question

Anthropology includes the study of all of the following except a. how humans vary biologically b. why contemporary people have different cultures c. when humans first appeared on earth d. how cultures change over time

answer

c. when humans first appeared on earth

question

Physical Anthropology

answer

study of humans from a biological perspective

question

Primatology

answer

study of nonhuman primates in their natural environments for the purpose of gaining insights into the human evolutionary process

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Race

answer

A subgroup of the human population whose members share a greater number of genes and physical traits with on another than they do with members of other subgroups

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Genetics

answer

study of inherited physical traits

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Population biology

answer

study of the interrelationships between population characteristics and environments

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Epidemiology

answer

study of the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease in populations

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Archeology

answer

subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through the excavation of material remains

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Artifacts

answer

A type of material remain (found by archeologists) that has been made or modified by humans, such as tools, arrowheads and so on

question

Features

answer

Archaeological remains that have been made or modified by people and cannot easily be carried away, such as house foundations, fireplaces, and postholes

question

Ecofacts

answer

Physical remains that were used by humans but not made or reworked by them such as seeds, and bones.

question

Cultural Resource Management

answer

A form of applied archeology that involves identifying, evaluation, and sometimes excavating sites before roads, damns and buildings are constructed

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Anthropological Linguists

answer

The scientific study of human communication within it's sociocultural context

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Historical Linguistics

answer

The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages emerge and change over time

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Glottochronology

answer

The historical linguistic technique of determining the approximate date that two languages diverged by analyzing the similarities and differences in their vocabularies

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Descriptive Linguistics

answer

The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages are structured

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Ethnolinguistics

answer

The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationship between language and culture

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Sociolinguistics

answer

The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how language is used in different social context

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Ethnography

answer

The anthropological description of a particular contemporary culture by means of direct fieldwork

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Ethnology

answer

The comparative study of cultural differences and similarities

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Cultural Anthropology

answer

The scientific study of cultural similarities and differences wherever and in whatever form they may be found

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Paleopathology

answer

The study of disease in prehistoric populations

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Holism

answer

A perspective in anthropology that attempts to study a culture by looking at all parts of the system and those parts are interrelated

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

The practice in viewing the customs of other societies in terms of one's own

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Cultural Relativism

answer

The idea that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part

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Emic

answer

A perspective in ethnography that uses the concept and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis

question

Etic

answer

A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories of the anthropologist's culture to describe another culture

question

Primatology is the study of a. the origin of life on earth. b. the culture of early humans. c. the first tools used by humans. d. the anatomy and social behavior of apes, monkeys, and prosimians. PG:

answer

d. the anatomy and social behavior of apes, monkeys and prosimians

question

A holistic approach to the study of humans means that anthropologists a. concentrate only on the social customs of the group under study b. study all varieties of people and all aspects of their existence c. limit themselves to the study of religious leaders d. only study literate societies

answer

b. study all varieties of people and all aspects of their existence

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Symbol

answer

Something, either verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else

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Civilization

answer

A term used by anthropologists to describe any society that has cities

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Culture Shock

answer

A psychological disorientation experienced when attempting to operated in a radically different cultural environment

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Subculture

answer

A subdivision of a national culture that shares some features with the larger society and also differs in some important respects

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Pluralistic Societies

answer

Societies composed of a number of different cultural or subcultural groups

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Enculturation

answer

The process by which human infants learn their culture

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Monochronic Culture

answer

A culture whose people view time in a linear fashion, place great importance on punctuality and keeping on schedule, and prefer to work on one task at a time

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Polochronic Culture

answer

A culture in which people typically perform a number of tasks at the same time and place a higher value on nurturing and maintaining social relationships than on punctuality of its own sake

question

The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed in the context of the society's culture is called a. culture relativism b. the etic approach c. ethnocentrism d. holism

answer

a. cultural relativism

question

A linguistic anthropologist studying the situational use of language is working in the field of a. ethnolinguistics. b. descriptive linguistics. c. historical linguistics. d. sociolinguistics.

answer

d. sociolinguistics

question

An anthropologist studying the relationship between language and culture is working in the field of a. ethnolinguistics b. dresctiptive linguists c. historical linguistics d. sociolinguistcs

answer

a. ethnolinguistics

question

Studying sound and grammatical systems in a specific language is the work of a/an a. ethnologist b. historical linguists c. sociologist d. descriptive linguists

answer

c. sociolinguist

question

Prehistoric archeologists work with which of the following? a. artifacts, ecofacts, and features b. artifacts, features, and grammar systems c. contemporary religious systems, artifacts, and ecofacts d. artifacts, grammar systems, and contemporary religious systems

answer

a. artifacts, ecofacts, and features

question

An example of an ethnography is a/an a. study of chimpanzee language b. excavation of an archeological site c. description of the residents of a retirement home in southern California

answer

b. excavation of an archeological site

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Ethnographic research usually involves a. many months of fieldwork b. talking to a number of people c. observing people's behavior d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

