Criminal Justice Exam 2 – Flashcards
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Economic Theory
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Influenced by the writings of Karl Marx and views inequality and capitalism as the causes of crime
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Hedonism
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A pleasure-seeking philosophy
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Neoclassical Theory
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New classical theories that view crime as influenced by criminal opportunities to commit crime
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Proletariat
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Refers to the working class in Marx's writings
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Which of the following would an adherent of the neoclassical school propose?
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Three Strikes Legislation
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____________ proposes that offenders weigh the opportunities, costs, and benefits of particular crimes?
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Rational Choice Theory
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Human ecology deals with the interrelationship between human organisms and the physical environment. (T/F)
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TRUE
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The first researcher to take advantage of criminal statistics was?
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Quetelet
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An example of the neoclassical school is the rational choice perspective. (T/F)
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TRUE
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The ecological school of criminology is also referred to as what?
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Geographic
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Which theorists is not considered to be one of the three major thinkers who have inspired criminological theory?
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Quetelet
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Which criminological theory focuses on the concepts of free will and rationality?
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Classical
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Which of the following criminologists proposed that punishment should be sure, swift, and certain?
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Caesar Beccaria
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The prevention of crime by keeping criminals behind bars is known as rehabilitation. (T/F)
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FALSE
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Which of the following is considered to be the first of a series of developments in criminological theory?
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The Hammurabi Code
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Which scientists are not associated with the development of criminological theory?
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Einstein
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Which theory attributes criminality to supernatural causes?
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Demonological
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Hedonism is also known as the pleasure principle. (T/F)
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TRUE
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Willem Bonger was the first theorist to apply Marxist views to criminology. (T/F)
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TRUE
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Ecological Fallacy
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A problem in which group rates are used in order to describe individual behavior
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Anomie
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A moral confusion or breakdown in mores or a gap between goals and means in society
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Natural Areas
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According to the Chicago school, these are subcommunities that emerge to serve specific, specialized functions
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Chicago School
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A school of sociology in the 1920s and 1930s that produced many urban ecological and ethnographic studies of Chicago
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Soft Determinism
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Theories that indicate that certain forces have an influence but do not determine behavior
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Modes of Personality Adaptation
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Part of Merton's theory of anomie that results in personality adaptations: conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, and rebel
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Desistance
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In life course criminality theory, the quitting or cessation of criminal activity
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Developmental and Life Course Theories (DLC)
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Espouse the belief that criminal activity changes over an individual's lifetime from onset to persistence to desistance
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Differential Association Theory
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Sutherland's theory that crime is learned due to exposure to an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior
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Focal Concerns
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Miller's theory of crime that reflects an overemphasis on lower-class values
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Looking-Glass Self
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Cooley's theory of personality as a perceived perception of the reaction of others
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Lower-Class Reaction Theory
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Cohen's theory that delinquency involves a lower-class reaction to unachievable middle-class values
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Modes of Personality Adaptation
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Espouse the belief that criminal activity changes over an individual's lifetime from onset to persistence to desistance
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Power-Control Theory
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In egalitarian households, both boys and girls have more similar delinquency levels
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Social Bond Theory
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People become criminal when their stakes in society are broken
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Social Control Theories
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View crime as taking place when social control or bonds to society break down
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Social Disorganization Theory
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Shaw and McKay's theory that crime is due to social disorganization and social breakdown of an area
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Delinquency and Drift
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Matza's theory that delinquents exist in a limbo wherein they drift back and forth between delinquency and conventionality
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Subterranean Values
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Underground values that exist alongside conventional values
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Human Ecology
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The study of the interrelationship between human organisms and the physical environment
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Techniques of Neutralization
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Rationalizations (excuses) used by juveniles to explain away responsibility for their actions
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Containment Therory
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Reckless's theory that crime takes place when pressures are high and containments (protections) are low
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Antisocial Potential (AP)
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Farrington's notion that bad life events increase one's antisocial disposition
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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Cloward and Ohlin's theory that crime takes place due to a lack of legitimate opportunity and is also due to the availability of illegitimate opportunities
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Subcultural Theories
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Theories that view the type of crime as due to various forms of delinquent subcultures
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime would argue that _______ is the key predictor of criminality.
