Home Page Arts And Humanities History History of the Americas 1980s And 1990s CRJ 225 Final - Flashcards

CRJ 225 Final – Flashcards

Claire Forth

7 July 2022

question

True or false? All US street gangs are violent

answer

false

question

True or false? Some U.S. street gangs are violent.

answer

true

question

List 3 crimes that are categorizes as "white collar"

answer

fraud labor violations manufacturing violations unfair business practices abuse of authority regulatory/administrative violations

question

What are two reasons that the impact of white collar crime is difficult to determine?

answer

white collar crime is rarely discovered and rarely prosecuted

question

Which step in money laundering involves disguising ht money trail by transferring the money into the bank via phony companies, creating false invoices and enterprises using offshore banks and wire transfers?

answer

layering

question

What are 3 steps in money laundering?

answer

layering, placement, and integration

question

Name a common location for money laundering

answer

casinos grocery stores laundromats

question

List two illegal business or activities that fit the "classic" pattern of organized crime

answer

gambling loan sharking labor racketeering narcotics trafficking human smuggling

question

What two characteristics of liberal democracies make it difficult to legally interrupt organized crime in liberal democracies?

answer

priority on individual civil liberties and emphasis on private enterprise

question

Does white collar crime cost more or less than street crime in terms of economic and physical impact?

answer

question

Who coined the term "white collar crime?"

answer

Edwin Sutherland

question

Give Sutherland's four propositions for white collar crime

answer

Offender is upper class committed violations are work related work related violations by blue collar workers are excluded non-work related rimes by upper-class workers are excluded

question

True or false? Most social scientists reject the idea of a "killer instinct" that normalizes violence.

answer

false

question

Which of the following is not a reason why official homicide statistics are some of the most reliable crime statistics?

answer

witnesses are unlikely

question

What are three types of multicide?

answer

mass murder, serial murder, spree murder

question

Which area of the US has the highest homicide and assault rates?

answer

South

question

Where are people most likely to be victims of violence?

answer

their own homes

question

Which of the following is not a risk factor for violent crime?

answer

presence of children

question

True or false? If a person consents to sexual activity but decides to revoke consent mid-act, their partner must cease the activity or be guilty of sexual assault.

answer

true

question

According to Conrad's typology of violent offenders, which group commits acts of violence on rare occasions, often under provocation?

answer

situationally violent offenders

question

How does Conrad categorize violent offenders in his typology?

answer

culturally violent, criminally violent, situationally violent, selectively violent

question

Davis & Gurr suggest six historical events that have deeply embedded violence into the American national culture. Which of the following was not included, but has a similar effect?

answer

history of slavery and racial oppression

question

Which of the following is not a reason for poor reporting of sexual assault?

answer

increase in female police officers

question

In Wright & Decker's work with armed robbers, how did respondents most commonly report that they spent the money from their robberies?

answer

desperate partying

question

In Wright & Decker's work with armed robbers, which stage of the robbery was considered to be the "make or break" stage?

answer

announcing the robbery

question

Which of these is the most dangerous time for victims of intimate partner violence?

answer

trying to leave

question

Which of the following is not a warning sign for intimate partner violence?

answer

text request for nude pics

question

True or false? Size and gender always determine which person is the aggressor in intimate partner violence.

answer

false

question

Is there a high or low likelihood of getting caught if a person commits bank robbery?

answer

high

question

Which of the following is the least likely to be selected as a robbery?

answer

an internet startup company or a high-end department store

question

True or false? Most robberies are pleased well in advance

answer

false

question

What is the most important thing a robber can do to secure victim compliance?

answer

create the illusion of impending death

question

Why do Wright & Decker think that job creation alone won't be enough to reduce robberies?

answer

job creation must work in conduction with strategies to undermine connections to street culture in order to be effective

question

In Wright & Decker's work with burglars, what was the most preferred way of disposing of stolen property?

answer

fence

question

Which method of collecting data did Wright & Decker use in their work with residential burglars and armed robbers?

answer

self-reports

question

Box men are:

answer

professional burglars who specialize in safes

question

Which of the following is the most common type of arson?

answer

profit motivated arson, revenge arson, excitement arson

question

True or false? Residential burglars usually know which target they will burglarize before leaving to commit the burglary

answer

true

question

Which of the following is the most common type of shoplifter?

answer

snitches

question

What is the primary reason that burglars prefer unoccupied residence to occupied residences?

answer

they perceive occupied residences as having a higher risk of apprehension

question

What is the first room a residential burglar is likely to search?

answer

master bedroom

question

During which fo the following times does shoplifting peak?

answer

Spring Break & Christmas

question

Are burglars likely to save the proceeds fo their crimes for long-term goals?

answer

question

Which of the following is the fastest growing drug threat in the US?

answer

controlled prescription drugs

question

Which of the following is not a reason that overdose deaths from heroin are presently increasing?

answer

prolonged usage by older users

question

According to the 2013 National Drug Assessment, is cocaine availability increasing or decreasing inn the US?

