question

Psychology

answer

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

question

Mental Processes

answer

ABC's: Affect (emotion) Behavior and Cognitions processes

question

Behavior

answer

Can be overt and covert. Study people and animals

question

Pseudopsychology

answer

Astrology, palm reading etc. Not scientific, bad.

question

4 Goals of psychology

answer

1. Describe 2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Change

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Biopsychosocial Model

answer

Combination of the Psychoanalytic, bahavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biological, and evolutionary perspectives of psychology

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Types of research methods

answer

Basic (knowledge for the sake of knowledge) and Applied (conducted to solve practical problems)

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What makes scientific observation different

answer

Objective and Systematic observations, repeatable evidence

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Hypothesis

answer

Proposed explanation for a situation

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Unbiased sample

answer

Subjects representative of a population

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Biased sample

answer

Subjects not representative of a population

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Convenience sample

answer

Type of biased sample, subjects selected because they are convenient and not random

question

3 types of descriptive research

answer

Naturalistic observation (Observe secretly) Survey (widespread but can give false data because of liars) and Case study (in depth study of a single subject)

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Positive correlation

answer

Two variables either increase or decrease together (same direction)

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Negative correlation

answer

Two variables move in opposite directions (increase/decrease)

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Variables

answer

Can be independent or dependent

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Independent variable

answer

Cause in cause and effect, the manipulated factor or treatment

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Dependent variable

answer

Effect in cause and effect, measured factor caused by IV.

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Extraneous variable

answer

Unwanted IV that influences DV (confounding)

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Experimental group

answer

Receives independent variable

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Control group

answer

treated exactly the same as experimental group but does not receive independent variable

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Random selection

answer

equal chance for all subjects to get into the study

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Random assignment

answer

Equal chance for all subjects to be in experimental group

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Biological factors in psychology

answer

Closely related to all psychological behavior, influenced by environment, can be changed (although difficult)

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Body's communication system

answer

1. Neurons (nervous system) 2. Hormones (endocrine system)

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3 facts of neurons

answer

1. No neurons are alike 2. Most have 3 parts (Dendrites take in signal, Soma processes, Axon carries Away) 3. Close in contact with other neurons

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Neural communication

answer

1. Within (occurs through Action Potential) 2. Between (occurs through neurotransmitters)

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Action potential

answer

Electrical charge carried across the neuron

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Neurotransmitters

answer

Chemicals produced by neurons from blood materials, carry messages between neurons

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Hormones

answer

Chemicals that produce bodily change. Released into blood to carry messages to any receptive cell

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Glands

answer

Release hormones

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2 types of nervous system cells

answer

Neurons and glial cells (surround and support neurons)

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Central nervous system (CNS)

answer

Spinal cord and brain

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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All nerves/neurons connecting the CNS to the rest of the body. Divides into SNS and ANS

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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

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Controls sensory information and skeletal muscle movement. Voluntary.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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Involuntary responses such as heartbeat, stress response. Divides into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

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Sympathetic Nervous System

answer

Fight or flight response, shuts down all body functions not necessary for immediate survival such as digestion

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

answer

Calm state, conserves energy while at rest and regulates digestion

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3 Main functions of the nervous system

answer

Input, processing, and output,

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Reflexes

answer

Elicited from an external cue with no brain messages

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Cerebral cortex

answer

primary sensory centers, motor control, higher mental processes

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3 Key structures of the hindbrain

answer

1. Medulla (life survival functions like breathing and heartbeat) 2. Pons (Respiration, movement, waking, sleeping, dreaming) 3. Cerebellum (Coordination of fine motor skills, balance, and some aspects of cognition)

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Brain stem

answer

Joins brain to spinal cord, helps regulate reflexes

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Thalamus

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Role in learning and memory, damage can result in memory issues

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Hypothalamus

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Regulates hunger thirst sex etc., internal body temp, biological clock, maintains most bodily functions

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Corpus callosum

answer

Connecting bridge between left and right hemispheres

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Left hemisphere

answer

Right side of the body, language (speaking, reading, writing) and logic

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Right hemisphere

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left side of the body, creative things like music, pattern recognition, intuition, and other non verbal abilities

