"

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Which of the following is not evidence of dynamic perception during infancy

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Babies quickly grasp that even though objects look different when seen from different viewpoints, they are the same objects

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Research suggests that the concept of object permanence

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may occur earlier and more gradually than Piaget recognized

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Which of the following is an example of a secondary circular reaction

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realizing that rattles make noise, a 4 month old infant laughs with delight when his mother puts a rattle in his hand

question

18 mo old Colin puts a collar on his stuffed dog, then pretends to take it for a walk. Colin's behavior is an example of a

answer

tertiary circular reaction

question

According to Piaget, the use of deferred imitation is an example of stage ___ behavior

answer

6

question

For Noam Chomsky, the language acquisition device refers to

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the human disposition to acquire language

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The first stage of sensorimotor intelligence lasts until

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infants begin to adapt their reflexes to the environment

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Whether or not an infant perceives certain characeristics of objects, such as "suckability" or "graspability" seems to depend on

answer

his or her prior experiences; his or her needs; his or her sensory awareness

question

Piaget was incorrect in his belief that infants do not have

answer

object permanence

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The purposeful actions that begin to develop in sensorimotor stage four are called

answer

goal-directed behaviors

question

What is the correct sequence of stages of language development

answer

crying, cooing, babbling, first word

question

Compared with hearing babies, deaf babies

answer

begin to babble manually at about the same age as hearing babies begin to babble vocally

question

According to Skinner, children acquire language

answer

through reinforcement and other aspects of conditioning

question

A fundamental idea of the emergentist coalition model of language acquisition is that

answer

some aspects of language are best learned in one way at one age, others in another way at another age

Dev Psych Chpt 5, 6, 7 – First 2 years – Flashcards

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