The discipline of anthropology looks at both the biological and sociocultural aspects of human behavior because of its a. relativistic nature b. holistic nature c. comparative nature d. simplistic nature

answer

b. holism nature

question

Because anthropology is holistic, research within the discipline involves a. only European populations. b.all human populations, both living and dead. c. only prehistoric populations which developed state societies. d. only prehistoric populations which did not develop state societies

answer

b. all human populations, both living and dead

question

Urban anthropology a. has focused research in suburbs b. ignored the existence of violent gangs and the marketing of drugs c. grew out of research which followed rural people into cities d. has been important since the earliest days of anthropology

answer

c. grew out of research which followed rural people into cities

question

Educational anthropology is a. concerned with anthropological theories but not with case studies in education and culture b. anthropology taught at the grade school level only> c. used only to study formal school systems d. the study of the process of learning in its proper cultural context

answer

d. the study of the process of learning in its proper cultural context

question

The author of your textbook argues that the best way to gain self-knowledge is to learn about one's culture. The best way to accomplish this is a. to do anthropological research in your own society b. through psychoanalysis c. to read as much as possible about your own culture d. to learn something about other cultures

answer

d. to learn something about other cultures

question

An important goal of this textbook is to a. teach about exotic cultures b. show how anthropology has relevance c. focus on the importance of basic research in ethnology d. demonstrate the superiority of basic research over applied research

answer

...

question

Which of the following is NOT a sub-branch of cultural anthropology? a. medical anthropology b. primatology c. economic anthropology d. educational anthropology

answer

b. primatology

question

Economic anthropology studies how goods and services are a. produced within the total cultural context of which they are a part b. distributed within the total cultural context of which they are a part c. consumed within the total cultural context of this they are a part d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Which of the disciplines that study humans is the broadest in scope? a. psychology b. anthropology c. political science d. economics

answer

b. anthropology

question

Which statement about psychological anthropology is false? a. It looks at how culture affects personality, cognition, and emotions b. Since 1990, it has focused on broad national character studies c. It is associated with such names as Margaret Mead and Franz Boas d. It examines the relationship between culture and the psychological makeup of individuals and groups

answer

b. Since 1990, it has focused on broad national character studies

question

Physical anthropologists are interested in a. how and why the physical traits of contemporary humans vary b. reconstructing the evolutionary record of all forms of life c. reconstructing the evolutionary record of all humans d. a and c only

answer

d. a and c only

question

Paleopathology a. is a primary focus of research in linguistic anthropology b. is the analysis of disease in ancient populations c. examines language from the time period before the invention of writing d. is the analysis of disease in contemporary populations

answer

b. is the analysis of disease in ancient populations

question

Ethnocentrism is the belief that a. one's culture is no better or no worse than any other b. other cultures are inferior to one's own c. other cultures are superior to one's own d. to understand another cultural feature, you must look at it from within its proper cultural context.

answer

c. other cultures are inferior to one's own

question

Historical archeology a. deals with that vast segment of the human record prior to writing b. analyzes the first stone tools used by humans c. contributes significantly to our understanding of colonial American cultures d. none of the above

answer

d. none of the above

question

Ecofacts are a. objects found in the natural environment that were used by people but not made or altered by them b. objects that have been made by people and are portable c. objects that have been made by people but are not portable d. objects found in the natural environment that were formed by natural occurrences such as exposure to great heat or cold

answer

a. objects found in the natural environment that were used by people but not made or altered by them

question

The study of anthropology develops all of the following skills except: a. developing cognitive complexity b. appreciating other perspectives c. responsible money management d. building emotional resilience

answer

c. responsible money management

question

Some of the topics discussed in a leading anthropological journal in the 1990s were a. the health of a medieval population in the Sudan b. the distribution of religious paraphernalia c. speech patterns among the Creek Indians d. all of the above

answer

c. speech patterns among the Creek Indians

question

Which of the following principles guide the discipline of anthropology? a. genocide b. cultural relativism c. holism e. b and d only

answer

e. b and d only

question

Physical anthropology's primary concern(s) and focus is/are a. paleoanthropology b. primatology c. contemporary human physical variation d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

The major subdivisions of anthropological linguistics are a. historical linguistics b. descriptive linguistics c. ethnolinguistics d. sociolinguistics e. all of the above

answer

e. all of the above

question

In the early 1990's, anthropologists concentrated on a. the industrial societies of the world b. non-Western, preliterate societies c. technologically simple societies d. b and c

answer

d. b and c

question

One of the techniques anthropological linguists use to study historical linguists is a. bilingualism b. paralanguage c. glottochronology d. none of the above

answer

c. glottochronology

question

The major purpose of cultural anthropology is to understand other cultures. This can be accomplished most effectively if we: a. have as much specific data as possible about other cultures in the world b. understand our own culture c. understand how people from other cultures view us d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Despite many differences in details, all cultures share a number of common cultural features including a. marriage systems b. a system of distribution c. a system of communication d. all of above

answer

d. all of the above

question

The process by which people acquire their culture is a. enculturation b. genetically based c. more rapid in industrialized societies than in less technologically developed ones d. slowest in industrialized societies and most rapid in less technologically developed ones.