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Frontal Lobes

answer

Motor cortex (Voluntary movements) Broca's area (Speech muscles) Association cortex (thinking, motivation, planning, impulse control, and emotional responses)

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Parietal lobes

answer

Touch Stimuli (Pressure, pain, temp) Spatial orientation, sense of direction, memory of how objects feel

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Occipital lobes

answer

Visual information

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Temporal Lobes

answer

Reception/interpretation of auditory stimuli

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Wernecke's Area

answer

Left side of the brain in the temporal lobe, comprehending and formulating coherent language

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Developmental Psychology

answer

Study of age related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death

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Nature vs. Nurture

answer

Both genes and environment have a strong effect on how a person develops

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Continuity vs. Stages

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Height/weight (continuous) vs Cognitive/moral development (stages)

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Stability vs. Change

answer

Personality remains constant vs. is always changing

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Cross-sectional research

answer

Taking data from multiple age groups all at once, easier to get data

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Longitudinal research

answer

Same participants studied at various ages, takes a long time but more reliable

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Culture's ethnotheories

answer

Ideas, beliefs, and expectations of certain cultures. Culture is largely invisible to participants until exposed to other cultures

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Identical twins

answer

Same DNA, egg splits in two after fertilization

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Fraternal Twins

answer

2 eggs fertilized by different sperms

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Germinal Period

answer

Egg (zygote) fertilized in Fallopian tubes, attaches to uterine wall (if it attaches to Fallopian tubes ectopic pregnancy)

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Embryonic Period

answer

By 8th week major organs have developed

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Fetal Period

answer

Fetus matures until ready for birth

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Teratogens

answer

Environmental agents that can cause damage or eliminate development. Most damage in first 3 months. Can come from drugs, disease, x rays, stress, and damaged sperm

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Physical development - early childhood

answer

1. Brain (25% at birth, 75% at 2 years, 90% at 5 years and 100% at 25 years) 2. Motor development (voluntary movements within one year, rest is up to maturation) 3. Sensory development (Highest touch, then smell/taste, hearing decent, vision not good)

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Puberty

answer

Sex organs mature, sexual reproduction becomes possible. Biological signal of the end of childhood

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Timing of puberty

answer

Boys: early = good (self image, school achievement) but more problem behaviors. Girls: early = mixed results (poor body image, conflicts with parents). Both cases fade over time

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Adolescence

answer

Psychological period between childhood and adulthood in the U.S. Not present across cultures

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Schema

answer

Basic unit of intellect, framework that organizes interactions with environment

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Assimilation

answer

Absorbing new information into existing schema

question

Accommodation

answer

Developing new schema to fit new information

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Sensorimotor Stage

answer

birth to 2 years, cognitive development via sensory experiences and motor skills. Stage ends with development of object permanence (Objects or people still exist even when not sensed)

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Preoperational

answer

2 to 7 years, use mental symbols (words/images) to represent objects and people, rapid development of language, thinking is egocentric (everyone feels as child feels) and animistic (all things are alive like teddy bears)

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Concrete Operational

answer

7 to 11 years, logical reasoning but not abstract, internal transformation/manipulation to solve problems, but only of tangible "concrete" objects

question

Formal Operational

answer

11 years and up. Logical thinking, abstract reasoning, conceptualization without using concrete objects. If/then statements, hypothetical thinking and concept testing, some adults never reach this level of thinking

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Attachment

answer

Emotional bond with parent/caregiver

question

Securely attached

answer

Sensitive, responsive parents, trust

question

Avoidant - insecure

answer

Distant parents mentally/physically

question

Anxious/ambivilant/insecure

answer

Caring and indifferent, inconsistent

question

Disorganized/disoriented

answer

Abusive or neglectful parents

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Temperament

answer

Inborn disposition toward approaching people/situations, tends to be stable over lifespan. 40% of children easy, 10% difficult, 15% slow to warm up

question

Baumrind's Parenting Styles

answer

Permissive Indifferent (low control/low warmth) Permissive indulgent (low control/high warmth) Authoritarian (disciplinarian - high control/ low warmth) Authoritative (participative - high control/high warmth)

