Criminology Exam II
56 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 56question
Criticism of Black Box of Social Disorganization Theory
answer
People tend to keep to themselves.
Unlock the answer
question
Structural Disadvantage Features of Neighborhoods
answer
*Residential Mobility *Poverty *Family Disruption *Population Heterogeneity *Social ILLS (AIDS) high correlations with Social Disorganization resulting in crime.
Unlock the answer
question
Two ways to test Social Disorganization
answer
*Official Data (Uniform Crime Reports/Census) *Compare high rates of crime btw suburbs and city. *Official Data such as pverty rates, residential mobility, unemployment rate, avg income...Hypothesis is that if these statistics are high then crime will be highest in these places...supports Shaw and McKay's Theory of Social Disorganization.
Unlock the answer
question
What did the early measures of Social Disorganization focus on?
answer
Establishing links between structural features of neighborhoods and crime rates.
Unlock the answer
question
Criticism for Shaw and McKay's Social Disorganization Theory
answer
Does not take into account social interaction, and these high crime rates can be explained by more than one theory/structural features.
Unlock the answer
question
Structural Features of Neighborhoods
answer
Residential Mobility Racial and Ethnic Heterogeneity Family Disruption Poverty Rates
Unlock the answer
question
systematic model theory..define and who developed it
answer
Burski and Grasmick, three systems/levels contributing to crime...Private, Parochial, Public.
Unlock the answer
question
Private, Parochial, Public systems of social control theory
answer
Private level is relationship with family and friends that is controlled by threats of withdrawal of support and esteem. Parochial-controlled through supervision and surveillance, pertains to broader interpersonal networks. Public- Networks between neighborhood and outside agencies...Affects the ability to receive public goods and services.
Unlock the answer
question
Criticism of Burski and Grasmick
answer
Assumes all social networks in communities are conventional and will result in crime control. Lacks temporality (cause must come before effect) crime could cause social disorganization because people might fear their neighbors. Makes a vicious cycle because social disorganization and crime can work both ways.
Unlock the answer
question
Policy and LOA for Social Disorganization Theory
answer
Chicago Area Project (Shaw and McKay)
Unlock the answer
question
Who created Chicago Area Project and why is policy important
answer
Shaw and McKay, policy is what we need to do to prevent crime like...crime watch, neighborhood meetings, recreation. Shaw and McKay instituted legal services and job finders. Proven to reduce crime.
Unlock the answer
question
Social Control Theory
answer
Hirschi
Unlock the answer
question
Consensus Theory and Criticism
answer
grievance in society about what is good and bad, so the law reflects this grievance. Our society is diverse, defined by plurality, so we all have different beliefs & values.
Unlock the answer
question
Consensus Assumptions of Human Beings (Two) and Criticism
answer
1.Limited Free Choice-limited by structural constraints 2.Born Bad-Thomas Hobbs, people assume we all are born bad. Criticism: If people are all born bad, why don't all of us commit crime?
Unlock the answer
question
Conflict Model
answer
Different values and beliefs throughout society, the values and beliefs of the powerful are reflected in the law.
Unlock the answer
question
Alternative theory to consensus theory of everyone born evil
answer
Theory of Free Will, You choose your own destiny.
Unlock the answer
question
Soft Determinism/Limited Free Will Theory
answer
People make their own choices, however, the options available to us are limited to some people more than others. Choice we make, reflect opportunities presented to us. What is in our environment shapes our choices.
Unlock the answer
question
Individual LOA
answer
The unit of analysis is the individual person, outcome is a criminal act, theories are social/psychological. Uses Self-report Data
Unlock the answer
question
Group LOA
answer
Structural level of analysis focusing on its unit...group or organization. Outcome is Group Crime Rates, Theories concern social-strucutral aspects.
Unlock the answer
question
What does Social Disorganizational Theory assume
answer
consensus that people are born bad...so it focuses on why people do not commit crime. Shaw and McKay
Unlock the answer
question
Concentric Zone Model
answer
Developed by Park and Burgess to display patterns of crime across cities. 1.Central Business District 2.Transitional Zone-highest rate of crime 3.Working Class Zone 4.Residential Zone 5.Commuter Zone Shaw and McKay developed theory that as you move farther away from zones one and two(center of city)...crime rates decrease.
Unlock the answer
question
Where do Criminasl live in the city and what are social conditions associated with these high crime areas
answer
Transitional Zone -highly impoverished/poorest of poor -recent immigrants and minorities -economically homogenous, but socially diverse.
Unlock the answer
question
Shaw and McKay's Place Theory
answer
Crime rates have nothing to do with race or ethnic groups.
Unlock the answer
question
Social Disorganization results in ____, further resulting in higher crime rates
answer
Lack of Control
Unlock the answer
question
Hirschi's Social Control Theory..Assumptions
answer
Consensus about what is good/bad/right/wrong about society and law...so what controls our individual impulses to commit crime.
Unlock the answer
question
Three controls of Hirschi's Control Theory
answer
Conventional Socialization--->Strong Bonds to single Moral Order--->Controlled impulses/individual Lack of Conventional Socialization--->weak bonds(low attachment, low commitment, low involvement, low belief) to single moral order--->\"Free\" to follow bad impulses.
