CST 110 – Flashcard
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Process by which individuals use symbols and behaviors to exchange information
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Communication
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A _______ perspective on communication examines how communication behaviors work (or don't work) to accomplish out goals in personal, group, organizational, or public situations.
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Functional
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The best definition of interdependence from the list below is
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What we do affects others and what others do affects us
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While on a first date, you notice your date leaning toward you, meeting your gaze, smiling when you make eye contact, and laughing at your jokes—you infer from your date's behavior that s/he likes you. This scenario best represents the use of communication to express
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Affiliation
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The ability of one person, group, or organization to influence others, and the manner in which their relationships are conducted is called
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Control
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The word "dog" is a ____________, which arbitrarily refers to the canine companion that sleeps at the foot of your bed.
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Symbol
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After looking in your book bag and realizing you forgot to grab a pen, you lean over to one of your classmates and you say, "Do you have a pen I can barrow for class today?" You have just engaged in what mental process as you constructed your message?
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Encoding
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The process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning is referred to as
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Decoding
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The shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people is their
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Culture
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The Amish, African Americans, Catholics and Goths are all groups we might refer to as members of a/an
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Co-Cultures
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That communication involves two or more people acting in both sender and receiver roles, and that their messages are dependent on and influenced by those of their partner, means that communication is
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Transactional
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___________ refers to the study of morals, specifically the moral choices individuals make in their relationships with others
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Ethics
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In which model of communication do we see a sender who originates a message, and sends it through a channel to a receiver, without any kind of feedback taken into consideration?
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Linear Model
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In the interaction model of communication, we refer to the receiver's response as
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Feedback
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__________ are the thoughts a communicator has about himself or herself and others.
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Cognitions
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We sometimes express emotions to help fulfill our practical needs. True or False?
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True
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While communication is helpful, we do not need to be able to communicate to get the things we want and need in life. True or False?
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False
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Humans are able to communicate without the use of symbols. True or False?
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False
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The meanings of symbols are arbitrary and are negotiated between people. True or False?
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True
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An individual's ethics re-influenced by his or her personal morals and values as well as by broader cultural notions of what is right or wrong morally. True or False?
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True
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Communication processing can be defined as
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The means by which you gather, organize, and evaluate the information you perceive
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People sometimes feel uncertain in new situations where they do not know what to expect. This uncertainty develops because the person does not have a(n) __________ to guide his or her perception of the new event.
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Schema
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Reduced cognitive activity, inaccurate recall, and uncritical evaluation are all signs that a state of _________ is challenging one's perception.
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Mindlessness
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Edgar, who is a communication major, finds himself frustrated by the number of times his professors say "umm," mispronounce words and use awkward gestures—so much so that he often misses the point of their lectures. Edgar's perceptions are best attributed to __________.
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Selected Perception
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Brianna is planning a vacation, and even though she really wants to go someplace quiet and relaxing, she has settled on a trip to Miami because her older sister told her she should go someplace with a great night life. In this scenario, Brianna's sister has an ___________ on Brianna's perception.
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Undue Influence
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Which theory helps explain how people change their attributions of someone's physical appearance as they communicate with them more?
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Interaction Appearance Theory
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When Joe shows up late to meet his friends for dinner, he explains that he is late because he was held up in traffic. His friend Maggie reminds him, though, that they all drove in the same traffic, but that everyone else left early to accommodate the rush hour. The differences in their perception is best associated with _________________.
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Fundamental Attribution Error or Self-Serving Bias
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What three recommendations have been made for improving perceptions?
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Verify, Be thoughtful when seeking explanations, and Look beyond first impressions
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Failing to consider other cultural perspectives because of a belief that one's own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people is associated with what term?
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Cultural Myopia
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Fitting our perceptions of individuals into our existing schemas without adjusting the schema adequately is referred to as ___________________.
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Stereotyping
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The worst insult an elf can receive
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Cotton-Headed Ninnymuggins
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"Politicians life," and "young people are lazy" are both examples of _____________.
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Prejudices
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Our tendency to internalize our admiration for film and TV stars, models, famous athletes, and political figures by comparing what we like about them to our own self-conception is addressed by which theory?
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Social Comparison Theory
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Because she believes she is not good at public speaking, Deanna puts off choosing and researching her topic, and doesn't have adequate time to prepare and practice for her presentation. Ultimately, she earns a failing grade on her speech, and walks away with her perception confirmed: she is just not a good speaker. Unfortunately, Deanna's ________ set her up for failure.
