CRJ 225 Final – Flashcards

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question
True or false? All US street gangs are violent
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false
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True or false? Some U.S. street gangs are violent.
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true
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List 3 crimes that are categorizes as "white collar"
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fraud labor violations manufacturing violations unfair business practices abuse of authority regulatory/administrative violations
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What are two reasons that the impact of white collar crime is difficult to determine?
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white collar crime is rarely discovered and rarely prosecuted
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Which step in money laundering involves disguising ht money trail by transferring the money into the bank via phony companies, creating false invoices and enterprises using offshore banks and wire transfers?
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layering
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What are 3 steps in money laundering?
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layering, placement, and integration
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Name a common location for money laundering
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casinos grocery stores laundromats
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List two illegal business or activities that fit the "classic" pattern of organized crime
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gambling loan sharking labor racketeering narcotics trafficking human smuggling
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What two characteristics of liberal democracies make it difficult to legally interrupt organized crime in liberal democracies?
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priority on individual civil liberties and emphasis on private enterprise
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Does white collar crime cost more or less than street crime in terms of economic and physical impact?
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more
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Who coined the term "white collar crime?"
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Edwin Sutherland
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Give Sutherland's four propositions for white collar crime
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Offender is upper class committed violations are work related work related violations by blue collar workers are excluded non-work related rimes by upper-class workers are excluded
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True or false? Most social scientists reject the idea of a "killer instinct" that normalizes violence.
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false
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Which of the following is not a reason why official homicide statistics are some of the most reliable crime statistics?
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witnesses are unlikely
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What are three types of multicide?
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mass murder, serial murder, spree murder
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Which area of the US has the highest homicide and assault rates?
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South
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Where are people most likely to be victims of violence?
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their own homes
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Which of the following is not a risk factor for violent crime?
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presence of children
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True or false? If a person consents to sexual activity but decides to revoke consent mid-act, their partner must cease the activity or be guilty of sexual assault.
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true
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According to Conrad's typology of violent offenders, which group commits acts of violence on rare occasions, often under provocation?
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situationally violent offenders
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How does Conrad categorize violent offenders in his typology?
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culturally violent, criminally violent, situationally violent, selectively violent
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Davis & Gurr suggest six historical events that have deeply embedded violence into the American national culture. Which of the following was not included, but has a similar effect?
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history of slavery and racial oppression
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Which of the following is not a reason for poor reporting of sexual assault?
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increase in female police officers
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In Wright & Decker's work with armed robbers, how did respondents most commonly report that they spent the money from their robberies?
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desperate partying
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In Wright & Decker's work with armed robbers, which stage of the robbery was considered to be the "make or break" stage?
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announcing the robbery
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Which of these is the most dangerous time for victims of intimate partner violence?
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trying to leave
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Which of the following is not a warning sign for intimate partner violence?
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text request for nude pics
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True or false? Size and gender always determine which person is the aggressor in intimate partner violence.
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false
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Is there a high or low likelihood of getting caught if a person commits bank robbery?
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high
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Which of the following is the least likely to be selected as a robbery?
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an internet startup company or a high-end department store
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True or false? Most robberies are pleased well in advance
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false
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What is the most important thing a robber can do to secure victim compliance?
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create the illusion of impending death
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Why do Wright & Decker think that job creation alone won't be enough to reduce robberies?
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job creation must work in conduction with strategies to undermine connections to street culture in order to be effective
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In Wright & Decker's work with burglars, what was the most preferred way of disposing of stolen property?
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fence
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Which method of collecting data did Wright & Decker use in their work with residential burglars and armed robbers?
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self-reports
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Box men are:
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professional burglars who specialize in safes
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Which of the following is the most common type of arson?
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profit motivated arson, revenge arson, excitement arson
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True or false? Residential burglars usually know which target they will burglarize before leaving to commit the burglary
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true
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Which of the following is the most common type of shoplifter?
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snitches
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What is the primary reason that burglars prefer unoccupied residence to occupied residences?
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they perceive occupied residences as having a higher risk of apprehension
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What is the first room a residential burglar is likely to search?
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master bedroom
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During which fo the following times does shoplifting peak?
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Spring Break & Christmas
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Are burglars likely to save the proceeds fo their crimes for long-term goals?
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no
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Which of the following is the fastest growing drug threat in the US?
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controlled prescription drugs
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Which of the following is not a reason that overdose deaths from heroin are presently increasing?
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prolonged usage by older users
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According to the 2013 National Drug Assessment, is cocaine availability increasing or decreasing inn the US?
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decreasing
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Which fo the following is not true about methamphetamine trends int eh US according to the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment?
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demand is increasing
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Which agency published the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment?
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Drug Enforcement Administration
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Which fo the following is the most widely available and commonly used in the US?