Unlock the answer
question
Four specific bonds Hirschi says we have with other people that tie us to society and control our evil impulses.
answer
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief
Unlock the answer
question
What are \"stakes of conformity\"
answer
Hirschi says two bonds of attachment and commitment control an individual, because you have stuff to lose by engaging in crime.
Unlock the answer
question
Empirical Evidence used to measure Hirschi's bonds?
answer
Self-Report data measures things like your attachment to parents.
Unlock the answer
question
Attachment Bonds..supported and not supported
answer
-Attachment to Parents says people who are close with their parent are less likely to engage in delinquency and crime.Studies also find that what is going on within family not the family structure. Supported. Only need One parent -Attachment to Friends poses same question as parent attachment but it is not supported by empirical evidence. Says relationship with people who are conventional and don't commit crime works, but not everyone is conventional. -
Unlock the answer
question
Commitment Bond...supported and not supported
answer
Concerns your conventional future. e.g. Where do you see yourself in five years, Plans for College. People who show commitment are less likely to be delinquent.
Unlock the answer
question
Involvement Bond. Support? Measures?
answer
involvement is basically staying busy. Measured through activities like clubs, sports, band, activity groups. Studies do not support this bond because sometimes involvement can be with the wrong things.
Unlock the answer
question
Belief (Support and Measurement)
answer
Supported by data, says people who hold beliefs are less likely to engage in crime. Hirschi does not have a scale to measure this, it is black and white.
Unlock the answer
question
Criticisms of Hirschi's Control Theory
answer
Focuses on individual/too narrow Hirschi doesn't say how many bonds are needed or how they work together Temporal Ordering...lack of attachment to dad--->deliquency BUT delinquency--->lack of attachment to dad
Unlock the answer
question
Policies/Progams for Hirschi's Four Bonds
answer
Attachment- smaller classes--->individual teacher attention---> stronger bond to teacher Commitment- College prep programs, job fairs, career day, economic policies, trade schools, subsidized college schoarships. Involvement- require extracurricuar participation, mentor program, truancy laws. Belief- Public Service Announcements, DARE program, alcohol awareness, abstinence programs.
Unlock the answer
question
What is strongest/most predictive correlate of crime?
answer
AGE, age of crime curve is how social control theory would explain crime.
Unlock the answer
question
Life Course Theory (who developed it)
answer
Sampson and Laub
Unlock the answer
question
Sampson and Laub's Life Course Theory
answer
Says when you're younger (teen years) you have less/weak bonds so you are free to break the law. Once you grow up you have responsibilities (job, family,etc) so you are no longer free to break the law
Unlock the answer
question
Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory
answer
People with low self control are high rate offenders who have low self control throughout their life..low self control in teen years results in teen law violation, low self control in adult years could result in no job, no marriage, and adult law violations.
Unlock the answer
question
Crime
answer
Says crime are acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self-interest. No need to distinguish between types of crimes. Any commitment of crime brings these offenders a short-term pleasure but sometimes long-term pain.
Unlock the answer
question
Criminality
answer
Relatively stable differences across individuals in their propensity to commit crime or equivalent acts.
Unlock the answer
question
What is difference in Crime and Criminality theories?
answer
Low-Self Control
Unlock the answer
question
Characteristics of people with Low-Self Control
answer
-Impulsive -Physical -Risk-seeking -Shameless -Insensitive -Nonverbal -Short-sighted -Self-centered
Unlock the answer
question
How does a person get self-control?
answer
Consistent with Hirschi's control theory, he says everyone is born with self-control
Unlock the answer
question
Three things Hirschi says will bring Low-Self Control by age 8
answer
Absence of learning, Absence of nurture, Absence of discipline.
Unlock the answer
question
Adequate Child Rearing
answer
-Monitor Behavior -Recognize Misbehavior -Willing to Punish Behavior
Unlock the answer
question
Variables we think cause crime(neighborhoods,relationships) and Crime both can be associated with?
answer
Low-Self Control
Unlock the answer
question
LOA/Outcome... Criticism of Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory
answer
-Individual level of analysis, Structual and Consensus model features. -ignores all social institutions (racism, poverty, ecology) -no conclusive evidence crimianl can be distinguished from non-criminals based on personality. -Research shows self-control may vary with age -ignores moral beliefs -Realms of self-control may not be a global characteristic.
Unlock the answer
question
What is spurious factor causing crime?
answer
Low-Self-Control, not neighborhoods, relationships, crime, etc.
Unlock the answer
question
A theory that attempts to explain why rates of crime are higher in the South than they are in the Midwest is ___________________.
answer
Group-Level or Macro Theory
Unlock the answer
question
In their chapter, \"Ships that Pass in the Night,\" Messner and Rosenfeld argue that most theories of crime and delinquency focus on:
answer
nonserious and delinquent acts of individuals
Unlock the answer
question
Social Control Theory Assumes that
answer
Human beings are naturally inclined to engage in in crime and deliquency.
Unlock the answer
