question

According to Merton a person who accepts the conventional goals and means defined by society would be considered a conformist.

answer

(True)

question

The work of Robert Ezra Park, Ernest W. Burgess, and Louis Wirth concerning the social ecology of cities became known as

answer

(the Chicago School)

question

According to Cloward and Ohlin conflict gangs engage in crimes that produce a large amount of money

answer

FALSE

question

Standards set by authority figures such as taeachers, employers, or supervisors are:

answer

(middle-class measuring rods)

question

Cultural deviance theory focuses on which of the following factors?

answer

(development of subcultures as a result of disorganization and strain)

question

The unique value system that dominates life among the lower classes is known as:

answer

(focal concerns)

question

According to Cohen, the "delinquent boy" adopts a set of norms in direct opposition to middle-class values. ()

answer

True

question

Social structure theorists contend that crime would ________ if environment did not influence human behavior.

answer

(be equally distributed across the social structure)

question

According to Sellin, culture conflict occurs when the rules expressed in the criminal law clash with the demands of group conduct norms.

answer

(True)

question

Which of the following neighborhoods have the highest crime rates?

answer

(areas where most homes are rentals and not owner-occupied)

question

Referring to differential association theory, how does learning criminal behavior differ from learning other behavior?

answer

(There is no difference between learning criminal behavior and non-criminal behavior.)

question

Which of the following has been linked to decreasing crime?

answer

(holding religious beliefs)

question

Whose name do we associate with the prominent social learning theory of differential association?

answer

(Sutherland)

question

Youth who grow up in households characterized by conflict and tension, and where there is a lack of familial love and support, are susceptible to:

answer

(delinquency)

question

The influence of labeling theory can be viewed in the development of diversion and restitution programs

answer

(True)

question

The interactions people have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society is known as:

answer

(Socialization)

question

Differential association theory suggests that crime is a/an ______ behavior

answer

(learned)

question

Social learning theories assume people are born either "bad" or "good" and that their degree of criminality can be unlearned with proper socialization.

answer

(False)

question

Poor school achievement and limited educational aspirations have been associated with delinquent behavior

answer

(True)

question

Negative labels, such as being called a troublemaker, stigmatize the recipients of these labels and reduce their self-image. Those who accept or internalize these labels are more prone to engage in delinquent behaviors than those who do not.

answer

(true)

question

The relationships that exist among the people producing goods and services are known as:

answer

(productive relations)

question

Hirschi offers that the social bond a person maintains with society is comprised of four main elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

answer

(True)

question

Critical criminologists devote their attention to a number of important themes and concepts. What theme is not inclusive of critical criminology?

answer

(the association with deviant peers to crime rates)

question

Within Marxist thought, the owners of the means of production are called:

answer

(capitalist bourgeoisie)

question

Conflict theorists are concerned with all but which of the following?

answer

(the relationship between a socialism and crime rates)

question

Which theorist believed that society is divided into have and have-not groups and penal law penal law serves the will of the ruling class.: those who possess authority and those who lack authority?

answer

(Willem Bonger)

question

The theory that links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society is:

answer

(social bond theory)

question

The view that the inter-group conflict and rivalry that exists in every society causes crime is known as:

answer

(critical criminology)

question

One of the critiques of social bond theory is that attachment to deviant peers supports and nurtures rather than deters antisocial behavior.

answer

(True)

question

Within Marxist thought, the people who perform the actual work are called:

answer

(the proletariat)

question

Aging-out is explained by latent trait theory in that one's propensity to commit crime remains stable over the life course, the opportunity to commit crime fluctuates over time, and people only appear to age-out as they mature

answer

(True)

question

Latent trait theories hold that some underlying condition present at birth or soon after controls behavior.

answer

(True)

question

Some theorists believe that criminality may be a part of a group of antisocial behaviors that cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse, substance abuse, educational underachievement, sensation seeking, and unemployment. This is known as:

answer

(problem behavior syndrome)

question

Marriage and career serve as informal social control mechanisms that limit criminal behavior opportunities.

answer

(True)

question

The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to ____, who researched the life cycle of delinquent careers in the 1930s.

answer

(Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck)

question

The branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life course is known as: (

answer

developmental criminology)

question

__________________ views criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences.

answer

(life course theory)

question

Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that low self-control is a function of an impulsive personality.

answer

(True)

question

The pathway to crime that begins with minor, underhanded behavior that leads to property damage is known as:

answer

(the covert pathway)

question

The pathway of crime that begins with bullying and annoying others and then escalates to physical fighting and violence is known as:

answer

(the overt pathway)

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