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marijuana
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For which of the following does the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment forecast domestic production to decrease?
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methamphetamine
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True or false? State-level data for the National Drug Threat Assessment comes only from the three largest police departments in each state
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false
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What are "pill mills?"
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rogue pain management clinics that over-prescribe controlled prescription drugs
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rue or false? Criminologists are some of the main sources of information for the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment
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false
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What determines the restriction classification for drugs?
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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
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Who can press charges against a person using a false prescription?
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physician
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Which model of law sees the criminal law tools of the ruling classes designed to control the "dangerous" classes?
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conflict
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Acts that are bad in themselves are?
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mala en se
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True or false. Folkways are more serious norms than mores
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false
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Theory is:
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a plausible explanation of reality
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What is the "dark figure" of crime?
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the number of crimes that go unreported or offenses that escape official notice
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Which of the following is not a drawback of using victim data?
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only the most serious offense is recorded when multiple offenses occur
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Which region of the US has the highest homicide rate?
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South
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Most crimes are committed by which age group:
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15-24
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The reltionship between the amount of formal schooling individuals possess and arrest rates for the traditional crimes is:
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negative
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List two family factors generally shown to be associated with criminal behavior.
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abuse, hostility, supervision, parental criminality
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What are Rafter's three periods of criminology?
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exploratory modernism, confident modernism, agnostic modernism
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The use of empirical (quantitative) or scientific investigation for the improvement of the society is the most characteristic of:
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positivism
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The "law of criminal saturation" refers ot the idea that:
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crime expands to fit the amount of control machinery assigned to it
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The movement to control degenerates through sterilization, euthanasia, and cutbacks in welfare is known as the:
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Eugenics movement
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Which somatotype did Sheldon (1940) propose was linked to criminal behavior?
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mesomorph
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The most common form of treatment for brain disorders in the contemporary US is:
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drug treatment
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The theory that criminals are born as such, and that they are "throwbacks" to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period, is known as:
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atavism
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In biological positivism, the idea that "survival of the fittest" is applicable to human society is known as:
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social darwinism
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True or false? Present-day biological theorists re working to identify the "crime gene" that they believe to be the source of criminal behavior.
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false
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The view that criminal behavior is ultimately driven by supernatural forces is known as:
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demonology
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"Women accused of witchcraft were tied up and thrown in the water. If they survived, they were innocent." This type of practice is known as:
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trial by ordeal
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Beccaria's work can be summarized as arguing that:
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the punishment should fit the crime
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Jeremy Bentham advocated for "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number." The term that refers to this approach is:
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utilitarianism
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Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?
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classicalism/neoclassicalism
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Which of the following would an adherent of the neoclassical school be most likely to propose?
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three strikes legislation
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Suppose that a criminologist notices that crime rates tend to be higher in warmer climates. This observation is most closely linked to the concept of:
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human ecology
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The "thermic law" of crime argues that crimes against person increase in:
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warmer climates
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Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of thought?
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classical/neoclassical
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In Marxist literature, which fo the following terms is used to refer to the working class?
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proletariat
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Willem Bonger saw capitalism as causing crime through its promotion of selfish individualism, which is also referred to as:
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egosim
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True or false? The neoclassical school is primarily concerned with finding effective criminal justice poicies, not explaining the causes of crime
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false
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True or false? Hedonism is the view tha criminality is biologically inherited
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false
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In his book "The Jules", author Rober Dugsdale concluded that crime is:
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hereditary
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True or false? Most criminals are specialists
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false
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Which fo the following is NOT a theoretically possible reason why official statistics report that males commit more crime than females?
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males have made most of our laws, and they tend to target themselves
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What is the problem with Eurocentric bias in criminology?
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it doesn't appreciate the interactions among racism, inequality, and the experiences of the minorities int eh criminal justice system
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Which of these is true about the relationship between age and crime?
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crime commission peaks in the late teens and declines thereafter
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True or false? During war, domestic crime rates tend to increase
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false
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What are two hypotheses predicting a relationship between crime and mass media consumption?
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Cartharsis Hypothesis and Precipitation Hypothesis
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What is NOT something criminologists study?
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physical evidence for criminal court cases
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Which of these is an example of a person violating more, but not a law?
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Elmira hadn't studied for her criminology exam, so she copied answers from the person sitting next to her
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Which of the following are frameworks for thinking about crime and criminal law?
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functional, consensus, conflict, and legal perspectives
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Which of these types of societies primarily relies on informal social control?
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Gemeinschaft
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Which of the following is true of laws?
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Laws become more common when informal methods of social control are weakened
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True or false? All behaviors that are considered deviant in a society are also criminal?
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false
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Which of these is an example of a mala prohibita behavior?