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Self-Esteem
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When you feel as though you have negotiated a communication situation as well as you possibly could do, you experience _______________.
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Self-Actualization
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The act of voluntarily revealing information that is not easily known about ourselves, to others, is called __________________.
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Self-Disclosure
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"Men don't like to show their emotions" is an example of a stereotype. True or False?
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False
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Social Comparison Theory helps to explain how media images may contribute to body image problems and eating disorders. True or False?
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True
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Self-esteem refers only to the positive feelings one has about oneself. True or False?
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False
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A self-fulfilling prophecy can set us up for success in a particular situation. True or False
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False
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The ability to use technology and mediated communication to manage one's identity is a new phenomenon that communication researchers have only begun to research. True or False?
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True
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"A learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people, including shared beliefs, values, and practices" represents which term from chapter three?
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Culture
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___________ is the communication people from different cultures who have different worldviews.
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Intercultural Communication
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Bill grew up in a small rural town where most of his classmates came from ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic backgrounds similar to him. However, since he has gone away to college, he has noticed that he is surrounded by people from many different backgrounds. We would describe Bill's college environment as more _____________ than the town where he grew up.
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Diverse
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People from which type of culture perceive themselves first and foremost as members of group?
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Collectivist Cultures
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______________ is the degree to which a culture adapts its behaviors in order to reduce ambiguity and risk.
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Uncertainty Avoidance
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Liz prefers working on her own rather than in groups, but will tolerate group work if each member's role or job is clearly defined, each person is responsible for his or her own work, and each person will be held accountable by their supervisor for the quality of the work they do in the group. Liz's perspective seems to reflect which cultural perspective?
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Individualist
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Jim's dad always tells him things like "The early bird gets the worm," and "We're burning daylight" in order to remind him that time is finite and that he should get up early in the morning if he wants to be successful in life. Jim's dad is instilling which time orientation?
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Monochronic
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The behavioral and cultural traits assigned to men and women, and the way a particular culture defines notions of masculinity and femininity, is referred to as ________________.
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Gender
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The theory that holds that we each have a sense of ourselves as a unique individual but also define ourselves based on our membership in groups is called ____________.
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Social Identity Theory
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Andrew met his roommate Danny when they both joined the Independent Filmmakers Club as freshmen, and they have a large group of mutual friends through that group. More recently, Danny has joined a fraternity and has been inviting Andrew to join him at the frat's parties and other events. Andrew has accepted a few invitations, but feel awkward at the fraternity events because he does not identify with the other people who attend. We would describe the filmmakers' club as Andrew's ______________ and the fraternity as a(n) ______________.
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Ingroups, Outgroups
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___________ is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others', and the tendency to view other cultures through the lens of one's own.
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Ethnocentricism
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Alan believes that school administrators are overly critical and controlling. Consequently, when the Dean of Students asks to meet with him to discuss what she can do to help him succeed in his classes, he assumes her goal is to coerce him into dropping out of his classes. We might describe Alan's perception as ________________________.
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Discrimination
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___________ theory suggests that if you interact with people from backgrounds different from your own you will come to understand others better.
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Intergroup Contact Theory
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Culture is synonymous with ethnicity or nationality. True or False?
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False
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Collectivist cultures tend to be governed by a clear sense of status and hierarchy, and tend to prize loyalty. True or False?
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True
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The United States and Canada would be classified as high uncertainty avoidance cultures. True or False?
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False
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An individual in a low power distance culture is less likely to feel anxiety when talking to someone of higher status than an individual from a high power distance culture would. True or False?
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True
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Gender and biological sex are basically the same thing. True or False?
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False
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People within a co-cultural group tend to have the same values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. True or False?
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True
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Stereotypical beliefs about and attitudes toward others may lead us to interact with them in such a way that we set them up to prove our perceptions true. True or False?
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True
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The consistently accepted definition of a word is referred to as its
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Denotative Meaning
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When Joe's roommate asks if Joe would bring his cat home after the winter holidays, Joe remembers how his aunt's house smelled like a soiled litter box and that there was cat hair all over the furniture. Joe feels a great sense of reluctance. His response is related to what kind of meaning for cat?
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Connotative
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Andy compliments his mother's new hairstyle just before he asks her if she can loan him some money for the weekend, hoping that this will put her in a good mood and improve his chances of getting the loan. His compliment is serving which functional communication competency?