answer

decreasing

question

Which fo the following is not true about methamphetamine trends int eh US according to the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment?

answer

demand is increasing

question

Which agency published the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment?

answer

Drug Enforcement Administration

question

Which fo the following is the most widely available and commonly used in the US?

answer

marijuana

question

For which of the following does the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment forecast domestic production to decrease?

answer

methamphetamine

question

True or false? State-level data for the National Drug Threat Assessment comes only from the three largest police departments in each state

answer

false

question

What are "pill mills?"

answer

rogue pain management clinics that over-prescribe controlled prescription drugs

question

rue or false? Criminologists are some of the main sources of information for the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment

answer

false

question

What determines the restriction classification for drugs?

answer

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

question

Who can press charges against a person using a false prescription?

answer

physician

question

Which model of law sees the criminal law tools of the ruling classes designed to control the "dangerous" classes?

answer

conflict

question

Acts that are bad in themselves are?

answer

mala en se

question

True or false. Folkways are more serious norms than mores

answer

false

question

Theory is:

answer

a plausible explanation of reality

question

What is the "dark figure" of crime?

answer

the number of crimes that go unreported or offenses that escape official notice

question

Which of the following is not a drawback of using victim data?

answer

only the most serious offense is recorded when multiple offenses occur

question

Which region of the US has the highest homicide rate?

answer

South

question

Most crimes are committed by which age group:

answer

15-24

question

The reltionship between the amount of formal schooling individuals possess and arrest rates for the traditional crimes is:

answer

negative

question

List two family factors generally shown to be associated with criminal behavior.

answer

abuse, hostility, supervision, parental criminality

question

What are Rafter's three periods of criminology?

answer

exploratory modernism, confident modernism, agnostic modernism

question

The use of empirical (quantitative) or scientific investigation for the improvement of the society is the most characteristic of:

answer

positivism

question

The "law of criminal saturation" refers ot the idea that:

answer

crime expands to fit the amount of control machinery assigned to it

question

The movement to control degenerates through sterilization, euthanasia, and cutbacks in welfare is known as the:

answer

Eugenics movement

question

Which somatotype did Sheldon (1940) propose was linked to criminal behavior?

answer

mesomorph

question

The most common form of treatment for brain disorders in the contemporary US is:

answer

drug treatment

question

The theory that criminals are born as such, and that they are "throwbacks" to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period, is known as:

answer

atavism

question

In biological positivism, the idea that "survival of the fittest" is applicable to human society is known as:

answer

social darwinism

question

True or false? Present-day biological theorists re working to identify the "crime gene" that they believe to be the source of criminal behavior.

answer

false

question

The view that criminal behavior is ultimately driven by supernatural forces is known as:

answer

demonology

question

"Women accused of witchcraft were tied up and thrown in the water. If they survived, they were innocent." This type of practice is known as:

answer

trial by ordeal

question

Beccaria's work can be summarized as arguing that:

answer

the punishment should fit the crime

question

Jeremy Bentham advocated for "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number." The term that refers to this approach is:

answer

utilitarianism

question

Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?

answer

classicalism/neoclassicalism

question

Which of the following would an adherent of the neoclassical school be most likely to propose?

answer

three strikes legislation

question

Suppose that a criminologist notices that crime rates tend to be higher in warmer climates. This observation is most closely linked to the concept of:

answer

human ecology

question

The "thermic law" of crime argues that crimes against person increase in:

answer

warmer climates

question

Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of thought?

answer

classical/neoclassical

question

In Marxist literature, which fo the following terms is used to refer to the working class?

answer

proletariat

question

Willem Bonger saw capitalism as causing crime through its promotion of selfish individualism, which is also referred to as:

answer

egosim

question

True or false? The neoclassical school is primarily concerned with finding effective criminal justice poicies, not explaining the causes of crime

answer

false

question

True or false? Hedonism is the view tha criminality is biologically inherited

answer

false

question

In his book "The Jules", author Rober Dugsdale concluded that crime is:

answer

hereditary

question

True or false? Most criminals are specialists

answer

false

question

Which fo the following is NOT a theoretically possible reason why official statistics report that males commit more crime than females?

answer

males have made most of our laws, and they tend to target themselves

question

What is the problem with Eurocentric bias in criminology?

answer

it doesn't appreciate the interactions among racism, inequality, and the experiences of the minorities int eh criminal justice system

question

Which of these is true about the relationship between age and crime?

answer

crime commission peaks in the late teens and declines thereafter

question

True or false? During war, domestic crime rates tend to increase

answer

false

question

What are two hypotheses predicting a relationship between crime and mass media consumption?

answer

Cartharsis Hypothesis and Precipitation Hypothesis

question

What is NOT something criminologists study?

answer

physical evidence for criminal court cases

question

Which of these is an example of a person violating more, but not a law?

answer

Elmira hadn't studied for her criminology exam, so she copied answers from the person sitting next to her

question

Which of the following are frameworks for thinking about crime and criminal law?

answer

functional, consensus, conflict, and legal perspectives

question

Which of these types of societies primarily relies on informal social control?