answer

a. enculturation

question

The spread of a cultural element from one society to another is called a. innovation b. tabula rasa c. ethnocentrism d. cultural diffusion

answer

d. cultural diffusion

question

Cultural universals include a. division of labor b. marriage c. monogamy d. a and b only

answer

d. a and b only

question

The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed in the context of that society's culture is called a. ethnocentrism b. cultural relativism c. cultural constraint d. cultural diffusion

answer

b. cultural relativism

question

A society that has a relatively small population, has minimal technology, is usually preliterate, has little division of labor, and is not highly stratified

answer

small-scale society

question

Subcultures a. are subsets of the wider culture b. enjoy all the benefits of the mainstream culture c. retain a level of cultural uniqueness that sets them apart d. a and c

answer

d. a and c

question

Cultural anthropologists no longer use the term "primitive" because a. it erroneously implies that a culture is earlier in time b. it erroneously implies that a culture is inferior c. it is politically incorrect d. all of these

answer

d. all of these

question

A pluralistic society a. is composed of a number of subcultural groups b. has a great potential for misunderstandings or hostilities c. is found in the United States and the United Kingdom d. all of these

answer

d. all of these

question

Nineteenth century evolutionary theory was developed by a. Clifford Geertz b. Margaret Mead c. Ruth Benedict d. Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

answer

d. Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

question

In terms of private property rights to land, which statement is true? a. Food collectors seldom have the notion of personal land ownership b. Only elites in pastoral societies own pasture lands c. Only chiefs in horticultural societies own the land that is planted d. all of these

answer

a. Food collectors seldom have the notion of personal land ownership

question

Tylor's and Morgan's theories of evolution presented a a. theological interpretation of human differences. b. biological interpretation of human differences. c. cultural interpretation of human differences. d. all of the above

answer

c. cultural interpretation of human differences

question

The potlatch, as practiced by the Northwest Coast Indians, served to: a.confer status on generous givers b.distribute material goods to a wide range of people c. maintain regional stability d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Land is most likely owned by an extended kinship group among a. food collectors b. pastoralists c. horticulturalists d. intensive agriculturalist

answer

c. horticulturalists

question

The definition of property rights is reflected in the Swahili language which a. clearly distinguishes the ownership of land but not cattle b. clearly distinguishes the ownership of cattle but not land c. contains no word that would be comparable to the English word "own" d. has over twenty words that distinguish among different types of "ownership"

answer

c. contains no word that would be comparable to the English word "own"

question

Production

answer

obtaining goods from the natural environment and transforming them into usable objects

question

In most industrialized societies, the basic unit of production is the a. individual b. household c. village d. private company

answer

d. private company

question

Sex and age are the basis for the division of labor in a. only food collecting societies b. only pastoralist societies c. only food producing societies d. all societies

answer

d. all societies

question

The universal division of labor based on sex may occur because a. men always have greater strength than women b. men are always afraid of taking care of children, unlike women c. in terms of reproduction, men tend to be more expendable than women d. none of the above

answer

c. in terms of reproduction, men tend to more expendable than women

question

Reciprocity refers to an exchange of goods and/or services of a. unequal value that occurs at the same moment in time. b. exactly the same value that occurs over a short period of time. c. relatively equal value between two parties without the use of money. d. unequal value between elites and commoners in a state society.

answer

c. relatively equal value between two parties without the use of money

question

Reciprocity refers to an exchange of goods and/or services of a. unequal value that occurs at the same moment in time. b. exactly the same value that occurs over a short period of time. c. relatively equal value between two parties without the use of money. d. unequal value between elites and commoners in a state society.

answer

b. balanced recriprocity

question

Redistribution, as a principle of exchange, includes a. big men and feast givers b. bridewealth c. potlatch d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Market exchange systems require a. heavy face-to-face contact. b. a nonstandardized currency. c. a complex division of labor. d. only a small amount of surplus production.

answer

c. a complex division of labor

question

A potlatch host a. is very humble before his guests. b. boasts about how much he will give his guests. c. recognizes his poverty in comparison to the wealth of his guests. d. a and c

answer

b. boasts about how much he will give his guests

question

Research on chimpanzee communication shows that they a. can communicate subtle shades of meaning. b. use a closed communication system. c. can combine one or more sounds to create a large number of meanings. d. can express opinions about abstract ideas.

