Critical evaluation of different supply chains Essay Example

how knowledge can be attained in a particular area of research. Eldabl et al. (2002) also define epistemology as strong beliefs concerning how knowledge is generated. Additionally, Saunders et al. (2005) emphasize considering knowledge in relation to a specific area of research when conducting studies.

In this study, three epistemic positions will be focused on: positivism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. Positivism, as described by Bryman and Bell (2003), supports using natural scientific methods when studying social phenomena and beyond. It argues that something can only be considered significant and factual if it can be demonstrated without bias through human senses.Collis and Hussey (2003) define positivism as focusing on the facts or causes of social phenomena without considering the subjective state of individuals. According to Jankowicz (2005), positivists believe that applying a scientific approach is the best way to ensure authenticity in research. Borg and Gall (1989) reject individual intuitions, beliefs, feelings, and values as a basis for conducting research. Remenyi et al.(2002) emphasize that positivism emphasizes objectivity and following scientific methods in research. The possibility of following the philosophical approach of the natural scientist is common among research workers who embrace the rationalist perspective, with a focus on producing tangible societal outcomes through their research. However, critics such as Howe (1985) and Borg and Gall (1989) argue that rationalists overlook or neglect the subjective aspects of individuals when conducting research. Howe (1985) further challenges the belief held by rationalists that research should be devoid of values but instead use observations to validate knowledge. Saunders et al.(2007) supports this criticism by stating that value-free observation is not possible in present-day settings. On the other hand, Gill and Johnson

(2002) propose substituting subjectivity with objectivity in research while acknowledging inherent differences between individuals and objects or animals.The use of positivism is mainly associated with quantitative methods, as Naslund (2002) suggests that objective methods can be used to study rationalists due to the existence of an objective reality.

3.1.2 Interpretivism

Straus and Corbin (1990) describe interpretivism as a way for researchers to gain a better understanding of people's actions and the meanings behind them. They view it as a means to identify how and why individuals behave in certain ways. Similarly, Saunders et al.(2007, p.107) define interpretivism as an epistemology that emphasizes the researcher's need to understand the differences between individuals in their roles as social actors.

Eaterby-Smith et al.(2003) argue that humans are more likely to recognize the reality of a situation compared to objects or external factors, which contrasts with the rationalist perspective that relies on unbiased human senses to determine something as imperative and factual (Bryman and Bell, 2003). In contrast, interpretivists gather and analyze data from various perspectives to gain a more comprehensive understanding of an event, which rationalists may overlook.

Therefore, the interpretivist researcher places emphasis on understanding how individuals perceive the world and believes that it is necessary to immerse themselves in the social world to achieve this understanding (Saunders et al., 2007).However, there are critics who argue that interpretivist researchers often neglect the scientific process of confirming people's behavior (Mead, 1934). Beinstein (1983) also suggests that interpretivist approaches may present a distorted view of events because an individual's current circumstances can influence their interpretation of a situation, which may not accurately represent its reality. On the other hand,

realism is defined by Easterby-Smith et al. (2003) as a blend of rationalist and interpretivist approaches that acknowledges the existence of a reality independent of the mind. According to Saunders et al. (2007), realism is aligned with the scientific approach to knowledge development and comparable to positivism in terms of methodology. Bryan and Bell (2007) argue for both natural and social sciences to use similar data gathering methods despite focusing on different aspects of the external world. Saunders et al. (2005) further state that realism is grounded in the belief that objective facts exist independently from individual beliefs while recognizing subjective experiences' importance. Sobh and Perry (2006) suggest that realism is particularly suitable for studying business trends due to its consideration of the complex nature of the external world, emphasizing qualitative research methods over purely rationalist approaches. However, Outhwaite (1983) claims that realism is especially advantageous as a research tool for studying complex data in general.The choice of research approach depends on the specific research questions being explored (Saunders et al., 2007). It is not recommended to believe that one research approach is superior to another. However, according to the author, the decision on which research approach to adopt for a project heavily relies on the theoretical position in the initial phase of the research. Inductive and deductive reasoning are identified as the main forms of reasoning in research (Cohen et al., 2007). Inductive reasoning is associated with interpretivism, while deductive reasoning is linked to positivism. Deductive reasoning takes a more scientific approach by developing testable hypotheses to understand how nature works from different perspectives (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Cohen et al. (2007) mention generalization