answer

Gemeinschaft

question

Which of the following is true of laws?

answer

Laws become more common when informal methods of social control are weakened

question

True or false? All behaviors that are considered deviant in a society are also criminal?

answer

false

question

Which of these is an example of a mala prohibita behavior?

answer

driving over the speed limit

question

Over the last 30 years, the US has spent billions on prison construction to accumulate swelling prison populations. This is an example of which type of cost of crime?

answer

a. crime induced production costs

question

Which of the following is true of the murder crimes reported to police?

answer

Due to unreported crimes, this number is smaller than the number of crimes actually committed

question

The primary source of official crime statistics in the US is the annual _____

answer

UCR

question

Methodology is

answer

Collection and analysis of data or facts

question

The "gold standard" method to show cause and effect is:

answer

experimentation

question

Which of the following is NOT a weakness of qualitative methods?

answer

double blind sampling

question

What are some weaknesses of qualitative methods?

answer

difficulty gaining access potential ethical/legal dilemmas qualitative methods are time consuming researcher presence may affect behavior

question

Which of the following is an example of an unobtrusive measure?

answer

consent analysis

question

Validity is:

answer

accuracy of measurement

question

What are drawbacks of using anecdotal evidence?

answer

anecdotes may not be representative of "typical" events, because the stories we remember are those that stand out the most anecdotes may be told in order to influence the listener in a certain way anecdotes are not generalizable to the larger population

question

. True or false? It is always possible to avoid bias when conducting research

answer

false

question

Which precursor of positivism refers to the study of the size and shape of the skull to determine a person's intelligence and personality?

answer

phrenology

question

Which criminological school of thought argues that crime is a function of the interaction of humans and their environments?

answer

ecological

question

What makes positivism different from theism and mysticism?

answer

it requires scientific, logical, or mathematical proof

question

During which of Rafter's three periods of criminology did researchers fully expect that they would be able to identify the causes of crime through the application of scientific modernism?

answer

confident modernism

question

During which of Rafter's three periods of criminology were its scientific and epistemological foundation fractured by social revolutions?

answer

agnostic modernism

question

What are two ways of testing reliability?

answer

test-retest method and inter-rater reliability test

question

Are males or females more likely to commit crime?

answer

males

question

What is the term for acts that are only wrong because they are prohibited?

answer

mala prohibita

question

Which school of criminological thought emphasized counseling and improving the lot of criminals in order to reduce crime?

answer

psychological positivism

question

Theorists in the economic school of thought applied whose works to the topic of crime?

answer

Karl Marx

question

What is Austin's main criticism of criminology?

answer

criminologists have an absence of general conclusions

question

What is Clear's criticism of "gold standard" scientific experimentation?

answer

it ignores context

question

The number of crimes reported to police is lower than the number of crimes actually committed. What is this discrepancy called.

answer

the dark figure of crime

question

Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of criminological thought?

answer

classical and neoclassical

question

Compared to other Western nations, does the US have higher or lower rates of violent crime?

answer

higher

question

Durkheim was the first sociologist to use the term "anomie." How did he define it?

answer

normlessness in society

question

Generally speaking, anomie theories focus on crime as the result of:

answer

lack of legitimate opportunities

question

A student wants to do well in school but never seems to be able to earn higher than a D. In pursuit of academic success, the student begins to cheat on exams. This is most consistent with which form of adaptation in Merton's theory of anomie/strain?

answer

innovator

question

True or false? According to anomie/classic strain theory, individuals who accept traditional goals, but reject the means of achieving them, are known as rebels.

answer

false

question

The idea that lower-class juvenile delinquency isn non utilitarian, malicious, and occurs following an inability to live up to middle-class values is most closely associated with which anomie theory?

answer

Cohen's lower-class reaction theory

question

According to Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory, which three kinds of subcultures shape illegitimate opportunities?

answer

criminal, conflict, retreatist

question

n Agnew's general strain theory, crime occurs in order to accomplish one (or more) of three objectives. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?

answer

reject middle-class values

question

Which theory proposes that people become predisposed to crime because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior?

answer

differential association theory

question

The "Chicago school" is associated with which of the following:

answer

urban ecology

question

A person is arrested for drug use. They tell the judge, "But I'm not hurting anyone!" This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

answer

denial of harm

question

Which of the following types of theories emphasize crime as a learned or socially transmitted process?

answer

social process theories

question

Which social process theory suggests that crime is rooted in social disorganization?

answer

social disorganization theory

question

According to routine activities theory, which three things must converge in time and space in order for crime to occur?

answer

motivated offender, suitable target, absence of capable guardian

question

Which social process theory argues that delinquents move back and forth between conventional and criminal behavior?

answer

drift

question

According to Sutherland's differential association theory, personal contacts vary by four factors frequency, intensity, duration, and priority. Which of the following is an example of duration?

answer

the length of time a person has known their best friend

question

Which of following is a characteristic of mainstream criminology?

answer

a consensus worldview

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of conflict criminology?

