question

After the 1340's, the economy of Europe was marked by

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silver shortages

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essentially a painting executed on fresh plaster

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a fresco painting

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Dante's "Divine Comedy" depicts the poet's mythical journey through

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hell, purgatory, and heaven

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What drove the increasing European interest in African gold?

answer

increasing demand for expensive luxury foods in Europe

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the leader who united the Mongol tribes and began the conquest of China

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Temujin, who took the title Genghis Khan

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Mongol governance was directed toward

answer

securing tribute from subject territories

question

how did time become standardized in the 14th century?

answer

due to the invention and proliferation of the mechanical clocks

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what was the most important consequence for Europeans of the Mongol conquests?

answer

the commercial links it established between Europe and the Far East along the Silk Road

question

Why did Moscow in the 13th century become an important center?

answer

because it became a tribute-collecting center for the Mongol Khanate

question

The Medieval painter Giotto is remembered especially because he

answer

brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images

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the commerce that occurred as a result of the "Pax Mongolica" was facilitated by the introduction of

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double-entry bookkeeping and early forms of credit transfers

question

why did the Seven Years Famine occur?

answer

because Europe had reached the limit of its ability to supple food for its population and the climate cooled by approximately tow degrees centigrade

question

the medieval doctrine which taught that the Eucharist because the body and blood of Christ during Mass

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transubstantiation

question

what percentage of Europe's population was probably eliminated during the Black Death?

answer

50%

question

by the mid-thirteenth century, the pope called some Crusades in order to

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support the political needs of the papacy

question

why was the Stone of Destiny taken to Westminister Abbey by Edward I?

answer

to demonstrate England's power over Scotland

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how is bubonic plague spread

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by flea bites

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in the 14th century, Edward III argued that he was the legitimate heir of France based on a closer relationship of Philip IV of France then that of the new Valois king because

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his mother was Philip IV's daughter

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during the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the 14th century, the papacy was

answer

moved to Avignon, France

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as a result of the depopulation in Europe caused by the Black Death

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Europe's massively depleted ecological resources recovered

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aside from starvation, the most devastating effect of the Great Famine was the

answer

compromised immune systems of those who survived

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the English Peasants Revolt, like other popular uprisings of the 14th century, had its fundamental origins in

answer

the economic, social, and political consequences of the Black Death

question

The Black Death appears to have originated in

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China

question

the works of Boccaccio, Chaucer, and de Pisan all demonstrate

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the spread of vernacular literacy

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how did large landholders sometimes respond to the shortage of agricultural workers as a result of the Black Death?

answer

by forcing tenants to do more unpaid labor, imposing new taxes, and requiring new forms of servitude

question

the central theme of Christine de Pisan's "The City of Ladies"

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the book is a defense of women against the misogynistic claims of men

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humanists believed that excellent scholarship and poetry could only be written in

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classical latin and classical greek

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underlying the social unrest of the 13th and 14th centuries lay

answer

a growing sense of self-confidence

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what was the foal of the humanist education system?

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to produce virtuous citizens and able public officials

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those who claimed aristocratic status in the 14th century did so by

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living lavish and extremely expensive lifestyles

question

for the Ottomans, their conquest of Constantinople brought

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vast new wealth, which greatly increased the population of the city

question

how do historians today generally refer to the term Renaissance?

answer

a period in intellectual and cultural history, marked by a new interest in the study of classical learning

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humanists such as Leon Battista Alberti praised the nuclear family and argued that women should be

answer

consigned purely to domestic roles

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the early humanist Petrarch criticized late medieval scholasticism because he felt it

answer

concentrated more on abstract speculation then on virtuous living

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the Great Schism ended in 1417 when the

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Council of Constance elected a new pope

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what did the emerging national monarchies in late medieval Europe result in?

answer

greater militarization and more warfare

question

the only surviving proponent of Orthodox Christianity after the fall of the Byzantine Empire was the

answer

Russian Orthodox Church

question

the English Lollards were the lay followers and successors of which late medieval theologian

answer

John Wycliffe

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where the majority of the great painters were from in the 15th century

answer

Florence

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Joan of Arc was a problematic leader of the France forces during the latter part of the 100 Years War because

answer

she was a peasant woman

question

although Jan Huss adopted the ideas of John Wycliffe, he did diverge from Wycliffe in his view of the

answer

importance of Eucharistic piety

question

the Holy Roman Empire and the Italian Peninsula did not unit as national monarchies in part because

answer

continual armed conflict and shifting alliances prevented the emergence of strong, centralizing rulers in those territories

question

why was the printing press a tool of European monarchs?

answer

it enabled the widespread circulation of propaganda

question

why is Raphael's "School of Athens" of interest?

answer

because in part many of Raphael's contemporaries are used as models for various philosophers

question

why did Machiavelli admire Cesare Borgia?

answer

because of his ruthlessness and shrewdness

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what was Leonardo da Vinci's basic approach to painting?