answer

b. use a closed communication system

question

Phonology

answer

study of the sound structure of a language

question

All the languages of the world have phonemes that number a. about forty-six b. about fifty-seven c. from about thirty to sixty-three d, from about fifteen to as many as one hundred

answer

d. from about fifteen to as many as one hundred

question

morphemes

answer

the smallest unit of speech that convey a meaning

question

How many morphemes does the word "hat" have a. contains one morpheme b. contains a bound morpheme c. does not contain a bound morpheme d. contains three morphemes

answer

c. does not contain a bound morpheme

question

An example of a free morpheme is a. ly b. co c. tar d. ist

answer

c. tar

question

An example of a bound morpheme is a. art b. sun c. paint d. ist

answer

d. ist

question

A highly complex set of rules that regulates the formation of morphemes into words and words into phrases and sentences is called a. grammar b. dialogue c. phonology d. syntax

answer

a. grammar

question

A lingua franca refers to a. the French language b. a common language c. a world-wide language understood by most people in the world d. a language with no form of nonverbal communication

answer

b. a common language

question

Which phrase best characterizes second language competence in the United States? a. basically monolingual b. fiercely bilingual c. accepting of all foreign languages d. striving toward multilingualism

answer

a. basically monolingual

question

Cultural emphasis refers to a. the major nonverbal forms of communication in a society. b. the favorite forms of argument in a society. c. the one language most members of society learn better than any other. d. the words in a language that are considered to be adaptively important in that culture.

answer

d. the words in a language that are considered to be adaptively important in that culture

question

Doublespeak

answer

designed to alter our perception of what is real

question

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that language a. influences perception. b. is genetically (biologically) based. c. is nothing more than a means of communication. d. helps people adjust to their environment

answer

a. influences perception

question

Language, according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a. is responsible for all peoples of the world to perceive the world in the same way. b. causes all humans to construct reality in similar ways. c. establishes in our minds categories that force us to distinguish those things we consider similar from those things we consider different. d. a and b only

answer

c. establishes in our minds categories that forces us to distinguish those things we consider similar from those things we consider different

question

Which statement about communication among nonhuman primates is true? a. Gorillas use calls and facial expressions to communicate. b. Nonhuman primate call systems are inflexible. c. Nonhuman primates use closed systems of communication. d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

A language that is "moribund" is one that a. no longer has any living speakers. b. has only a handful of people that speak the language. c. has no speakers that are bilingual. d. had lost its capacity to communicate nonverbally.

answer

b. has only a handful of people that speaks the language

question

True or False: An open system of communication is only capable of sending message which have been sent before.

answer

False

question

True or False: Syntax is the set of principles guiding how words are arranged into phrases and sentences.

answer

True

question

True or False: The English language has a total of forty phonemes.

answer

False

question

True or False: Small-scale societies with simple technologies have relatively simple languages.

answer

False

question

Language Family

answer

composed of all of the languages that derive from its common protolanguage

question

Displacement

answer

the capacity of human language to convey information about a thing or an event that is not present

question

Which anthropologist (and linguist) stated that no two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality? a. Edward Sapir b. Margaret Mead c. Franz Boas d. Benjamin Lee Whorf

answer

a. Edward Sapir

question

Diglossia

answer

a linguistic situation where two varieties of the same language are spoken by the same person at different times and under different social situations

question

Which of the following is a function of the family? a. provides for the material, educational, and emotional needs of children b. regulates the sexual division of labor c. regulates sexual mating and reproduction d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

The textbook defines marriage as a socially approved union between a man and a women that regulates a. the sexual and economic rights and obligations between them b. primarily the rearing of children c. primarily sexual rights and obligations d. primarily their economic rights and obligations

answer

a. the sexual and economic rights and obligations between them

question

According to an official statement of the American Anthropological Association, a. same sex marriages are threatening to viable social order b. same sex marriages are immoral and should be avoided at all costs c. families built on same sex marriages can contribute to stable and humane societies d. a and b only

answer

c. families built on same sex marriages can contribute to stable and humane societies

question

The Nayar of southern India a. have no marital institutions at all. b. live together as husband and wife only for the first several years of marriage. c. have no children unless they marry a member of another group. d. neither cohabit nor economically cooperate as married couples. ANS: D

answer

d. neither cohabit nor economically cooperate as married couples.