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Communication Acquisition
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Using abstract words that have unclear or misleading definitions to get out of an uncomfortable situation is referred to as:
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Equivocation
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Technical language that is specific to members of a particular profession, interest group, or hobby is referred to as:
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Jargon
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The relationship between symbols, objects, people, and concepts and the meaning that words have for people, either because of their definitions or placement in a sentence, defines which of the following terms?
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Semantics
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When Ashley confides in her friend that she thinks her boyfriend might be cheating, her friend says, "Girl, he is a dog!" What language form did Ashley's friend use?
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Profanity
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What term refers to a form of accommodation in which a communicator changes his or her regular language and slang to fit into a particular group?
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Code Switching
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The theory that holds that speakers of different languages have different views of the world is:
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Linguistic Determinism
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_____ is a system of symbols, governed by grammatical rules that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings.
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Language
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Grammatical rules that dictate how words should be pronounced are referred to as:
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Phonological Rules
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Jane says her cousin is "big boned" instead of saying she's overweight, obese, or fat, because she understands those other terms might have insulting connotations. What type of language abstraction is Jane using?
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High Language
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There is a nonverbal component to every verbal message. True or False?
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True
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Every word has both denotative and connotative meaning. True or False?
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True
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When Sam's professor says he will have to give a presentation in class, Joe feels his heart start to race and his palms feel sweaty. Joe probably reacts this way because his denotative meaning for the word "presentation" is unpleasant. True or False?
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False
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Jargon is an informal form or language that is known to most people is a particular culture at a particular time. True or False?
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False
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On the abstraction ladder discussed in the text, the word "fork" would be more abstract that the word "utensil." True or False?
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False
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When comparing men and women of equal status, men tend to interrupt more often than women do. True or False?
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True
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Speakers who use qualifiers, hedges, and disclaimers are usually perceived to be uncertain or hesitant, and therefore less powerful. True or False?
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True
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Competent communication through technological media like email requires communicators to use more clear language than is usually required in face-to-face communication, in order to make up for the nonverbal cues that are missing. True or False?
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True
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______ occurs when one set of a person's behaviors say one thing and another set of his or her behaviors says something different.
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Contradiction
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Your friend asks you how you're doing, and you say, "OK," while holding up your hand in the gesture Americans understand to be the OK sign. What reinforcing behavior are you using to clarify your message?
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Repeating
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You see a friend across the room at a crowded party, but it's too loud for you to say hello from this distance. Instead, you make eye contact with him and nod your head as an acknowledgment and greeting. Which term best fits the function of your nonverbal behavior?
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Substituting
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What is commonly referred to as "body language" is actually the observation of _______, or the way our body movements and gestures send messages.
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Nonverbal Somshet
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During a church service, you silently hold your index finger up to your mouth to communicate nonverbally to your little brother that he must be quiet. What category of body movement are you using to communicate your message?
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Emblem
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Elements like pitch, volume, rate, and other vocal qualities are called:
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Paralanguage
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While delivering your presentation, you begin to twist the ring on your right hand your right leg begins to shake. What category of body movement is illustrated in this example?
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Adaptor
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Audiences prefer speakers who use eye contact behaviors that scan the audience, making each member or section of the audience feel like the speaker has addressed them specifically. This indicates the power of ______, or the use of the eyes in communication settings.
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Oculesics
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Which of the following would not be considered an artifact?
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Something not on the body
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You're babysitting your niece. When the toddler wakes up, she cries out, missing her mom and dad. You rush upstairs, pick up the child, and hold her in your lap until she calms down and falls back to sleep. What type of nonverbal communication are you using to communicate your caring toward your niece?
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Haptics
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You oversleep on the morning of your job interview. You meant to be there ten minutes early to show how responsible you are, but unfortunately you arrive late. You plead your case to the administrative assistant, but he explains to you that the hiring manager is no longer interested in interviewing you because of your tardiness. This example illustrates the power of which nonverbal code?
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Chronemics
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Public displays of affection are sometimes upsetting to others because of a different in various communicators' perceptions of the _______ dimension of communication.
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Public-Private
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Because nonverbal communication is more natural and spontaneous than verbal communication is, it is more easily understood. True or False?
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True
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When a person's nonverbal behavior contradicts his or her verbal communication, we tend to believe the verbal message because it is more intentional. True or False?
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False
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Vocal elements like pitch, rate, and volume are elements of nonverbal communication. True or False?