answer

a willingness to question the existing order

question

Labeling theory is based on which concept?

answer

symbolic interactionism

question

Which of the following brings together criminology with a transcendental or religious approach as it seeks to mediate conflict, assist victims, and reintegrate offenders into the community?

answer

peacemaking

question

Which of the following terms is used by labeling theory to refer to an agent or official who is concerned with creating and labeling new categories of deviance?

answer

moral entrepreneur

question

In labeling theory, "secondary deviance" is used to refer to crimes that:

answer

occur as a result of an individual having been caught and labeled

question

Which of the following is focused on translating radical ideas into realistic social policy?

answer

left realism

question

Which of the following approaches is known for questioning the way in which knowledge is constituted, and for acknowledging the significance of language in shaping reality?

answer

postmodernism

question

Which of the following names capitalism and inequality as being at the root of crime?

answer

Marxist criminology

question

Which theory centers on the argument that individuals are deviant mainly because they have been identified as such by others?

answer

labeling theory

question

True or false? Life course theories attempt to explain both the onset and desistance of criminal behavior.

answer

true

question

True or false? Critical criminology focuses more on the criminalization of behavior than on the criminal behavior itself?

answer

false

question

True or false? Critical criminology is consistent with a consensus worldview.

answer

false

question

According to containment theory, having a strong support system in one's family would constitute which of the following?

answer

outer containment

question

An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing to lose." This indicates a lack in which of the following social bonds?

answer

commitment

question

An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing better to do with his time." This indicates a lack of which of the following social bonds?

answer

involvement

question

The idea that delinquents exist "in a limbo between convention and crime" is consistent with which of the following theories?

answer

drift theory

question

The proposal that crime is rooted in low self-control and the pursuit of self-interest is consistent with which of the following theories?

answer

General theory of crime

question

How does the power control theory explain the gender difference in criminality?

answer

boys are exposed to fewer parental controls

question

Which of the following occurs when a person actually does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act?

answer

victim provocation

question

In the case of college female sexual victimization, most subsequent incidents happen:

answer

within the same month or one month after the initial incident

question

An individual is shot while trying to break into a home. This is an example of:

answer

victim provocation

question

Means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded so that a victimization is prevented from occurring is?

answer

capable guardianship

question

The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization is?

answer

victim precipitation

question

Occurs when a person or place is victimized more than once by the same type of victimization:

answer

repeat victimization

question

The idea that the more frequently a person comes into contact with persons in demographic groups with likely offenders, the more likely it is the person will be victimized is referred to as:

answer

principle of homogamy

question

What victimization is the most commonly reported to police according to the NCVS?

answer

simple assault

question

True or false? Repeat victimization occurs when a person or place has more than one victimization of any type

answer

false

question

True or false? An example of an avoidance behavior is staying home at night

answer

true

question

True or false? High income households are more likely to have property victimization

answer

false

question

True or false? Those who report being of two or more races are at a higher risk of experiencing violent victimization than African Americans, whites, or Hispanics.

answer

true

question

Which general category of theories recommends attempts to elicit citizen participation in program and the criminal justice system?

answer

left realism

question

Which general category of theories criticizes weak penalties for and non-enforcement of white-collar crime?

answer

conflict

question

What types of theories are associated with the "War on Poverty?"

answer

social process theories

question

Proponents of which category of theories advocate policies to create greater opportunities and improve neighborhoods?

answer

anomie theories

question

Programs to strengthen the family, Head start, Job Corps, and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act were developed in response ot which category of theories?

answer

social control theories

question

What four types of bonds are associated with Hirschi's social bond theory?

answer

attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

question

According to the general theory of crime, what three things are parents responsible for in order to instill self-control in children?

answer

supervision, monitoring, correction

question

True or false? Social process theories emphasize crime as a learned or socially transmitted process

answer

true

question

What are the four ways in which personal contacts vary according to Sutherland's differential association theory?

answer

frequency, intensity, duration, priority

question

What is the most commonly reported victimization according to the UCR?

answer

larceny-theft

question

Which age group has the highest risk for crime victimization?

answer

18-20

question

What is the idea that deficiencies in more than one are cause crime called?

answer

multi-factor deficiency approach

question

What is the most common strategy for combining various theoretical traditions into a single theory?

answer

temporally order existing theories

question

What are typologies?

answer

they attempt to classify crime and criminals

question

What are two purposes of typologies

answer

used as scientific classificatory system and used as educational tools

question

Which of the two integrated theories we covered in class combines social structure, social control, and social learning?

answer

Thornberry's interactional theory

question

Agnew's general strain theory highlights the importance of emotions in crime causation. Which emotion did he suggest was most likely to lead to crime?

answer

anger/frustration

question

In Agnew's general strain theory, crime occurs in order to accomplish one or more of three objectives. What are they?

answer

regain what one has lost or been prevented from obtaining retaliation escape anger and strain

question

n criminology, desistance is the cessation of criminal activity. Does it typically occur all at once?

answer

question

Whose life course theory of criminality emphasized the importance of social bonds, social capital, and personal agency?

answer

Sampson & Laub

question

What are Farrington's two types of antisocial potential?

answer

short term and long term

question

Thornberry & Krohn's life course theory includes life-course trajectories, temperament and neuropsychological defects. What is their theory called?

answer

interactional theory

question

Give the FBI definition of rape:

answer

Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.