question

The prohibition against sexual relations with certain categories of kin is called a. monogamy b. cross-cousin marriage c. the incest taboo d. endogamy

answer

c. the incest taboo

question

A nuclear family includes all of the following EXCEPT a. mother b. uncle c. father d. sister

answer

b. uncle

question

the incest taboo

answer

prohibits sexual relationship with certain categories of kin

question

Polyandry is a. a man having more than one wife at a time b. a women having more than one husband at a time c. a practice that keeps family land intact when there is a land shortage d. b and c only

answer

d. b and c only

question

According to the family disruption theory, mating within the nuclear family would a. disrupt the family's function as a unit of economic cooperation b. disrupt the family's function as a unit of socialization c. create role ambiguity d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Marrying outside a group is a. polygamy b. monogamy c. exogamy d. endogamy

answer

c. exogamy

question

Castes in India provide a good example of a. caste endogamy b. caste exogamy c. free selection of spouse d. none of the above

answer

a. caste endogamy

question

Which statement about bridewealth is FALSE? a. it tends to destabilize marriage b. it symbolizes the union of two kin groups c. It represents compensation to the wife's family d. it legalizes marriages and legitimizes children

answer

a. it tends to destabilize marriage

question

Cross cousins are defined as the children of a. your second cousins b. your mother's brother or father's sister c. your father's brother or mother's sister d. your parents' cousins

answer

b. your mother's brother or father's sister

question

The levirate is a marriage custom in which a. a widow marries the brother or another close relative of her dead husband. b. a widower marries the sister or another close relative of his dead wife. c. a person marries a cross-cousin. d. a person marries a parallel cousin

answer

a. a widow marries the brother or another close relative of her dead husband

question

Cultural change is caused a. more by diffusion than invention b. more by invention than by diffusion c. by mechanical solidarity d. by organic solidarity

answer

a. more by diffusion than by invention

question

True or False: Innovators are often marginal people living on the fringes of society.

answer

True

question

True or False: Innovates are usually people from dysfunctional families.

answer

False

question

_____ percent of all items within a culture originated there. a. seventy-five b. forty-three c. thirty d. ten

answer

d. ten

question

Human culture has developed rapidly, precisely because a. of the large number of inventions made by each society b. the process of diffusion has enabled humans to pool their creative resources. c. the process of invention has enabled humans to pool their creative resources. d. a and c

answer

b. the process of diffusion has enabled humans to pool their creative resources

question

The choice to adopt or ignore a cultural item from another culture is affected by whether or not I a. is seen to be superior to what already exists. b. is consistent with existing cultural patterns. c. is easily understood d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Significant cultural differences exist in the world today because a. not every cultural item is exchanged when two cultures come into contact. b. there are a large number of inventions in each culture. c. there are more inventions in each culture than there is diffusion across cultures. d. b and c

answer

a. not every cultural item is exchanged when two cultures come into contact

question

The contact of two cultures results in a. changes only in the weaker culture. b. a two-way process through which each culture is influenced by the other. c. the dominance of European cultures because their natural superiority. d. the eventual disappearance of the weaker culture.

answer

b. a two-way process through which each culture is influenced by the other

question

The part(s) of culture most likely to be diffused is/are a. religious beliefs b. ideas c. items of material culture d. behavior patters

answer

c. items of material culture

question

Both diffusion and acculturation always involve a. a single trait b. a dominant and a subordinate culture. c. culture change as the result of contact with another group. d. the extinction of one of the cultures that come into contact.

answer

c. culture change as the result of contact with another group.

question

Acculturation

answer

diffusion that takes place as a result of sustained contact between two societies, one dominant and one subordinate

question

The introduction of the TV set in the United States had far-reaching consequences for a. the family system b. the political process c. the religious institution d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

______ always opposes the process of cultural change. a. The desire for prestige b. The desire for economic gain c. The desire for increased efficiency d. The conservative force for promoting the status quo.

answer

d. The conservative force for promoting the status quo.

question

Invention

answer

A new combination of existing cultural features

question

Marginal People

answer

Non-mainstream people who live at the fringes of their own culture.

question

Diffusion

answer

The spreading of a cultural trait from one society to another.

question

Linked Changes

answer

Changes in one part of a culture brought about by changes in other parts of the culture.

question

Cultural Boundary Maintenance

answer

The practice of cultural groups keeping themselves separate from other cultural groups.

question

Urban Agglomerations

answer

The population contained within a contiguous territory inhabited at urban density levels without regard to administrative boundaries.

question

Circulation of Labor

answer

As compared to the unidirectional flow of people from rural to urban areas, the circulation of labor involves the continuous movement of people from rural to urban and back again.

question

Occupational Duality

answer

A practice found in many traditionally agricultural societies in which an individual spends part of the year working on the farm and another part of the year working as a wage earner, most likely in an urban area.

question

Neocolonialism

answer

The process of developed nations continuing to exert economic, political, and military influence over less developed countries, even though the official period of colonization ended in the 1960's.

question

Multiculturalism

answer

A public policy philosophy that recognizes the legitimacy and equality of all cultures represented in a society

question

Egalitarian Societies

answer

Societies that recognize few differences in status, wealth, or power.

question

Soft Money

answer

A form of political contributions not covered by federal regulation, which works to the advantage of wealthy candidates and their benefactors

question

Caste

answer

A rigid form of social stratification in which membership is determined by birth and social mobility is nonexistent

question

Social Mobility

answer

The ability of people to change their social position within the society

question

Class

answer

A ranked group within a stratified society characterized by achieved status and considerable social mobility

question

Primogeniture

answer

The exclusive right of the eldest child to inherit his father's estate

question

Gender Ideology

answer

A system of thoughts and values that legitimizes sex roles, statuses, and customary behavior.

