Essay Summary of Corrections Exam 1

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Developing an understanding of corrections requires focusing on certain types of cases. The types of cases that are most helpful in development an understanding of corrections are typified cases, such as
answer
Tonya Drake
question
Jeffrey Reiman argues that the CJS can be credited for
answer
reinforcing the notion that crime is committed mainly by members of the underclass who deserve harsh punishment.
question
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a CJS designed to maintain and encourage the existence of a stable and visible class of criminals, according to Reiman?
answer
The CJS focuses on the social conditions that contribute to crime.
question
In the case of Christian Martensen described in your text, how many actual doses of LSD were involved?
answer
None. He was merely asked to find someone else who would be willing to sell LSD to Grateful Dead fans in exchange for $400.00.
question
Which of the following is true about the case of Tonya Drake, which is described in your text?
answer
All of the above - She was told by a man that she could keep the change from $100.00 if she would put a package in the mail for him; She was unaware that the package contained 232 grams of cocaine; She was sentenced to 10 years in a federal prison despite having no previous criminal record, drug related or otherwise; The judge acknowledged that her sentence was absurd, but had no choice under federal mandatory minimum sentencing laws.
question
America's prisons held more than _____ convicts in 2008, resulting in an incarceration rate of ____ per 100,000 US residents.
answer
1,610,446; 952
question
The imprisonment rate for black males is ____.
answer
3,161 per 100,000.
question
The imprisonment rate for Hispanic males is ____.
answer
1,200.
question
Between 1987 and 2007, the prison population
answer
tripled from 585,000 to almost 1.6 million.
question
Which country has a higher incarceration rate than the US?
answer
None of the above. THe US has the highest incarceration rate in the world.
question
Which state has the highest recidivism rate in the country at 70%?
answer
California
question
______ is a form of politics aimed to appeal to people who feel that their views and interests have been left out of the debate over governance.
answer
Populism
question
In Governing Through Crime, Jonathan Simon argues that
answer
new forms of governance have stoked the fear of crime generating a demand for more punitive punishment.
question
Feeley and Simon's concept of the new penology describes an approach whose goal is to
answer
identify and manage unruly groups.
question
Scholars have argued that since the 1980s, a sizable proportion of the American public perceives the crime problem through a racial lens that results in an associate of crime with
answer
black men.
question
________ is the ideological foundation for social domination by the ruling class.
answer
Hegemony
question
Hegemony is facilitated by _______ that allow the ruling class to exert its influence over civil society and government.
answer
Mass media
question
Which of the following does your text give as an example of highly coded racial rhetoric?
answer
All of the above - drug kingpin, gang banger, welfare queen, and crack *****.
question
Some argue that increasingly harsher punishments for crime is a result of democratic policy making reflecting the desires of a majority of the population. Other scholars argue that the consent of most citizens for harsher penalties, especially white citizens, is engineered (or created) by the the ruling classes of society through their control of mass media. Which of the following statements supports the text book author's position in that debate?
answer
Many Americans favor liberal programs, such as rehabilitation, especially for youthful offenders.
question
The movie Escape from New York is an engaging science fiction tale, but it also addresses which of the following real issues concerning incarceration?
answer
A and B only - The construction of super-max facilities designed to contain what authorities claim to be a growing population of more dangerous felons; A lock 'em up and throw away the key sentiment that resonates in the public conversation about crime.
question
More than ____ people are held in penal institutions worldwide.
answer
9.8 million
question
Internationally, prison populations are
answer
growing.
question
Robert Gangi of the Correctional Association of New York is quoted in your text as saying, building more prisons to address crime is like building more _____ to address a fatal disease.
answer
Graveyards.
question
The workhouse movement of the 16th and 17th centuries can be interpreted as a form of _____, which was designed to sweep undesirables from the streets and put them in institutions away from public view.
answer
Social sanitation
question
Which of the following economic and social circumstances was a reason for the use of transportation?
answer
All of the above - existence of a growing underclass, overcrowding in jails, and the need for labor in the colonies
question
Among the oldest forms of collective punishment is ___.
answer
Stoning to death
question
Which of the following was a punishment in ancient Greece?
answer
All of the above - stoning, burning alive, garroting.
question
Beccaria advanced the idea that ____ of punishment served as the crux of deterrence.
answer
A and B only - certainty and swiftness
question
Old, unseaworthy vessels that were converted into floating prisons were known as ____.
answer
All of the above - hulks, hell holds, and floating hells
question
The Bridewell, which was converted from a royal palace to an institution, and one of the first examples of the workhouse, confined _____.
answer
All of the above - the poor, lewd, and less serious offenders.
question
The Inquisition is an example of the role of ____ in law enforcement during the middle ages.
answer
Religious institutions
question
Galley slavery was often a(n) ____.
answer
Life sentence
question
The Enlightenment philosophers contributed to the field of CJ by _____.
answer
All of the above - criticizing arbitrary sentencing, inhumane punishment, and advocating for improvement of prison conditions
question
The Bergundian Code categorized types of punishments according to _____.
answer
social class
question
Devil's Island in French Guiana was used as a penal colony for ____ until 1953.
answer
France
question
Which of the following has had the most influence over correctional practices throughout history?
answer
Economic factors, such as generating profit or reducing cost
question
Foucault argues that the constant inspection of inmates in the panopticon is _____.
answer
B and C - visible and unverifiable
question
The panopticon was originally designed by ____, which became known as the "ultimate penitentiary"
answer
Bentham
question
Beheading has been explained as ______.
answer
All of the above - an act to placate the gods, a form of apotropaic punishment, an honorable death
question
Some scholars have suggested that stoning has ____.