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question

True or false? All US street gangs are violent

answer

false

question

True or false? Some U.S. street gangs are violent.

answer

true

question

List 3 crimes that are categorizes as "white collar"

answer

fraud labor violations manufacturing violations unfair business practices abuse of authority regulatory/administrative violations

question

What are two reasons that the impact of white collar crime is difficult to determine?

answer

white collar crime is rarely discovered and rarely prosecuted

question

answer

layering

question

What are 3 steps in money laundering?

answer

layering, placement, and integration

question

Name a common location for money laundering

answer

casinos grocery stores laundromats

question

List two illegal business or activities that fit the "classic" pattern of organized crime

answer

gambling loan sharking labor racketeering narcotics trafficking human smuggling

question

What two characteristics of liberal democracies make it difficult to legally interrupt organized crime in liberal democracies?

answer

priority on individual civil liberties and emphasis on private enterprise

question

Does white collar crime cost more or less than street crime in terms of economic and physical impact?

answer

question

Who coined the term "white collar crime?"

answer

Edwin Sutherland

question

Give Sutherland's four propositions for white collar crime

answer

Offender is upper class committed violations are work related work related violations by blue collar workers are excluded non-work related rimes by upper-class workers are excluded

question

True or false? Most social scientists reject the idea of a "killer instinct" that normalizes violence.

answer

false

question

Which of the following is not a reason why official homicide statistics are some of the most reliable crime statistics?

answer

witnesses are unlikely

question

What are three types of multicide?

answer

mass murder, serial murder, spree murder

question

Which area of the US has the highest homicide and assault rates?

answer

South

question

Where are people most likely to be victims of violence?

answer

their own homes

question

Which of the following is not a risk factor for violent crime?

answer

presence of children

question

True or false? If a person consents to sexual activity but decides to revoke consent mid-act, their partner must cease the activity or be guilty of sexual assault.

answer

true

question

According to Conrad's typology of violent offenders, which group commits acts of violence on rare occasions, often under provocation?

answer

situationally violent offenders

question

How does Conrad categorize violent offenders in his typology?

answer

culturally violent, criminally violent, situationally violent, selectively violent

question

Davis & Gurr suggest six historical events that have deeply embedded violence into the American national culture. Which of the following was not included, but has a similar effect?

answer

history of slavery and racial oppression

question

Which of the following is not a reason for poor reporting of sexual assault?

answer

increase in female police officers

question

In Wright & Decker's work with armed robbers, how did respondents most commonly report that they spent the money from their robberies?

answer

desperate partying

question

In Wright & Decker's work with armed robbers, which stage of the robbery was considered to be the "make or break" stage?

answer

announcing the robbery

question

Which of these is the most dangerous time for victims of intimate partner violence?

answer

trying to leave

question

Which of the following is not a warning sign for intimate partner violence?

answer

text request for nude pics

question

True or false? Size and gender always determine which person is the aggressor in intimate partner violence.

answer

false

question

Is there a high or low likelihood of getting caught if a person commits bank robbery?

answer

high

question

Which of the following is the least likely to be selected as a robbery?

answer

an internet startup company or a high-end department store

question

True or false? Most robberies are pleased well in advance

answer

false

question

What is the most important thing a robber can do to secure victim compliance?

answer

create the illusion of impending death

question

Why do Wright & Decker think that job creation alone won't be enough to reduce robberies?

answer

job creation must work in conduction with strategies to undermine connections to street culture in order to be effective

question

In Wright & Decker's work with burglars, what was the most preferred way of disposing of stolen property?

answer

fence

question

Which method of collecting data did Wright & Decker use in their work with residential burglars and armed robbers?

answer

self-reports

question

Box men are:

answer

professional burglars who specialize in safes

question

Which of the following is the most common type of arson?

answer

profit motivated arson, revenge arson, excitement arson

question

True or false? Residential burglars usually know which target they will burglarize before leaving to commit the burglary

answer

true

question

Which of the following is the most common type of shoplifter?

answer

snitches

question

What is the primary reason that burglars prefer unoccupied residence to occupied residences?

answer

they perceive occupied residences as having a higher risk of apprehension

question

What is the first room a residential burglar is likely to search?

answer

master bedroom

question

During which fo the following times does shoplifting peak?

answer

Spring Break & Christmas

question

Are burglars likely to save the proceeds fo their crimes for long-term goals?

answer

question

Which of the following is the fastest growing drug threat in the US?

answer

controlled prescription drugs

question

Which of the following is not a reason that overdose deaths from heroin are presently increasing?

answer

prolonged usage by older users

question

According to the 2013 National Drug Assessment, is cocaine availability increasing or decreasing inn the US?

