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Developmental theorists attempt to provide a natural history of criminal behavior by encompassing

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its onset, continuation, and termination

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Latent trait theorists believe human development is controlled by a master trait present at birth or soon after that

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increases propensity to crime

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How do life course theorists view criminality?

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as a dynamic process

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Using data from a longitudinal study of youth, Loeber identified distinct pathways to crime. Which pathway begins at an early age with stubborn behavior?

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the authority conflict pathway

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According to latent trait theory, when does a latent trait appear?

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at birth or soon after

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The general theory of crime considers the criminal offender and the criminal acts as _ aspects of criminality

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seperate

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Children exposed to violence at home, at school, or in the environment may adopt violent methods themselves. Which children are most likely to engage in violent behavior?

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those exposed to violence in the home and who live in a neighborhood with high violence rates

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First degree murder occurs when a person kills another after _ and deliberation

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premeditation

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A number of research studies have been focused on armed robbery, what have they found?

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robbers are rational decision makers who look for easy prey

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_ are typically located in rural areas and attack miliatry, police, and government targets in an effort to unseat or replace the existing government

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guerillas

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This term began to be used during the iraq war and described the forces opposed to American involvement. Members are typically organized into covert groups who engage in organized campaigns of violence aimed at popular uprising

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insurgents

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Criminologists suspect that, of the millions of property theft realted crimes that occur each year, most are commited by

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occasional criminals

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False pretenses or fraud differs from traditional larceny because

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the victims willingly give their posessions to the offender

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Why do most juristicitions punish burglary as a felony?

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because the potential for harm to the occupants is significant

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Ralph stole a car and drove around for a few hours showing it off. What type of auto crime is it?

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joyriding

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Developmental theories attempt to explain

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the natural history of a criminal career, its onset, the course it follows, and its termination

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Life course theories

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reflecting the view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by many characteristics, traits, and experiences, and that behavior changes accordingly overtime

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Determines adult life course

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relationships and behaviors

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Problem behavior syndrome

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a cluster of antisocial behvaiors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, precocious sexuality, physical abuse, education, underachievement, suicide attempts, unemployment - crime is a social problem rather than a result of other social problems

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Pathways to Crime (Authority Conflict)

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begins with early stubborn behavior and defiance of parents

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Pathways to Crime (Covert)

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begins with minor underhanded behavior and progressed to property damage and theft

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Pathways to Crime (Overt)

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begins with minor agression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually ends with violent crime

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Latent Trait Theory

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crime is controlled by a master trait, present at birth or soon after that remains stable and unchanging throughout a persons lifetime

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Age-graded theory

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discrete factors influence people at different stages in their development, so the propensity to commit crimes is neither stable nor unyielding

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Turning points

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life events that alter criminal behavior

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Social capital

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positive life sustaining relations with institutions, places, ect..

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General Theory of Crime

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impulsive personality, lack of self control, act and offender (seperated)

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General Theory Critique Tautological

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logic behind theory is circular

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Murder/Homicide

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Unlawful killing of a human with malice (wish to do harm) aforethought

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First Degree Murder

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premeditation & deliberation

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Second Degree Murder

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disregard for the victims life and their desire to inflict bodily harm to the victim results in the victims death

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Manslaughter

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homicide without wish to do harm

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Voluntary Manslaughter

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killing commited in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel that provoked violence

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Involuntary manslaughter

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killing that occurs when a persons acts are negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause - drunk driving

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Muderous relations involve

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someone you know unless its a robbery or drug deal

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Serial Killers

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person who kills 3 or more people in 3 or more seperate events

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Mass Murderer

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killing of 4 or more by one or a few assailants with a single even - columbine

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Spree Killers

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killer of multiple victims whose murders ocur over a relatively short span of time and often have no pattern

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Battery

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offensive touching, slapping, hitting or punching

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Assault

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attempted battery or intentionally frightening a victim by word or deed

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Robbery

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taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody or control of people by force or theat of force or violence and or putting the victim in fear

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Stalking

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often not taken seriously by courts, add more

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Terrorists

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people who systematically attack or threaten violence for political demands

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Revolutionary

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nationalist or localist groups that engage in civil war against a soverign power that holds control of land

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(History of Theft) Skilled Thieves

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worked in large cities

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(History of Theft) Smugglers

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movers and shakers

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(History of Theft) Poachers

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illegally killed game

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Occasional Criminals

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do not define themselves by a criminal role or view, motivated by inducement, oppurtunity or need.