question

Erikson's 8 psychological stages

answer

1. trust/distrust (needs met vs. needs unmet) 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt (child needs independence. If encouraged = autonomy, if not = shame and doubt) 3. initiative vs. guilt (child seeks initiative. Encouraged = ambition/independence, not encouraged = guilt over self-initiated activities) 4. Industry vs. inferiority (Child allowed to work hard and develop sense of pride/accomplishment. Not encouraged = sense of inferiority) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion ("Who am I?" if conflict not resolved, experience role confusion, possible identity crisis) 6. Intimacy vs. isolation (Create bonds with other people, without bonds face isolation/loneliness) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Giving back to the world for next generation vs. stagnating at concern only with self/material things) 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (old people either resolve conflicts and look back on life with satisfaction and accomplishment or regret their life choices (despair).)

question

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

answer

Analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence.

question

OCEAN

answer

5 traits used to describe personality. Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

question

Conscious

answer

thoughts/feelings/emotions we are aware of

question

Preconscious

answer

thoughts/memories that can easily be brought to the mind

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Unconscious

answer

thoughts/memories/emotions blocked from normal awareness

question

Id

answer

pleasure principle, impulsive, immature, irrational, unconscious

question

Ego

answer

Reality principle, rational part of conscious (reasoning, problem solving)

question

Superego

answer

Morality principle, Conscience, set of standards for behavior

question

Rationalization

answer

Substitute socially acceptable reasons for unacceptable ones

question

Projection

answer

transfer unacceptable thoughts to other people as having those thoughts (my friend has a crush on you)

question

Denial

answer

Protecting oneself from unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it

question

Displacement

answer

Redirecting impulses toward less threatening person or object (punching a pillow)

question

Unconditional Positive regard

answer

Positive behavior towards a person not based on their actions

question

Conditional positive regard

answer

Positive regard relies on the other person behaving a certain way

question

Locus of control

answer

Internal (you control your life) vs. external (your environment controls your life)

question

Sensation

answer

Detection of stimulus. Receive info, convert to neural impulses, transmit to brain

question

Perception

answer

Interpreting stimuli. Select what stimuli to pay attention to, organize it, interpret it

question

Subliminal stimuli

answer

Below level of consciousness but still perceived, can influence behavior

question

Absolute threshold

answer

smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected (50% of the time?)

question

Difference Threshold

answer

Minimal Difference needed to detect stimulus change

question

Sensory adaptation

answer

decreased sensory response due to continuous stimuli

question

Novel Stimuli

answer

Most interesting, tend to capture our attention

question

Vision

answer

Most prominent sense, rods are for low light, cones are for color, fovea is the area of sharpest vision

question

Myopia

answer

Nearsightedness

question

Hyperopia

answer

Farsightedness

question

Light adaptation

answer

Going from dark to light, faster

question

Dark adaptation

answer

going from light to dark, slower

question

Audition

answer

Hearing. 1 decibel = lowest you can hear, 60 decibels = regular conversation, 90+ decibels = potential hearing damage

question

Olfaction

answer

Sense of smell. Olfactory epithelium high in septum, 1000+ receptors

question

Gustation

answer

Tasting. Sour sweet, salty, bitter, umami. Spicy a sensation not a taste. least critical sense, taste weakens with age, food preferences learned

question

Skin senses

answer

heaviest organ, touch, pressure, pain, temperature

question

Vestibular senses

answer

Balance

question

Kinesthetic senses

answer

Body posture and sense of body in relation to the ground

question

Gestalt principles

answer

Figure ground (tend to pull figure forward in an image ) Similarity and proximity (will group together things that are visually close together) Closure (tendency to complete a figure)

question

Perceptual set

answer

Readiness to perceive something in a particular manner based on expectations

question

Frame of reference

answer

context will influence how we perceive things

question

Memories

answer

1. Encoding (converted into a form storable in memory) 2. Storage (retain info in memory) 3. Retrieval (bringing stored info to mind)

question

Selective attention

answer

Ability to focus on a particular stimuli within all sensory input

question

Sensory memory

answer

Large capacity, exact representation, very short duration (4 seconds or less)

question

Short term memory

answer

Info held for 30 seconds or less while being used

question

Limited Capacity

answer

can remember 5-9 different items at a time

question

Chunking

answer

combining individual units of info into one unit. more info can be held this way

question

Maintenance rehearsal

answer

Reviewing information

question

Long term memory

answer

Info more or less permanently stored. Capacity is seemingly unlimited, duration is lifetime

question

Procedural memory

answer

Difficult to verbalize, mostly motor processes but can also include cognitive processes

question

Declarative memory

answer

Can be verbalized

question

Semantic memory

answer

Objective, general knowledge. "mental dictionary."