and hypothesis testing using quantitative data as core elements of the deductive approach. Nevertheless, although faster, Saunders et al. (2007) criticize it for being inflexible and lacking enlightenment about reasons behind phenomena. On the other hand, connected with interpretivism doctrine, the focus of inductive approach is gaining more insight into problem nature (Saunders et al., 2007). Research workers often utilize qualitative data and other methods for information gathering and determining appropriate research design.However, there are critics who argue against this approach because it can be time-consuming and may not yield valuable data. In this specific research project, the goal is to study how people perceive and practice green initiatives. To achieve this, a realist approach will be employed. Qualitative data analysis involves examining non-numerical information such as interviews or categorizing data. This type of data provides a deeper understanding of human behavior and explores the underlying reasons for their actions. It also allows for further exploration and discussion as new issues or developments arise during the research process. However, some researchers criticize qualitative data for its subjectivity and time-consuming nature, which makes analysis difficult. On the other hand, quantitative information is a measurable form of data collection that uses scientific techniques to gather facts and produce numerical results. Quantitative data primarily relies on tools like questionnaires, statistics, or graphs to provide numerical information. Questionnaires are commonly used in collecting quantitative data. Critics like Collis and Hussey (2003) argue that quantitative information is preferable because it offers straightforward data that can be analyzed more quickly.
Fielding and Schreier (2001) recognize the advantages of cross-method triangulation, which involves combining qualitative and quantitative data collection in a research study,

regardless of the philosophical stance adopted. They define triangulation as a validity model that obtains corroborating evidence by utilizing different methods to analyze the same phenomenon. According to (2007), using triangulation can mitigate bias in both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Therefore, the researcher will employ a triangulation approach by gathering data from two companies to arrive at a logical conclusion and gain deeper insight into how these companies comprehend and implement green practices.

In terms of research design, Bryman and Bell (2007, p.40) define it as a framework for collecting and analyzing data that encompasses decisions regarding various aspects of the research process. Saunders et al.(2007) describe research design as an overarching plan outlining how research questions and objectives will be addressed. This includes determining the source of data collection, addressing any limitations, and considering ethical issues.Saunders et al.(2007) categorize three types of research design: exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive.According to Robson (2002, p.59), the explanatory research design is employed to comprehend "what is happening," acquire new insights, pose questions, and evaluate phenomena from a fresh perspective. In 2007, the primary methods for conducting exploratory research were identified as seeking literature, questioning field experts, and conducting focus group interviews. The authors emphasized the adaptability of this research design and its capacity to adjust to changes. They also viewed the explanatory research design as an extension of exploratory research that offers a specific framework for gathering data and investigating relationships between variables. Conversely, the descriptive research design involves survey or experimental studies aimed at describing data on a specific topic. For this study on green perspectives and implementation, the researcher will combine elements from both explanatory and descriptive

designs.

Moving on to research methods/strategies, Jackowicz (2005) defined them as logical means of collecting and analyzing data in order to obtain information. The nature of the research and desired information determine the form of research and methods for data collection that will be utilized. Additionally, factors such as the researcher's philosophical position, existing knowledge on the topic, available resources, and time constraints guide the choice of research strategy adopted for the study.This paper will employ a similar research method to previous studies in the field of GSCM, which have predominantly used case study methodology (Geyer and Jackson, 2004; Trowbridge, 2001; Reiskin et al., 1999; Matthews, 2004). Case study is classified by Eisenhardt (1989, p.534) as a "research strategy" that focuses on understanding dynamics within specific settings. The advantage of case studies is their ability to retrospectively examine cases and develop themes from them. These themes can then serve as valuable lessons for similar projects (Gill, 1995). Additionally, Yin (1994) highlights the benefits of using case study approach when exploring "how and why?" questions without having control over the case. By utilizing comparative instance study analysis—a type of research that allows for diverse sources of evidence such as guidelines, studies, protocols, and interviews—the researcher aims to examine companies' perspectives on GSCM implementation. This approach will enable the generation of theoretical justifications and generalizations about the research topic (Skocpol, 1984; Seuring, 2001).Skocpol (1984) suggests that comparative research is necessary for developing generalizations. However, challenges may arise during the development of a comparative model. To address these challenges, it is important to focus on a specific business sector, such as the Food Processing sector. Comparative instance studies can

be used to review and compare cases and their underlying theories (Hildrum, 2007), providing holistic insight into the topic. Kim (2003) argues that qualitative approaches like comparative instance studies are best for comprehensively studying company functionality, resulting in robust findings (Yin, 1994). Monitoring companies at different levels through comparative case study helps understand their operations and choice of packaging materials for products (del Brio et al., 2008).