answer

decreasing

question

Which fo the following is not true about methamphetamine trends int eh US according to the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment?

answer

demand is increasing

question

Which agency published the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment?

answer

Drug Enforcement Administration

question

Which fo the following is the most widely available and commonly used in the US?

answer

marijuana

question

For which of the following does the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment forecast domestic production to decrease?

answer

methamphetamine

question

True or false? State-level data for the National Drug Threat Assessment comes only from the three largest police departments in each state

answer

false

question

What are "pill mills?"

answer

rogue pain management clinics that over-prescribe controlled prescription drugs

question

rue or false? Criminologists are some of the main sources of information for the 2013 National Drug Threat Assessment

answer

false

question

What determines the restriction classification for drugs?

answer

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

question

Who can press charges against a person using a false prescription?

answer

physician

question

Which model of law sees the criminal law tools of the ruling classes designed to control the "dangerous" classes?

answer

conflict

question

Acts that are bad in themselves are?

answer

mala en se

question

True or false. Folkways are more serious norms than mores

answer

false

question

Theory is:

answer

a plausible explanation of reality

question

What is the "dark figure" of crime?

answer

the number of crimes that go unreported or offenses that escape official notice

question

Which of the following is not a drawback of using victim data?

answer

only the most serious offense is recorded when multiple offenses occur

question

Which region of the US has the highest homicide rate?

answer

South

question

Most crimes are committed by which age group:

answer

15-24

question

The reltionship between the amount of formal schooling individuals possess and arrest rates for the traditional crimes is:

answer

negative

question

List two family factors generally shown to be associated with criminal behavior.

answer

abuse, hostility, supervision, parental criminality

question

What are Rafter's three periods of criminology?

answer

exploratory modernism, confident modernism, agnostic modernism

question

The use of empirical (quantitative) or scientific investigation for the improvement of the society is the most characteristic of:

answer

positivism

question

The "law of criminal saturation" refers ot the idea that:

answer

crime expands to fit the amount of control machinery assigned to it

question

The movement to control degenerates through sterilization, euthanasia, and cutbacks in welfare is known as the:

answer

Eugenics movement

question

Which somatotype did Sheldon (1940) propose was linked to criminal behavior?

answer

mesomorph

question

The most common form of treatment for brain disorders in the contemporary US is:

answer

drug treatment

question

The theory that criminals are born as such, and that they are "throwbacks" to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period, is known as:

answer

atavism

question

In biological positivism, the idea that "survival of the fittest" is applicable to human society is known as:

answer

social darwinism

question

True or false? Present-day biological theorists re working to identify the "crime gene" that they believe to be the source of criminal behavior.

answer

false

question

The view that criminal behavior is ultimately driven by supernatural forces is known as:

answer

demonology

question

"Women accused of witchcraft were tied up and thrown in the water. If they survived, they were innocent." This type of practice is known as:

answer

trial by ordeal

question

Beccaria's work can be summarized as arguing that:

answer

the punishment should fit the crime

question

Jeremy Bentham advocated for "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number." The term that refers to this approach is:

answer

utilitarianism

question

Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?

answer

classicalism/neoclassicalism

question

Which of the following would an adherent of the neoclassical school be most likely to propose?

answer

three strikes legislation

question

Suppose that a criminologist notices that crime rates tend to be higher in warmer climates. This observation is most closely linked to the concept of:

answer

human ecology

question

The "thermic law" of crime argues that crimes against person increase in:

answer

warmer climates

question

Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of thought?

answer

classical/neoclassical

question

In Marxist literature, which fo the following terms is used to refer to the working class?

answer

proletariat

question

Willem Bonger saw capitalism as causing crime through its promotion of selfish individualism, which is also referred to as:

answer

egosim

question

True or false? The neoclassical school is primarily concerned with finding effective criminal justice poicies, not explaining the causes of crime

answer

false

question

True or false? Hedonism is the view tha criminality is biologically inherited

answer

false

question

In his book "The Jules", author Rober Dugsdale concluded that crime is:

answer

hereditary

question

True or false? Most criminals are specialists

answer

false

question

Which fo the following is NOT a theoretically possible reason why official statistics report that males commit more crime than females?

answer

males have made most of our laws, and they tend to target themselves

question

What is the problem with Eurocentric bias in criminology?

answer

it doesn't appreciate the interactions among racism, inequality, and the experiences of the minorities int eh criminal justice system

question

Which of these is true about the relationship between age and crime?

answer

crime commission peaks in the late teens and declines thereafter

question

True or false? During war, domestic crime rates tend to increase

answer

false

question

What are two hypotheses predicting a relationship between crime and mass media consumption?

answer

Cartharsis Hypothesis and Precipitation Hypothesis

question

What is NOT something criminologists study?

answer

physical evidence for criminal court cases

question

Which of these is an example of a person violating more, but not a law?

answer

Elmira hadn't studied for her criminology exam, so she copied answers from the person sitting next to her

question

Which of the following are frameworks for thinking about crime and criminal law?