question

Episodic memory

answer

Personal events, highly visual, "mental diary"

question

Forgetting

answer

Failure to retrieve target information

question

Decay theory

answer

Gradual fading of memory traces as a function of time

question

Interference theory

answer

disruption of memory caused by interference of previously learned or newly learned material (After psych, you forgot what you learned in English the hour before)

question

Retrieval theory

answer

failure to access material stored in memory due to encoding failure or lack of retrieval cues

question

Motivated forgetting

answer

Repression of anxiety-provoking material

question

Retrieval cues

answer

Environmental stimuli associated with memory, used for remembering

question

Animal Behaviors

answer

Innate, not learned from practice. Humans do not have this, but do have reflexive behavior

question

Classical conditioning

answer

Reflexive, involuntary responses to stimuli other than original one

question

Operant conditioning

answer

Voluntary responses to stimuli through consequences

question

Cognitive learning

answer

Learning through thought processes underlying behaviors

question

Observational learning

answer

Learning by watching another person perform behaviors

question

Learning

answer

relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes from practice or experience. Learning does not equal performance of learned information

question

Conditioning

answer

Process of learning associations between environmental and internal stimuli (emotions can be internal stimuli)

question

Unconditioned Stimulus

answer

A stimulus that naturally evokes a response

question

Unconditioned response

answer

Response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

question

Neutral stimulus

answer

Stimulus that does not initially elicit the unconditioned response

question

Conditioned stimulus

answer

A stimulus that was once neutral, but through association with the US now elicits a response

question

conditioned response

answer

Response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus

question

Taste aversion

answer

Violent/unpleasant enough reaction to food that you do not need repeated pairings

question

Fetishes

answer

Develop from classical conditioning, associate things like boots with arousal

question

Delay conditioning

answer

NS comes first and remains until US begins (strongest type of classical conditioning)

question

Trace conditioning

answer

NS comes first but ends before US begins

question

Simultaneous conditioning

answer

NS and US occur together

question

Backward conditioning

answer

US comes before NS (weakest form of classical conditioning)

question

Generalization

answer

tendency to respond the same way to stimuli with similar characteristics

question

Discrimination

answer

Ability to differentiate between similar stimuli

question

Extinction

answer

Gradual weakening or suppression of previously conditioned response

question

Spontaneous recovery

answer

Reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned response

question

Forgetting (classical conditioning)

answer

Absence of behavior due to absence of CS and US

question

Thorndike's Law of Effect

answer

More likely to repeat responses that led to favorable outcomes even without knowing why

question

Skinner Box

answer

The best definition is one that produces the clearest results

question

Reinforcement

answer

Any action or event that increases the likelihood of a repeated response

question

Primary reinforcers

answer

Satisfy an unlearned biological need (food, touch)

question

Secondary reinforcers

answer

Learned value that has been associated with a stimulus (money, tokens)

question

Social Reinforcers

answer

Most used, blend of primary and secondary reinforcers (smiles, attention, praise)

question

Positive Reinforcement

answer

Presenting stimulus after response to increase likelihood of response (ice cream for good grades)

question

Negative reinforcement

answer

Removing stimulus after response to increase likelihood of response (removing chores for getting good grades)

question

Shaping

answer

Used in small steps to teach complicated responses (teaching a monkey to waterski)

question

Continuous schedule

answer

Reinforcing every time a behavior occurs

question

Fixed ratio

answer

Reinforcement occurs after fixed number of responses (every time you say no to dessert you get a dollar)

question

Variable ratio

answer

Reinforcement occurs unpredictably, ratio number based on an average (average every 3 days so you get reinforcement after 2 days then after 4 days, average is 3 days)