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driving over the speed limit
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Over the last 30 years, the US has spent billions on prison construction to accumulate swelling prison populations. This is an example of which type of cost of crime?
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a. crime induced production costs
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Which of the following is true of the murder crimes reported to police?
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Due to unreported crimes, this number is smaller than the number of crimes actually committed
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The primary source of official crime statistics in the US is the annual _____
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UCR
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Methodology is
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Collection and analysis of data or facts
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The "gold standard" method to show cause and effect is:
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experimentation
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Which of the following is NOT a weakness of qualitative methods?
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double blind sampling
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What are some weaknesses of qualitative methods?
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difficulty gaining access potential ethical/legal dilemmas qualitative methods are time consuming researcher presence may affect behavior
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Which of the following is an example of an unobtrusive measure?
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consent analysis
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Validity is:
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accuracy of measurement
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What are drawbacks of using anecdotal evidence?
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anecdotes may not be representative of "typical" events, because the stories we remember are those that stand out the most anecdotes may be told in order to influence the listener in a certain way anecdotes are not generalizable to the larger population
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. True or false? It is always possible to avoid bias when conducting research
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false
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Which precursor of positivism refers to the study of the size and shape of the skull to determine a person's intelligence and personality?
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phrenology
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Which criminological school of thought argues that crime is a function of the interaction of humans and their environments?
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ecological
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What makes positivism different from theism and mysticism?
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it requires scientific, logical, or mathematical proof
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During which of Rafter's three periods of criminology did researchers fully expect that they would be able to identify the causes of crime through the application of scientific modernism?
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confident modernism
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During which of Rafter's three periods of criminology were its scientific and epistemological foundation fractured by social revolutions?
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agnostic modernism
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What are two ways of testing reliability?
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test-retest method and inter-rater reliability test
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Are males or females more likely to commit crime?
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males
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What is the term for acts that are only wrong because they are prohibited?
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mala prohibita
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Which school of criminological thought emphasized counseling and improving the lot of criminals in order to reduce crime?
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psychological positivism
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Theorists in the economic school of thought applied whose works to the topic of crime?
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Karl Marx
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What is Austin's main criticism of criminology?
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criminologists have an absence of general conclusions
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What is Clear's criticism of "gold standard" scientific experimentation?
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it ignores context
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The number of crimes reported to police is lower than the number of crimes actually committed. What is this discrepancy called.
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the dark figure of crime
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Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of criminological thought?
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classical and neoclassical
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Compared to other Western nations, does the US have higher or lower rates of violent crime?
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higher
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Durkheim was the first sociologist to use the term "anomie." How did he define it?
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normlessness in society
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Generally speaking, anomie theories focus on crime as the result of:
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lack of legitimate opportunities
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A student wants to do well in school but never seems to be able to earn higher than a D. In pursuit of academic success, the student begins to cheat on exams. This is most consistent with which form of adaptation in Merton's theory of anomie/strain?
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innovator
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True or false? According to anomie/classic strain theory, individuals who accept traditional goals, but reject the means of achieving them, are known as rebels.
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false
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The idea that lower-class juvenile delinquency isn non utilitarian, malicious, and occurs following an inability to live up to middle-class values is most closely associated with which anomie theory?
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Cohen's lower-class reaction theory
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According to Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory, which three kinds of subcultures shape illegitimate opportunities?
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criminal, conflict, retreatist
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n Agnew's general strain theory, crime occurs in order to accomplish one (or more) of three objectives. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?
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reject middle-class values
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Which theory proposes that people become predisposed to crime because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior?
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differential association theory
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The "Chicago school" is associated with which of the following:
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urban ecology
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A person is arrested for drug use. They tell the judge, "But I'm not hurting anyone!" This is an example of which technique of neutralization?
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denial of harm
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Which of the following types of theories emphasize crime as a learned or socially transmitted process?
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social process theories
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Which social process theory suggests that crime is rooted in social disorganization?
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social disorganization theory
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According to routine activities theory, which three things must converge in time and space in order for crime to occur?
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motivated offender, suitable target, absence of capable guardian
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Which social process theory argues that delinquents move back and forth between conventional and criminal behavior?
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drift
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According to Sutherland's differential association theory, personal contacts vary by four factors frequency, intensity, duration, and priority. Which of the following is an example of duration?
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the length of time a person has known their best friend
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Which of following is a characteristic of mainstream criminology?
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a consensus worldview
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Which of the following is a characteristic of conflict criminology?
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a willingness to question the existing order
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Labeling theory is based on which concept?
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symbolic interactionism
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Which of the following brings together criminology with a transcendental or religious approach as it seeks to mediate conflict, assist victims, and reintegrate offenders into the community?