answer

functional, consensus, conflict, and legal perspectives

question

Which of these types of societies primarily relies on informal social control?

answer

Gemeinschaft

question

Which of the following is true of laws?

answer

Laws become more common when informal methods of social control are weakened

question

True or false? All behaviors that are considered deviant in a society are also criminal?

answer

false

question

Which of these is an example of a mala prohibita behavior?

answer

driving over the speed limit

question

Over the last 30 years, the US has spent billions on prison construction to accumulate swelling prison populations. This is an example of which type of cost of crime?

answer

a. crime induced production costs

question

Which of the following is true of the murder crimes reported to police?

answer

Due to unreported crimes, this number is smaller than the number of crimes actually committed

question

The primary source of official crime statistics in the US is the annual _____

answer

UCR

question

Methodology is

answer

Collection and analysis of data or facts

question

The "gold standard" method to show cause and effect is:

answer

experimentation

question

Which of the following is NOT a weakness of qualitative methods?

answer

double blind sampling

question

What are some weaknesses of qualitative methods?

answer

difficulty gaining access potential ethical/legal dilemmas qualitative methods are time consuming researcher presence may affect behavior

question

Which of the following is an example of an unobtrusive measure?

answer

consent analysis

question

Validity is:

answer

accuracy of measurement

question

What are drawbacks of using anecdotal evidence?

answer

question

. True or false? It is always possible to avoid bias when conducting research

answer

false

question

Which precursor of positivism refers to the study of the size and shape of the skull to determine a person's intelligence and personality?

answer

phrenology

question

Which criminological school of thought argues that crime is a function of the interaction of humans and their environments?

answer

ecological

question

What makes positivism different from theism and mysticism?

answer

it requires scientific, logical, or mathematical proof

question

During which of Rafter's three periods of criminology did researchers fully expect that they would be able to identify the causes of crime through the application of scientific modernism?

answer

confident modernism

question

During which of Rafter's three periods of criminology were its scientific and epistemological foundation fractured by social revolutions?

answer

agnostic modernism

question

What are two ways of testing reliability?

answer

test-retest method and inter-rater reliability test

question

Are males or females more likely to commit crime?

answer

males

question

What is the term for acts that are only wrong because they are prohibited?

answer

mala prohibita

question

Which school of criminological thought emphasized counseling and improving the lot of criminals in order to reduce crime?

answer

psychological positivism

question

Theorists in the economic school of thought applied whose works to the topic of crime?

answer

Karl Marx

question

What is Austin's main criticism of criminology?

answer

criminologists have an absence of general conclusions

question

What is Clear's criticism of "gold standard" scientific experimentation?

answer

it ignores context

question

The number of crimes reported to police is lower than the number of crimes actually committed. What is this discrepancy called.

answer

the dark figure of crime

question

Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of criminological thought?

answer

classical and neoclassical

question

Compared to other Western nations, does the US have higher or lower rates of violent crime?

answer

higher

question

Durkheim was the first sociologist to use the term "anomie." How did he define it?

answer

normlessness in society

question

Generally speaking, anomie theories focus on crime as the result of:

answer

lack of legitimate opportunities

question

answer

innovator

question

True or false? According to anomie/classic strain theory, individuals who accept traditional goals, but reject the means of achieving them, are known as rebels.

answer

false

question

The idea that lower-class juvenile delinquency isn non utilitarian, malicious, and occurs following an inability to live up to middle-class values is most closely associated with which anomie theory?

answer

Cohen's lower-class reaction theory

question

According to Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory, which three kinds of subcultures shape illegitimate opportunities?

answer

criminal, conflict, retreatist

question

n Agnew's general strain theory, crime occurs in order to accomplish one (or more) of three objectives. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?

answer

reject middle-class values

question

Which theory proposes that people become predisposed to crime because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior?

answer

differential association theory

question

The "Chicago school" is associated with which of the following:

answer

urban ecology

question

A person is arrested for drug use. They tell the judge, "But I'm not hurting anyone!" This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

answer

denial of harm

question

Which of the following types of theories emphasize crime as a learned or socially transmitted process?

answer

social process theories

question

Which social process theory suggests that crime is rooted in social disorganization?

answer

social disorganization theory

question

According to routine activities theory, which three things must converge in time and space in order for crime to occur?

answer

motivated offender, suitable target, absence of capable guardian

question

Which social process theory argues that delinquents move back and forth between conventional and criminal behavior?

answer

drift

question

According to Sutherland's differential association theory, personal contacts vary by four factors frequency, intensity, duration, and priority. Which of the following is an example of duration?

answer

the length of time a person has known their best friend

question

Which of following is a characteristic of mainstream criminology?

answer

a consensus worldview

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of conflict criminology?

answer

a willingness to question the existing order

question

Labeling theory is based on which concept?

answer

symbolic interactionism

question

Which of the following brings together criminology with a transcendental or religious approach as it seeks to mediate conflict, assist victims, and reintegrate offenders into the community?

answer

peacemaking

question

Which of the following terms is used by labeling theory to refer to an agent or official who is concerned with creating and labeling new categories of deviance?