answer

to imitate nature as closely as possible

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unlike most other Italian intellectuals of his age, Niccolo Machiavelli was

answer

a truly original thinker about politics

question

Thomas More's "Utopia" was a

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devastating critique of contemporary culture

question

the most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power

answer

the unification of the kingdom of Aragon and Castile

question

the last Muslim territory to fall in Spain

answer

Grenada in 1492

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what did Renaissance architecture emphasized the important of?

answer

geometrical proportions

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Albrecht Durer was the first northern European artist to master

answer

Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion and perspective

question

for Michelangelo, the most central features of Renaissance humanism was

answer

the drive to understand an embodied, masculine mind

question

what was one important difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance that followed?

answer

the northern interest in traditional Christian wisdom over classical virtues

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sculpture during the Renaissance broke with the recent past in that statuary

answer

now became freestanding "in the round"

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were a mix of fact and fiction

answer

texts like Marco Polo's "Description of the World"

question

the most lucrative export of the Spanish colonies in Central and South America

answer

Silver

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what spurred Ferdinand and Isabella's decision to sponsor Columbus' voyage?

answer

a desire to counter successful Portuguese exploratory and commercial ventures

question

in the long history of slavery in Western Civilization, the basic patterns of slavery were not racialized (in other words, directly related to ethnicity or skin color) until

answer

Lisbon became a significant market for enslaved Africans in the middle of the 15th century

question

the massive influx of silver from the New World Spanish colonies resulted in

answer

massive inflation

question

in their voyages along the west coast of Africa, the Portuguese were initially in search of

answer

gold

question

in economic terms, New World colonization and plunder had the greatest positive effect on the

answer

Spanish

question

beginning in the 1440's design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to

answer

sail two masts and faster, triangular sails

question

European art of the 13th century reflected a renewed interest in

answer

nature

question

English victory over the French in 1356 during the 100 Years War mainly as a result of the longbow

answer

Crecy

question

French kind who was persuaded by Joan of Arc to allow her to command the French army during the siege of Orleans during the 100 Years War

answer

Charles the Dauphin/VII

question

known as the "Father of Humanism"

answer

Petrarch

question

the native language of a country

answer

Vernacular

question

English Renaissance writer who wrote the "Canterbury Tales"

answer

Chaucer

question

the Renaissance idea that it was the duty of intellectuals to serve the state

answer

Civic humanism

question

English king from 1272-1307 who presided over the creation of new legal and bureaucratic institutions, violently subjecting Wales and attempting to colonize Scotland

answer

Edward I

question

English reformer who translated the Bible into English

answer

John Wycliffe

question

battle in the 100 Years War where Henry V of England won a crushing victory over the French in 1415

answer

Agincourt

question

lead the French army against the English at Orleans during the 100 Years War and later burned at the stake as a witch by the English

answer

Joan of Arc

question

established a school for sailors in Portugal

answer

Prince Henry the Navigator

question

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico

answer

Hernando Cortes

question

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in Peru

answer

Francisco Pizarro

question

written by Niccolo Machiavelli

answer

"The Prince"

question

Renaissance painter who painted "Disputa" and the "School of Athens"

answer

Rahael

question

personified the ideal of the ultimate Renaissance Man

answer

Leonardo da Vinci

question

painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

answer

Michelangelo

question

explorer who was the first to realize Columbus had discovered a New World

answer

Amerigo Vespucci

question

rulers and wealthy bankers of Florence during the Renaissance and were the patrons of many Renaissance artists

answer

The Medici's

question

wrote "The Book of the Courtier", an early book of etiquette

answer

Baldassare Castiglione

question

Ottoman Turk leader who conquered Constantinople in 1453

answer

Sultan Mehmet II

question

protestant reformer in Bohemia in the early 1400s and was executed for heresy by the Catholic Church

answer

John Huss

question

the name of the movement during the Renaissance that aimed to replace the scholastic emphasis on logic and philosophy with the study of ancient languages, literature, history and ethics

answer

humanism

question

Renaissance painter who exceled in depicted graceful motion and the sensuous pleasures of nature

answer

Botticelli

question

Northern Renaissance painter who painted portraits of Sir Thomas Moore and Erasmus

answer

Hans Holbein the Younger

question

Name the 4 main reactions of the Great Plague

answer

1. An increase in violence and murder due to a sense of life's cheapness 2. The formation of groups like the flagellants, who physically maimed themselves to save the world 3. morbidity and preoccupation with death in everyday life 4. economic depression

question

Name the 3 main results of the 100 Years War

answer

1. Reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy 2. Caused economic and political turmoil in England 3. Temporarily strengthened the nobility in England

question

Name the 3 kinds of publications done by Erasmus

answer

1. clever satires meant to show people the errors of their way 2. serious moral treaties meant to offer guidance toward proper Christian behavior 3. scholarly editions of basic Christian texts

question

Name 4 Renaissance painting techniques

answer

1. the use of light and dark shading 2. the application of oil-based pigment 3. precise anatomical renderings of the human body 4. the use of liner perspective to depict 3-dimensions

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