question

Universal Male Dominance

answer

The notion that men are dominant over women in all societies

question

Patrilocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband's father.

question

Matrilocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the wife.

question

Avunculocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother.

question

Ambilocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple may choose to live with either the relatives of the wife or the relatives of the husband

question

Neolocal Residence

answer

A residence pattern in which the married couple has its own place of residence apart from the relatives of either spouse.

question

Matriachary

answer

The rule or domination of woman over men

question

Exogramy

answer

rule requiring marriage outside of one's own social or kinship group

question

Endogamy

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a rule requiring marriage within a specified social or kinship group

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The Quebec language law is an example of a. modernization b. maintenance of culture boundaries c. integration of ethnic groups d. acculturation

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b. maintenance of cultural boundaries

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Strict rules about eating a. always disrupt social ties and groups solidarity b. help to maintain social ties and groups solidarity c. require people to eat alone and never in groups. d. a and c only

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b. help to maintain social ties and group solidarity

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The average income of North American is _____ times that of the average Ethiopian. a. 10 b. 35 c. 178 d. 450

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c. 178

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Nomadism

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Movement pattern of pastoralist involving the periodic movement of human populations in search of food or pasture for livestock.

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Pastoralism

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A food-getting strategy based on animal husbandry- found in regions of the world that are generally unsuited for agriculture.

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Big Men/Women

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Self-made leaders, found wifely in Melanesia and New Guinea, who gain prominence by convincing their followers to contribute excess food to provide lavish feasts for the followers of other big men or big women.

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Achieved Status

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The status an individual acquires during the course of her or his time

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Affinal Relatives

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Kinship ties formed through marriage (that is, in-laws)

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Agriculture

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A form of food production that requires intensive working of the land with plows and draft animals and the use of techniques of soil and water controls

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Ambilineal descent

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A form of descent in which a person chooses to affiliate with a kin group through either the male or female line

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American historicism

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Headed by Franz Boas, a school of anthropology prominent in the first part of the twentieth century that insisted on the collection of ethnographic data (through direct fieldwork) prior to making cross-cultural generalizations

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Ancestor worship

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The worship of deceased relatives; these souls are considered supernatural beings and fully functioning members of a descent group

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Animatism

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The belief in a generalized, impersonal power of which people have some measure of control

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Animism

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The belief that people have souls or spirits in addition to physical, visible bodies

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Applied Anthropology

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The application of anthropological knowledge, theory, and methods to the solution of specific societal problems

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Assimilation

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The process of absorbing a racial or ethnic group into a wider society

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Barbarism~

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The middle of three basic stages of a nineteenth-century theory developed by Lewis Henry Morgan holding that all cultures evolve from simple to complex systems: savagery, barbarism, and civilization

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Bridewealth

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The transfer of foods from the groom's linage to the bride's linage to legitimize marriage

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Bicultural Perspective

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The capacity to think and perceive in the categories of one's own culture as well as in the categories' of another

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Bourgeoisie

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Karl Marx's term for those who own the means of production

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Bound Morpheme

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A morpheme that can convey meaning only when combined with another morpheme

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Clans

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Unilineal descent groups, usually comprising more than ten generations, consisting of members who claim a common ancestry even though they cannot trace step by step their exact connection to a common ancestor

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Cognatic Descent

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A form of descent through both females and males

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Communal Cults

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Societies in which groups of ordinary people conduct religious ceremonies for the well-being of the total community

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Covens

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Local groups of witches that are presided over by high priestesses

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Cross Cousins

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Children of one's mother's brother or father's sister

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Ecology

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An approach to the study of anthropology that assumes that people who reside in similar environments are likely to develop similar technologies, social structures, and political institutions

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Materialism

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A contemporary orientation in anthropology holding that cultural systems are most influenced by such material things as natural resources and technology

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Relativism

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The idea that cultural traits are best viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part

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Universals

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Those general cultural traits found in all societies of the world

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Dalit

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The politically correct term for those formerly called Untouchables in India

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Dialects

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Regional or class variation of a language that are sufficiently similar to be mutually intelligible

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Dowry

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The transfer of goods or money from the bride's family to the groom or groom's family in order to legalize or legitimize a marriage

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Diachronic Analysis

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The analysis of sociocultural data through time, rather than a single point in time

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Dowry Death

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The killing of a wife by her in-laws if the wife's parents fail to pay additional dowry

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Ecclesiastical Cults

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Highly complex religious systems employing full-time priest

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Economic Anthropology

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A branch of the discipline of anthropology that looks at systems of production, distribution, and consumption, wherever they may be found, but most often in the non-industrialized world

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Emic Approach

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A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis

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Epidemiology

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The study of the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease in populations

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Etic Approach

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A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories of the anthropologist's culture to describe another culture

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Free morpheme

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A morpheme that can convey meaning while standing alone without being attached to other morphemes

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French structuralism

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A theoretical orientation holding that cultures are the product of unconscious processes of the human mind

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Mana

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An impersonal supernatural force, inhabiting certain people or things, that is believed to confer power, strength and success.