answer

moral entrepreneur

question

In labeling theory, "secondary deviance" is used to refer to crimes that:

answer

occur as a result of an individual having been caught and labeled

question

Which of the following is focused on translating radical ideas into realistic social policy?

answer

left realism

question

Which of the following approaches is known for questioning the way in which knowledge is constituted, and for acknowledging the significance of language in shaping reality?

answer

postmodernism

question

Which of the following names capitalism and inequality as being at the root of crime?

answer

Marxist criminology

question

Which theory centers on the argument that individuals are deviant mainly because they have been identified as such by others?

answer

labeling theory

question

True or false? Life course theories attempt to explain both the onset and desistance of criminal behavior.

answer

true

question

True or false? Critical criminology focuses more on the criminalization of behavior than on the criminal behavior itself?

answer

false

question

True or false? Critical criminology is consistent with a consensus worldview.

answer

false

question

According to containment theory, having a strong support system in one's family would constitute which of the following?

answer

outer containment

question

An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing to lose." This indicates a lack in which of the following social bonds?

answer

commitment

question

An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing better to do with his time." This indicates a lack of which of the following social bonds?

answer

involvement

question

The idea that delinquents exist "in a limbo between convention and crime" is consistent with which of the following theories?

answer

drift theory

question

The proposal that crime is rooted in low self-control and the pursuit of self-interest is consistent with which of the following theories?

answer

General theory of crime

question

How does the power control theory explain the gender difference in criminality?

answer

boys are exposed to fewer parental controls

question

Which of the following occurs when a person actually does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act?

answer

victim provocation

question

In the case of college female sexual victimization, most subsequent incidents happen:

answer

within the same month or one month after the initial incident

question

An individual is shot while trying to break into a home. This is an example of:

answer

victim provocation

question

Means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded so that a victimization is prevented from occurring is?

answer

capable guardianship

question

The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization is?

answer

victim precipitation

question

Occurs when a person or place is victimized more than once by the same type of victimization:

answer

repeat victimization

question

The idea that the more frequently a person comes into contact with persons in demographic groups with likely offenders, the more likely it is the person will be victimized is referred to as:

answer

principle of homogamy

question

What victimization is the most commonly reported to police according to the NCVS?

answer

simple assault

question

True or false? Repeat victimization occurs when a person or place has more than one victimization of any type

answer

false

question

True or false? An example of an avoidance behavior is staying home at night

answer

true

question

True or false? High income households are more likely to have property victimization

answer

false

question

True or false? Those who report being of two or more races are at a higher risk of experiencing violent victimization than African Americans, whites, or Hispanics.

answer

true

question

Which general category of theories recommends attempts to elicit citizen participation in program and the criminal justice system?

answer

left realism

question

Which general category of theories criticizes weak penalties for and non-enforcement of white-collar crime?

answer

conflict

question

What types of theories are associated with the "War on Poverty?"

answer

social process theories

question

Proponents of which category of theories advocate policies to create greater opportunities and improve neighborhoods?

answer

anomie theories

question

Programs to strengthen the family, Head start, Job Corps, and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act were developed in response ot which category of theories?

answer

social control theories

question

What four types of bonds are associated with Hirschi's social bond theory?

answer

attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

question

According to the general theory of crime, what three things are parents responsible for in order to instill self-control in children?

answer

supervision, monitoring, correction

question

True or false? Social process theories emphasize crime as a learned or socially transmitted process

answer

true

question

What are the four ways in which personal contacts vary according to Sutherland's differential association theory?

answer

frequency, intensity, duration, priority

question

What is the most commonly reported victimization according to the UCR?

answer

larceny-theft

question

Which age group has the highest risk for crime victimization?

answer

18-20

question

What is the idea that deficiencies in more than one are cause crime called?

answer

multi-factor deficiency approach

question

What is the most common strategy for combining various theoretical traditions into a single theory?

answer

temporally order existing theories

question

What are typologies?

answer

they attempt to classify crime and criminals

question

What are two purposes of typologies

answer

used as scientific classificatory system and used as educational tools

question

Which of the two integrated theories we covered in class combines social structure, social control, and social learning?

answer

Thornberry's interactional theory

question

Agnew's general strain theory highlights the importance of emotions in crime causation. Which emotion did he suggest was most likely to lead to crime?

answer

anger/frustration

question

In Agnew's general strain theory, crime occurs in order to accomplish one or more of three objectives. What are they?

answer

regain what one has lost or been prevented from obtaining retaliation escape anger and strain

question

n criminology, desistance is the cessation of criminal activity. Does it typically occur all at once?

answer

question

Whose life course theory of criminality emphasized the importance of social bonds, social capital, and personal agency?

answer

Sampson & Laub

question

What are Farrington's two types of antisocial potential?

answer

short term and long term

question

Thornberry & Krohn's life course theory includes life-course trajectories, temperament and neuropsychological defects. What is their theory called?

answer

interactional theory

question

Give the FBI definition of rape:

answer

Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.

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