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Low Self Control
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All of the following were identified as types of illegitimate juvenile subcultures except?
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Class
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The ecological fallacy attributes group characteristics to individuals. (T/F)
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TRUE
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Who is/are the theorist/s associated with Social Disorganization Theory?
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Shaw and McKay
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Developmental life course theories argue that the onset of crime occurs in which age range?
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8-14
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One of the assumptions of ________ posits that crime in teenage years tend to take place in groups.
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Developmental / life course
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An example of the technique of neutralization, denying harm to anyone, is associated with victimless crimes. (T/F)
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TRUE
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Which of the following theories is considered to be the most popular in the U.S. criminology?
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Differential Association
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Which of the following is a version of social control theory?
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Containment Theory
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Which theory focuses on modes of personal adaptation to account for criminality?
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Merton's Theory of anomie
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Farrington's anti-social personality theory suggests that very few individuals have the capacity to commit anti-social acts. (T/F)
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TRUE
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According to Social Disorganization Theory, most crime occurs in Zone 1, also called the Central Business Zone. (T/F)
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FALSE
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Lifestyle exposure theory proposes that the probability of crime varies by time, place, and social setting. (T/F)
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TRUE
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General strain theory differs from earlier versions of strain theory in what way?
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Take into account negative relationships
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Which theory revolves around the usage of longitudinal data as its primary research methodology?
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Life Course Theory
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Criminal Behavior Systems
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A typology of crimes that looks at identification with crime, societal reaction, and group involvement
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Criminal Typologies
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Attempts to identify types of crime
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Critical Criminology
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Consists of a variety of perspectives that challenge basic assumptions of mainstream criminology
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Feminist Criminology
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Approach that takes the view that criminology has been biased and does not express the female viewpoint
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Global Fallacy
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The error of attempting to have a specific theory explain all crime
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Labeling Theory
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Asserts that crime is a label attached to wrongdoing, and often the label becomes a stigma that increases criminality (also called societal reaction theory)
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Left Realism
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A theoretical attempt to translate radical ideas into realistic social policy
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Peacemaking Theory
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Advocates peace and justice as the solution to the crime problem
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Postmodernism
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A theoretical approach that attacks modernity or scientific rationality
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Praxis (Practical Critical Action)
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In Marxist theory, such action is more important than theory
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Primary Deviance
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In labeling theory, this refers to the initial criminal act itself
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Radical Marxist Criminology
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A theory that blames capitalism for crime and advocates violent revolution as a means of its eradication
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Secondary Deviance
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Deviance that ensues as a result of a person being labeled and stigmatized as a criminal
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Shaming Theory
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Offenders are made to feel humiliation due to their transgressions
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Theoretical Range
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The types of crime a theory is intended to cover
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According to radical criminologists, crime is caused by
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Capitalism
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Elliott's integrative theory combines all of the following except?
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Differential Association
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What are the three primary areas of study in Feminist Criminology?
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Victimization of Women, Gender Differences in Crime Gender Justice
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Thornberry's interactional theory is an integration of which three theories?
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Control, Learning, Social Structures
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Feminist theory argues that stigmatizing shaming of offenders makes matters worse and increases crime. (T/F)
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FALSE
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The critical theory that attempts to explain criminality through a transcendental or religious approach.
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Peacekeeper
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Critical criminology reflects the conflict model. (T/F)
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TRUE
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___________ is the theorist most associated with the labeling theory.
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Tannenbaum
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Global fallacy refers to the unit(s) of analysis and levels of explanation that may be sought in a particular theory. (T/F)
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FALSE
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What is a primary critique of the use of crime typologies?
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No single typology is useful for all offenders
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The focus of critical theories is on the individual and not society as a whole. (T/F)
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FALSE
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The theory that suggests that individuals are deviant because they have been tagged as deviant by society.
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Labeling
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Which of the following is not a type of new critical theories?
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Labeling
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Quinney posits that criminal law is an instrument of the state and the ruling class to maintain and perpetuate the existing social and economic order. (T/F)
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TRUE
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Which of the following is a tenet of critical criminology?
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Mild Pessimism
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