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Professional Criminals

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offenders who make a significant portion of their income from crime

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Larceny

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taking for ones own use the property of another, by means other than force or threats on the victim or forcible breaking into a persons home or workplace

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Constructive Possession

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when a person voluntarily gives up physical custody of their property by retain legal ownership

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Petty Larceny

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theft or a small amount of money or property, punished as a misdemeanor

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Grand Larceny

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theft of money or property of substantial value, pnished as a felony

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(Shoplifting) Booster

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professional shoplifter who steals with intention of reselling stolen merchandise

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(Shoplifting) Merchant Privilidge Laws

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allows employees to apprehend someone who looks suspicious

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(Shoplifting) Target Removal Strategy

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showing fake merchandise such as a cardboard VCR to prevent stealing

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(Shoplifting) Target hardening strategy

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locking up valuables

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Latent Trait

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stable feature, characteristic property or condition present at birth or soon after, that makes some people crime prone

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Wilson & Herrnstein crime and Human nature

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all human behavior, including criminality, is determined by its perceieved consequences. A criminal incident occurs when an individual chooses over conventional behvaior. They assume that both biological and psychological traits influence the choice between crime and non crime.

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General Theory of Crime

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people with limited self-control tend to be insensitive to other peoples feelings - predisposed to physical rather than mental solutions, the root cause is inadequate child-rearing

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Define Rape

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the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will

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Why men commit rape

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focus on evolutionary, biological aspects of male sexual drive. Some say its a form of socialization. Rape arises primarily from a desire to inflict pain and humilation, but there is evidence that at least some rapists have sexual feelings for their victims

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Issues involving rape and the law

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proving guilt in rape case is extremely challenging. Its essential to prove that the attack was forced and that the victim did not give consent.

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Robbery traits

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many chose victims who are already involved in illegal behaviors (ex. drug dealers). Also, females likely attack females.

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Hate Crimes (bias crimes)

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violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of another group because they are a diff race

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Stalking

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specific person, repeated physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, written or implied theats

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Workplace violence

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3rd leading cause of occupational injury or death

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(Forms of Terrorism) Revolutionary

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use of violence to replace the existing government with a regime that holds acceptible political or religious views

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(Forms of Terrorism) Political

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directed at people who are opposite to the terrorists ideology

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(Forms of Terrorism) National

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promotes interests of a minority ethnic group that believes it has been persecuted under majority rule

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(Forms of Terrorism) Retributive

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impose their social and religious code on others

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(Forms of Terrorism) State-sponsored

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represenative government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppress minorities, and stifles political dissent

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(Forms of Terrorism) Environmental

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violence in an effort to slow down developers who they believe are threatening the environment or harming animals

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(Forms of Terrorism) Criminal

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common-law crimes such as drug dealing or kidnapping

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Motivations of Terrorists

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no single personality trait, some hold extreme ideologies and schooling, people who engage in state-sponsored terrorism are highly susceptible to unquestioning submission to authority

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National Counterterrorism Center

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responsible for analyzing and integrating all intelligence

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FBI

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reformation of priorities, making protection from terrorists the first

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Department of Homeland Security

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responsible for preventing terrorist attacks within united states

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Amateur theives

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commit majoirty of economic crimes

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Pettty

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theft $100-500 , misdemanor

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Grand

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theft over $500, felony

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Amateur shoplifting

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spur of the moment, for personal use

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Fraud

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involves tricking victims into giving up their goods or money under false pretenses

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Embezzlement

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involves people taking something that was temporarily entrusted to them, ex. bank tellers stealing money for themselves

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Pro car theives

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steal cars to sell valuable parts

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Amateur car theives

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joy riders who borrom cars for short term transportation

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Good Burglar

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pro theives. involves planning and risk. Size up value of crime and balance it against risks. Learn from other pros.

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Male Burglars

answer

steal cars to supplement income, work alone, start younger, more likely to repeat offenses

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Female burlgars

answer

more likely to work with a partner

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Reasons people commit arson

answer

malicious burning of a home or thing. burn commerical buildings for profit. Onwers of commerical buildings may resort to arson to get rid of outdated inventory, to qualify for government redevelopment funds, to collect insurance, to claim loss of merchandise already sold, or to eliminate compeition

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