In terms of research techniques and data collection, Jackowicz (2005) defines techniques as procedures for collecting and analyzing data, guiding researchers in performing tasks (Bennet, 1986). This study utilizes both primary and secondary data collection methods. Secondary data refers to existing information gathered for other purposes (Saunders et al., 2003).Secondary data, such as literature reviews from various sources like journals, magazines, textbooks, and websites, is used in this study to guide researchers in addressing their research questions and objectives. However, it has been criticized for not always being directly relevant or providing all the answers needed for the current survey (Kotabe, 2002). Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate these factors before utilizing such information (Malhotra, 2004).

On the other hand, primary data refers to raw data collected specifically for a particular research through observations, questionnaire surveys, and interviews (Saunders et al., 2003). According to Malhotra (2004), obtaining information through primary data is highly important and more reliable despite being time-consuming and expensive.

When collecting primary data through observation, researchers observe human behavior and then record, explain analyze,and interpret it (Saunders et al., 2003). De Vaus (2002) highlights questionnaires as a method of collecting primary data where individuals respond to a predetermined set of questions. Writer Jackowicz (2005) emphasizes the use of

questionnaires because they are easy to design with multiple questions and efficient for gathering data from large samples.However, Gill and Johnson (2002) criticize the limitations of using this method due to low response rates and availability. The collection of primary data can be achieved through interviews, which are considered a promising method for obtaining consistent and relevant information for research purposes. According to Saunders et al. (2003), there are three types of interviews: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. Structured interviews utilize programmed questionnaires, while unstructured interviews provide in-depth knowledge about a specific case. Semi-structured interviews involve formulating questions related to the topic to gather responses. Data from semi-structured interviews can be obtained by recording conversations or taking notes (Saunders et al., 2003). Regarding data collection and analysis methods mentioned earlier, this study will encompass both primary and secondary data within a specified timeframe. For this research, primary data will be gathered through semi-structured interviews. This approach allows for discussion on topics to elicit interviewees' opinions and ideas (Cheney et al., 2004). In line with Easterby-Smith et al.'s findings in 1991, there are five situations where semistructured interviews prove suitable.Firstly, understanding the interviewee's development is important. Secondly, the interviewer needs a clear understanding of the interviewee's perception of the world, which can be influenced by the interviewer. Thirdly, a process's logic can be generalized. Fourthly, when discussing commercially sensitive or confidential subjects. And finally, unless there is a face-to-face discussion about the topic, the interviewee will not fully open up.

The audio will be recorded on tape.

3.7 SAMPLE SELECTION

The researcher will choose two mid-size companies as units of analysis. In doing so, consideration

will be given to these companies' past practices and current use of green practices across all levels of operations. Since operational procedures vary among industries, this research will primarily focus on the Food Processing sector. According to Vechon (2007), related procedures or workflows typically benefit a particular industry's operations. Additionally, Zhu and Sarkis (2007) suggest that different environmental regulations and laws are applied in various industries, resulting in different environmental practices. The Food Processing sector encompasses various aspects but what sets companies apart is their high level of customer sensitivity to product quality. However, Lee and Rhee (2007) state that implementing environmental strategies depends on a company's size.
On the other hand, the researcher's focus is on mid-sized companies because of their relevant organizational structures and level of development. Two companies in the Food Processing sector were chosen as they frequently use Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) lines for importing goods. This provided an opportunity for the researcher to visit their facilities two years ago. Furthermore, there were prior connections with company X, which revealed that some aspects of green practices were being implemented in their operations. This allowed for access to sufficient data to investigate and plan for the study.

Additionally, the research methodology demonstrates flexibility and robustness. The text below discusses the implementation of green patterns in a survey, as well as the design and limitations of the research. It also includes a list of references.

The text mentions placing a form for another instance survey that utilizes archival methods, despite implementing green patterns at the time of the survey. The design of the research will remain unchanged. It discusses the validity and reliability of the research,

as well as ethical considerations and limitations.

References:
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into the conduct of inquiry in research. Kim (2003) examines different paradigms in organizational acquisition and public presentation research. Kothari (1996) provides insights into various research methodologies, methods, and techniques. Kotabe (2002) addresses emerging issues in international business research. Malhotra (2004) focuses on marketing research with an applied orientationMatthews, H.S. (2004) Thinking outside 'the Box': Designing a packaging take-back system, California Management Review, Vol.46, No.2, pp.105-119.
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Vol 11,No 11.pp 1194-1209Straus and Corbin (1990) discuss the ongoing relevance of Human Resource Management in their article titled "Still processing on, or processing out?" This article is included in the book "Human Resource Management: A critical Text" edited by J. Storey (1995), published by London Rhomson Business Press. Additionally, Yin (1994) explores case study research design and methods in his book published by Sage, titled "Case Study Research: Design and Methods," based in London.