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True
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A polite handshake between colleagues would be defined as functional-professional touch. True or False?
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False
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Personal space requirements change according to the situational, relational, and cultural context of the communication. True or False?
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True
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Women tend to smile more and show greater sensitivity to others' nonverbal behavior than men do. True or False?
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True
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"The systematic study of the quantifiable characteristics of a large group" defines which of the following terms?
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Demographics
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Which of the following is a specific purpose statement?
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Expresses topic and purpose
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A statement that conveys the central idea or core assumption about your topic is a _____ statement.
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Thesis
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________ is defined as "the crime of fraudulently presenting someone else's words, ideas, or intellectual property as your own—intentionally or unintentionally."
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Plagiarism
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According to the textbook, ethical speaking is usually characterized by all but one of the following principles. Which one does not belong?
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Trustworthy, Respectful, Responsible, Fair
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Presenting an audience with opposing views so that they are able to make an informed decision is most closely related to which principle of ethical speaking?
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Fairness
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Public speaking is consistently identified as one of the most important skills needed for professional success. True or False?
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True
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In the "real world," informative and persuasive speeches are essentially the same. True or False?
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False
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Anecdotes are especially useful when a speaker wants to personalize a speech and make it more memorable to the audience. True or False?
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True
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_________ are the central claims that support a speaker's specific purpose and thesis statement.
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Main Points
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Brad is organizing his speech on the process of rebuilding a transmission. What organizational pattern would best suit his needs for this speech?
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Chronological pattern
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"Words and phrases that connect different thoughts, points, and details in a way that allows them to flow naturally from one to the next" is most closely associated with which of the following terms?
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Transitions
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"First," "Additionally," "and "Moving on" are all examples of what your textbook authors call:
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Signposts
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Speakers usually use a/an ______ outline as a rough draft they revisit and revise continually throughout the preparation of their speeches.
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Sentence Outline
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Every speech should have three main points. True or False?
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False
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Research suggests that audiences usually remember the middle points of a speech better than the first and last points. True or False?
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False
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Sentence outlines that are written out word-for-word, exactly the way the speaker plans to give the speech, don't make good speaking outlines for most speakers. True or false?
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True
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Including jargon and other technical language the audience doesn't understand in a speech is an effective way of building credibility on the subject and usually inspires an audience to want to learn more about the subject. True or False?
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False
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What do we call the general fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons?
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Communication Apprehension
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_______ refers to the nervousness we experience when we know we have to communicate publicly to an audience.
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PSA
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While preparing for his speech, David took time each afternoon to imagine himself walking confidently to the front of the room, smiling at his audience, and then speaking calmly and confidently. Which technique is David using to build his confidence and reduce his anxiety?
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Performance Visualization
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A speaker who plans the content, organization, and delivery of the speech in advance, but does not write out the speech word-for-word, uses what speech delivery method?
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Extemporaneous
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Which of the following has not been emphasized as a function of effective presentation aid use?
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Help process and retain, Promote interest and motivation, Convey info clearly and concisely
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The term that refers to how high or low a person's voice is on the sound range is:
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Pitch
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Expressing genuine and appropriate emotion during a presentation can help a speaker connect with his or her audience on a personal level. True or False?
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True
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Poor posture or uncontrolled body movements can create the impression that a speaker is unpolished or unprepared. True or False?
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True
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Seeking out opportunities to practice public speaking can improve confidence and reduce communication apprehension. True or False?
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False
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Audiences notice the signs of nervousness more than most speakers believe they do, and are usually very critical of speakers who appear nervous. True or False?
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False
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A definition that defines something by explaining what it is or what it does is a/an:
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Operational Definition
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Which of the following specific purpose statements represents a demonstration speech?
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Explains HOW
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The objective of an informative speaker is, essentially, to have the audience learn something. True or False?
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Truw
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Informative speakers ought to take a subjective perspective on the information they present. True or False?
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False
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An informative speech about "how to download music without having to pay for it" would be ethically questionable. True or False?
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True
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Audiences usually perceive speeches with a greater number of points to be more significant than speeches that are organized more simply. True or False?
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False
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Speakers are considered more knowledgeable and trustworthy when they know more than their audience does, so they should avoid defining terms for their audience. True or False?
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False
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Effective informative speakers often have to put effort into generating audience interest in their topic by emphasizing how learning the information will benefit them, or they risk losing their audience members' attention. True or False?
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True