question

Fixed interval

answer

Reinforcement occurs after fixed amount of time (paycheck every two weeks)

question

Variable interval

answer

reinforcement occurs unpredictably, amount of time changes each occurrence, based on average amount of time

question

Positive punishment

answer

Presenting stimulus that decreases likelihood of response (Shouting, spanking)

question

Negative punishment

answer

Removing stimulus that decreases likelihood of response (taking away phone, freedom, allowance)

question

Cognitive Social Theory

answer

Thought processes/social learning of behavior

question

4 parts of observational learning

answer

1. attention 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. reinforcement

question

Abnormal behavior

answer

Usually at least 2 1. deviance - violation of social/cultural norms 2. Dysfunction - of daily life functions 3. Distress - behavior bothers the person 4. Danger - to self or others (uncommon) 5. Statistical Infrequency - brushing teeth 20 times a day, showering once a week)

question

Insanity

answer

Legal term that absolves someone of responsibility for their crime

question

Cultural general

answer

Found across cultures

question

Culture bound

answer

Behavior only abnormal in some cultures

question

Generalized Anxiety disorder

answer

Object fear of the unknown, lasts 6+ months

question

Panic disorder

answer

Frequent, disruptive panic attacks for no reason

question

Panic attack

answer

Sudden, intense panic with physical fight or flight symptoms

question

Agoraphobia

answer

Anxiety with specific fear of public places

question

Phobia

answer

Irrational, persistent fear of a specific object

question

Social phobia

answer

Fear of negative evaluation in social situations

question

OCD

answer

Recurring thoughts (obsessions) that create anxiety and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that reduce that anxiety

question

Hoarding disorder

answer

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions that accumulate and clutter living areas, causes significant distress

question

PTSD

answer

Result of major stressor (war, rape, accident). sleep distubances, anxiety, concentration problems, flashbacks. lasts more than one month after occurence

question

Autism spectrum disorder

answer

Impairment in social communication and social interactions. Odd mannerisms, atypical facial expressions, lack of interest

question

ADD/ADHD

answer

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, different from boredom, treated with medication

question

Mood disorders

answer

severe disturbances in emotion

question

Major depression

answer

most common mood disorder, severe depression, sudden with no apparent external cause, interferes with ability to function

question

Bipolar disorder

answer

Severe mood swings between major depressive state and manic episodes

question

Schizophrenia

answer

Perceptions (hallucinations enhanced/dulled), delusions, exaggerated/flat emotions, long lasting with genetic influence

question

Substance related disorders

answer

Use of/dependence on mood/behavior altering drug. Substance abuse interferes with social/occupational functioning while substance dependence reactions such as tolerance/withdrawals

question

Comorbidity

answer

Suffering from more than one type of psychological disorder (depression and substance abuse)

question

Antisocial Personality disorder

answer

Profound disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Not upset or anxious about behavior, no personal distress. Key traits are egocentrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, superficial charm

question

Types of therapy

answer

Individual, group, and family

question

Online therapy

answer

Mild to moderate problems, do not need to leave house and 24/7 coverage.

question

3 major approaches to therapy

answer

Insight (personal understanding) Behavior (treating maladaptive behaviors) Biomedical (mental illness and medical treatments such as drugs, shock therapy, and surgery)

question

Major techniques of psychoanalysis

answer

1. free association (state what comes to mind) 2. dream analysis (interprets dreams/dream symbols) 3. analyzing resistance (unwilling to reveal certain memories (painful or embarrassing) but need to do so) 4. Analyzing transference (shift feelings to therapist)

question

Cognitive therapy

answer

Changing faulty thought processes, destructive thoughts into positive ones (cognitive restructuring)

question

Rational Emotional Behavior Therapy (REBT)

answer

replacing irrational beliefs with rational ones, ABCD (Activating event, irrational Belief, emotional Consequences, Disputing irrational beliefs)

question

Roger's client centered therapy

answer

therapist provides warm, accepting atmosphere and allows client to explore issues freely. communication techniques include 1. empathy 2. Unconditional Positive Regard 3. Genuineness 4. Active listening