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Kula Ring

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A form of reciprocal trading found in all societies that are based on blood or marriage

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Potlatch

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A form of competitive give-away found among Native Americans from the Northwest Coast that serves as a mechanism for both achieving social status and distributing goods.

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Phonemes

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The smallest unit of sound in a language that distinguish meaning

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Purdah

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Rules involving domestic seclusion and veiling for women in small towns in Irag, Iran, and Syria

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Rites of Passage

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Ceremonies that celebrate the transition of a person from one social status to another

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Rites of Solidarity

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Ceremonies performed for the sake of enhancing social integration among groups of people

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Role Ambiguity

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Confusion about how one is expected to behave

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Sanctions

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Any means used to enforce compliance with the rules and norms of society

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Sanskritization

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A form of upward social mobility found in contemporary India whereby people born into lower castes can achieve higher status by taking on some of the behaviors and practices of the highest (Brahmin) caste

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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The notion that a person's language shapes her or his perceptions and view of the world

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Savagery

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The first of three basic stages of cultural evolution in the theory of Lewis Henry Morgan; based on hunting and gathering

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Shaman

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A part-time religious specialist who is thought to have supernatural powers by virtue or birth, training, or inspiration

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Shamanistic Cults

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Forms in religion in which part-time religious specialist called shamans intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients

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Syntax

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The linguistic rules, found in all languages, that determine how phrases and sentences are constructed

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Structural Functionalism

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A school of cultural anthropology, associated most closely with Radcliffe-Brown, that examines how parts of a culture function for the well-being of a society

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Supernatural Belief Systems

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A set of beliefs in forces that transcend the natural, observable world

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Sororate

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The practice of a woman marrying the husband of her deceased sister

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Varnas

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Caste groups in Hindu India that are associated with certain occupations

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World Systems Theory

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An attempt to explain levels of economic development in terms of the exploration of the world, rather than in terms of innate socioeconomic characteristics of each.

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Nineteenth century evolutionary theory was developed by a. Clifford Goetz b. Margaret Mead c. Ruth Benedict d. Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

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d. Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan

question

In nineteenth century evolutionary theory, the stages of ______ were proposed. a. savagery, barbarism, and civilization b. primitive, transitional, and modern c. small-scale, traditional, and complex e. none of the above

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a. savagery, barbarism, and civilization

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Tylor's and Morgan's theories of evolution presented a a. theological interpretation of human differences b. biological interpretation of human differences c. cultural interpretation of human differences d. all of the above

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c. cultural interpretation of human differences

question

The school of Diffusionism could not explain a. why some traits diffused when others did not b. what conditions bring about diffusion of a cultural item c. what determines the rate of cultural diffusion d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

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Diffusionism and Evolutionism had in common... a. the idea of deductive approach b. the idea of a single center for the invention of culture c. the idea of a straight line of cultural evolution that was universal d. the same explanation for cultural diversity

answer

a. the idea of a deductive approach

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American historicism was developed by a. Melville J. Herskovits b. Claude Levi-Strass c. Ruth Behar d. Franz Boas

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d. Franz Boas

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Functional unity means a. that every component of a culture has a function b. that social structure is universal c. that individual needs are universal d. that culture is an integrated whole

answer

d. that culture is an integrated whole

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Leslie White and Julian Steward developed the theory a. ethnoscience b. psychological anthropology c. neoevolutionism d. diffusionism

answer

c. neoevolutionism

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Psychological anthropology was developed a. by psychologists rather than anthropologists. b. by anthropologists interested in the relationship between personality and employment. c. by students of Boas interested in the question of the relationship of personality and culture. d. by individuals with no interest in the impact of child-rearing on human societies.

answer

c. by students of Boas interested in the question of the relationship of personality and culture.

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French structuralism concentrates on a. human adaptation to the environment b. level of technological achievement c. the identification of mental structures that undergird social behavior d. the political and economic structures of societies

answer

c. the identification of mental structures that undergird social behavior

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Lévi-Strauss' approach emphasizes the importance of a. certain codes, programmed into the human mind, which make it impossible for humans to learn more than one culture. b. certain codes, programmed into the human mind, which are responsible for shaping cultures. c. cultural traits which universally have the same function. d. all of the above

answer

b. certain codes, programmed into the human mind, which are responsible for shaping cultures.