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peacemaking
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Which of the following terms is used by labeling theory to refer to an agent or official who is concerned with creating and labeling new categories of deviance?
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moral entrepreneur
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In labeling theory, "secondary deviance" is used to refer to crimes that:
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occur as a result of an individual having been caught and labeled
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Which of the following is focused on translating radical ideas into realistic social policy?
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left realism
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Which of the following approaches is known for questioning the way in which knowledge is constituted, and for acknowledging the significance of language in shaping reality?
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postmodernism
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Which of the following names capitalism and inequality as being at the root of crime?
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Marxist criminology
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Which theory centers on the argument that individuals are deviant mainly because they have been identified as such by others?
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labeling theory
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True or false? Life course theories attempt to explain both the onset and desistance of criminal behavior.
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true
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True or false? Critical criminology focuses more on the criminalization of behavior than on the criminal behavior itself?
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false
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True or false? Critical criminology is consistent with a consensus worldview.
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false
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According to containment theory, having a strong support system in one's family would constitute which of the following?
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outer containment
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An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing to lose." This indicates a lack in which of the following social bonds?
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commitment
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An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing better to do with his time." This indicates a lack of which of the following social bonds?
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involvement
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The idea that delinquents exist "in a limbo between convention and crime" is consistent with which of the following theories?
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drift theory
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The proposal that crime is rooted in low self-control and the pursuit of self-interest is consistent with which of the following theories?
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General theory of crime
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How does the power control theory explain the gender difference in criminality?
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boys are exposed to fewer parental controls
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Which of the following occurs when a person actually does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act?
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victim provocation
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In the case of college female sexual victimization, most subsequent incidents happen:
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within the same month or one month after the initial incident
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An individual is shot while trying to break into a home. This is an example of:
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victim provocation
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Means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded so that a victimization is prevented from occurring is?
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capable guardianship
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The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization is?
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victim precipitation
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Occurs when a person or place is victimized more than once by the same type of victimization:
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repeat victimization
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The idea that the more frequently a person comes into contact with persons in demographic groups with likely offenders, the more likely it is the person will be victimized is referred to as:
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principle of homogamy
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What victimization is the most commonly reported to police according to the NCVS?
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simple assault
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True or false? Repeat victimization occurs when a person or place has more than one victimization of any type
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false
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True or false? An example of an avoidance behavior is staying home at night
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true
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True or false? High income households are more likely to have property victimization
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false
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True or false? Those who report being of two or more races are at a higher risk of experiencing violent victimization than African Americans, whites, or Hispanics.
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true
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Which general category of theories recommends attempts to elicit citizen participation in program and the criminal justice system?
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left realism
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Which general category of theories criticizes weak penalties for and non-enforcement of white-collar crime?
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conflict
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What types of theories are associated with the "War on Poverty?"
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social process theories
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Proponents of which category of theories advocate policies to create greater opportunities and improve neighborhoods?
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anomie theories
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Programs to strengthen the family, Head start, Job Corps, and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act were developed in response ot which category of theories?
answer
social control theories
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What four types of bonds are associated with Hirschi's social bond theory?
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attachment, commitment, involvement, belief
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According to the general theory of crime, what three things are parents responsible for in order to instill self-control in children?
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supervision, monitoring, correction
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True or false? Social process theories emphasize crime as a learned or socially transmitted process
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true
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What are the four ways in which personal contacts vary according to Sutherland's differential association theory?
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frequency, intensity, duration, priority
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What is the most commonly reported victimization according to the UCR?
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larceny-theft
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Which age group has the highest risk for crime victimization?
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18-20
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What is the idea that deficiencies in more than one are cause crime called?
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multi-factor deficiency approach
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What is the most common strategy for combining various theoretical traditions into a single theory?
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temporally order existing theories
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What are typologies?
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they attempt to classify crime and criminals
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What are two purposes of typologies
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used as scientific classificatory system and used as educational tools
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Which of the two integrated theories we covered in class combines social structure, social control, and social learning?
answer
Thornberry's interactional theory
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Agnew's general strain theory highlights the importance of emotions in crime causation. Which emotion did he suggest was most likely to lead to crime?
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anger/frustration
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In Agnew's general strain theory, crime occurs in order to accomplish one or more of three objectives. What are they?
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regain what one has lost or been prevented from obtaining retaliation escape anger and strain
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n criminology, desistance is the cessation of criminal activity. Does it typically occur all at once?
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no
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Whose life course theory of criminality emphasized the importance of social bonds, social capital, and personal agency?
answer
Sampson & Laub
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What are Farrington's two types of antisocial potential?
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short term and long term
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Thornberry & Krohn's life course theory includes life-course trajectories, temperament and neuropsychological defects. What is their theory called?
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interactional theory
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Give the FBI definition of rape:
answer
Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.
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