question

Biomedical therapy

answer

1. Psychopharmacology (drugs) common 2. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT shock therapy) uncommon 3. Psychosurgery (cutting into brain) very uncommon

question

Attribution

answer

Cause of behavior or event Internal cause (dispositional) cause is from personal characteristics External cause (situational) cause is from external factors like situation or environment

question

Actor Observer Bias

answer

Attribute our actions to external factors while attributing others' actions to internal factors

question

Fundamental Attribution error

answer

Attribute other people's behavior to internal factors (2nd half of actor observer bias)

question

Self serving bias

answer

Internalize our successes and externalize our failures

question

Attitude

answer

Learned predisposition toward particular subject. can be changed by persuasion (reasons, emotion, force) or cognitive dissonance (competing attitude and behavior or two competing attitudes)

question

Prejudice

answer

learned feelings towards a certain group that are negative

question

Stereotype

answer

Set of beliefs about characteristics of group that are generalized to all group members

question

Discrimination (behavior)

answer

negative behaviors directed at members of a group

question

Sources of prejudice and discrimination

answer

Learned responses (classical conditioning) and mental shortcuts (in group favoritism, out group homogeneity, economic/political competition, displaced aggression)

question

3 factors of interpersonal attraction

answer

1. Physical attractiveness 2. Proximity 3. Similary

question

Matching hypothesis

answer

people of equal attractiveness tend to select each other as partners

question

Similarity

answer

Need complimentarity (people with qualities we admire but personally lack) and compatibility (sharing similar needs)

question

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

answer

Intimacy (feelings of emotional closeness) Passion (physical arousal of love) and commitment (decisions about a relationship)

question

Conformity

answer

change in behavior to match other peoples because of real or imagined group pressures

question

Compliance

answer

Change in behavior to fulfill a request

question

Obedience

answer

Change in behavior to follow direct commands from an authority figure

question

4 factors affecting obedience

answer

1. Legitimacy/closeness of authority figure 2. remoteness of victim 3. assignment of responsibility 4. Modelling/imitation

question

Aggression

answer

Any behavior intended to harm someone by commission or omission. not dependent on success. affected by genes, brain, nervous system, and hormones (can also be elicited by pain)

question

Controlling aggression

answer

best way is to introduce incompatible factors such as humor or laughter

question

Altruism

answer

Actions or behaviors designed to help or benefit others with no obvious benefit to the helper

question

Egoistic model

answer

Helping motivated by anticipated self gain (women tend to do it for reciprocation or alleviation of guilt, men often do it to advance their careers)

question

Empathy-altruism model

answer

Helping motivated by empathy (not sympathy) for others situation

question

Stress

answer

A nonspecific response (you're probably feeling it right now) of the body to a demand made on it.

question

Distress

answer

Negative, undesirable events that require a physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral response from the person

question

Eustress

answer

Pleasant events that require a physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral response from the person

question

Chronic stressors

answer

Ongoing, long lasting, unpleasant events (work is #1 for most people)

question

Life changes

answer

Life events that require some adjustment in behavior or lifestyle

question

Hassles

answer

Small, everyday problems that accumulate to become sources of distress

question

Frustration

answer

Unpleasant tension resulting from a blocked goal

question

Conflict

answer

Forced choice between two or more incompatible things

question

Approach-approach

answer

Forced choice between 2 or more desirable alternatives (easiest to decide)

question

Avoidance-avoidance

answer

Forced choice between 2 or more undesirable alternatives (hardest to decide)

question

Approach-avoidance

answer

Forced choice between 2 or more alternatives both having desirable and undesirable results

question

Alarm

answer

Activation of sympathetic nervous system to increase alertness in order to deal with a stressor

question

Resistence

answer

Physiological arousal declines slightly but is still higher than normal

question

Exhaustion

answer

Energy is depleted, susceptibility to illness increases, can be life-threatening (heart attack/stroke)

question

Coping with stress

answer

1. Emotion focused (changing one's perception of stressful situations) 2. Problem focused (using problem solving strategies to decrease or eliminate the source of stress

CSULB Psychology 100 Cumulative Final Quon – Flashcards

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