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Postmodern anthropology a. is similar to the Cultural Materialist School b. is wedded to the etic point of view c. should be written from several perspectives, that of the anthropologist and that of the local people d. aims at the construction of laws and generalizations

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c. should be written from several perspectives, that of the anthropologist and that of the local people

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Most anthropologists today a. utilize evolutionary theory b. utilize neoevolutionary theory c. do not tie themselves to a single theoretical orientation d. utilize ethnoscience theory

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c. do not lie themselves to a single theoretical orientation

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Postmodernists emphasize a. solitary research by one ethnographer. b. the rejection of generalizing and developing predictable theories. c. their close relation to biology. d. the etic approach

answer

b. the rejection of generalizing and developing predictable theories.

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Cultural materialism a. is wedded to the emic approach. b. emphasizes the etic approach. c. avoids participant-observation. d. was created by Ruth Benedict.

answer

b. emphasizes the etic approach

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Cultural materialism a. holds that material conditions determine human thoughts and behavior. b. assumes the viewpoint of the native informant. c. de-emphasizes the role of ideas and values in determining the conditions of social life. d. a and c

answer

d. a and c

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One of the primary advocates for the theory of French structuralism is a. Franz Boas b. Ruth Benedict c. Claude Levi-Strauss d. Marvin Harris

answer

c. Claude Levi-Strauss

question

Which statement best describes Feminist Anthropology?: a. It takes an objective/scientific approach to the study of society b. Gender should not be considered as a major variable influencing cultural behavior. c. It strongly embraces a value-free orientation. d. It calls for the long-overdue correction to male bias in traditional ethnographies.

answer

d. It calls for the long-overdue correction to male bias in traditional ethnographies.

question

An example of a bound morpheme is a. art b. sun c. paint d. ist

answer

d. ist

question

An example of a free morpheme is a. ly b. co c. tar d. ist

answer

c. tar

question

Opponents to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue that a. language simply reflects, rather than determines, culture. b. culture reflects language. c. culture determines language. d. language and culture are independent of each other.

answer

a. language simply reflects, rather than determines, culture.

question

Sociolinguistics concentrates on variations in language that a. are likely to become extinct in the next fifty years. b. do not change over time. c. have a majority of bilingual speakers. d. depend upon the social situations or contexts in which the speaker operates

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d. depend upon the social situations or contexts in which the speaker operates

question

Sociolinguists a. study the structures (phonology and morphology) of a language. b. focus on how people actually speak in any given social situation. c. study language change over time. d. study language families.

answer

b. focus on how people actually speak in any given social situation.

question

The food-getting strategy use by humans for most of their existence is a. cattle herding b. intensive agriculture c. horticulture d. food collection

answer

d. food collection

question

The Ju/'hoansi of southern Africa a. are an example of malnourished gatherers and hunters. b. work many more hours a week at food procurement than farmers. c. have productive and reliable food-gathering techniques. d. have a very short life expectancy.

answer

c. have productive and reliable food-gathering techniques.

question

Food production became important for humans approximately a. 1.2 million years ago b. 450,000 years ago c. 10,000 years ago d. 4,200 years ago

answer

c. 10,000 years ago

question

Plant and animal domestication first developed in which part of the world? a. the Fertile Crescent b. China c.sub-Saharan Africa d. Mexico

answer

a. the Fertile Crescent

question

The Neolithic Revolution a. caused all societies which existed at that time to become shifting cultivators. b. freed people from ties to the land. c. gave humans a measure of control over their food supply. d. caused food collecting societies to disappear.

answer

c. gave humans a measure of control over their food supply.

question

The Neolithic Revolution stimulated a. a growth in population size. b. a greater division of labor. c. more permanent settlements. d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Horticulture refers to the type of farming that a. relies on irrigation systems and fertilizers. b. uses only human energy and yields are high. c. uses human and animal energy and yields are high. d. uses land which is permanently settled

answer

b. uses only human energy and yields are high.

question

Nomadic pastoralism a. prevents people from raising as much livestock as they could if they did not migrate. b. involves raising of camels and cattle only. c. has no permanent villages. d. never includes cultivation of any type of grain.

answer

c. has no permanent villages.

question

Intensive agriculture a. has access to a much smaller supply of available energy than that of other food-procurement strategies. b. has access to more efficient intensive cultivation than horticulture. c. usually fails to produce surplus food. d. almost always lacks an adequate supply of labor.

answer

b. has access to more efficient intensive cultivation than horticulture

question

The Inuit food procurement strategy is based on a. pastoralism (reindeer herding). b. horticulture. c. large scale cooperative hunting. d. large winter hunting groups and smaller hunting and fishing groups in the summer.

answer

d. large winter hunting groups and smaller hunting and fishing groups in the summer.

question

Industrialized agriculture a. ensures the production of cheap food. b. has eliminated hunger in modern societies. c. has caused considerable environmental destruction. d. led to the almost universal improvement of water supplies.

answer

c. has caused considerable environmental destruction.

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