answer
All of the above - sacred meaning, a sacrificial function, and a cleansing effect on the community
question
During the Middle Ages, incarceration took place in _____, at times even inside monasteries.
answer
Makeshift arrangements
question
Galley slavery flourished during periods of ____.
answer
All of the above - imperialism, colonialism, and global expansion
question
During the Enlightenment, which flourished during the 18th century, _____ became a prevailing method of analyzing social life.
answer
All of the above - reason, humanitarianism, and secularism
question
During the Middle Ages, ordeals were used to test the innocence or guilt of those charged with crimes. The belief was that ______ would prevent an innocent person from being harmed during the ordeal.
answer
Divine intervention
question
The institutionalization of galley slavery as a penal practice in 1348 and it's use until 1803 was primarily driven by ________ forces, since the labor of convicts would be lost if they were executed.
answer
Economic
question
Foucault argues that the design of the panopticon shows that the target of social control is the prisoner's ____.
answer
Mind
question
The explanation for the use of beheading by ancient civilizations is subject to debate, but some have argued that beheading was an apotropaic act, which means that it was ___________.
answer
Meant to ward off evil
question
In ancient Rome, the Mamertime prison was _____.
answer
A primitive sewer
question
_______ emerged as the prevailing political economy during the Middle Ages.
answer
Feudalism
question
The introduction of the crank, treadmill, and shot drill...
answer
make it apparent that thew ideal of genuine rehabilitation that came about after the Enlightenment were replaced with a more retributive approach.
question
The Justinian Code reflected an attempt to make punishments ______.
answer
More proportional to the severity of the offense
question
Damiens was convicted of ________ in Paris, France, in 1787. For this crime, he was sentenced to make the amende honorable before the main door of the church.
answer
Regicide, or the killing of one's king
question
The emphasis in Ch2 of your text is on the analysis of penalties and prisons, especially in the light of _______ forces that shape them.
answer
Social forces, because all of the above are social in nature
question
The basis for punishment, according to the Code of Hammurabi from ancient Babylon was lex talionis, meaning the law of _______.
answer
Retaliation
question
When groups of individuals come together to carry out punishment, so that they all participate, but no individual has to take direct responsibility, it is referred to as ____.
answer
Collective punishment
question
The 1987 UN Convention Against Torture prohibits the use of amputation of limbs as punishment, but in 2002, diplomats from _______ clashed with the UN over whether or nto amputation was covered by the treaty.
answer
Saudi Arabia
question
The ancient Greek philosopher Plato
answer
believed that punishment should make the individual "a better man, or failing that, less of a wretch"
question
One punishment used for Roman soldiers was ___, in which every tenth man was executed.
answer
Decimation
question
Under feudalism, punishment was designed to _______.
answer
All of the above - maintain the existing social order, reform the offender, preserve the exiting economic order
question
At the heart of Beccaria's theory and the classical school is the concept of _____.
answer
Free will
question
John Howard was appointed ______ in 1773.
answer
Sheriff of Bedfordshire, England
question
John Howard wrote ______.
answer
the Penitentiary Act, which was passed by the British Parliament in 1779.
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles that the Penitentiary Act was built around?
answer
Prisoners deserve their punishment and society's contempt.
question
Mr. Ferraby used a leather trace to whip his slave girl for the offense of _____.
answer
Burning the waffles for breakfast
question
Ch 3 in the textbook discusses the emergence of American punishment in light of which social force?
answer
All of the above - politics, economics, religion, and technology
question
Early English colonists of North America _____.
answer
Believed that criminals were sinners giving in to demonic possession
question
A _____ used for flogging, had knots of rawhide attached to a handle.
answer
Cat-o-nine tails
question
The last two states to use flogging as a formal punishment for a criminal offense were Maryland and _____.
answer
Delaware
question
Flogging remained on the books in some states as a possible punishment for crime until _____.
answer
1972
question
The brank was used in colonial america and was designed to punish ______.
answer
Those engaging in community gossip.
question
The ducking stool was last used in 1811 in _____.
answer
Georgia
question
______ were typically placed in the center of town where offenders were subject to humiliation and ridicule by the townspeople.
answer
A and B only - stocks and pillories
question
_____ an American teenager in Singapore, was sentenced to six lashes with a brine soaked rattan cane for spray painting and petty vandalism.
answer
Michael Fay
question
William Penn, a Quaker, founded the colony of Pennsylvania and introduced _______ which, among other reforms, restricted the use of the death penalty to offenders convicted of homicide.
answer
the Great law
question
Penn's legal reforms stayed in effect in Pennsylvania until _____, when he passed away, and then they were replaced by the Anglican code.
answer
1718
question
David Rothman contends that the English colonists in North America __________.
answer
Saw deviance as a predictable and inevitable component of society
question
In the English colonies in North America, jails were not expected to provide reform or rehabilitation, especially when ______ remained the preferred and most effective method of dealing with recidivism and threats to public safety.
answer
expulsion/banishment
question
Newgate Prison in Connecticut was built _______.
answer
in an abandoned copper mine.
question
Pennsylvania Quakers set out to reform harsh conditions in ___.
answer
The Walnut Street Jail
question
The Walnut Street jail ____.
answer
All of the above - abolished the fee system, provided adequate clothing, food, and bedding to inmates, and provided medical care to inmates
question
In the Walnut Street Jail, silence was enforced ______.
answer
because it was believed that silence would reduce criminal contamination among inmates.
question
Takagi argues that the Philadelphia Prison Society was motivated more by _______ than anything else.
answer
centralizing political power
question
Newgate Prison of NYC was established in 1797 in an area know known as _______.
answer
Greenwich Village
question
Newgate Prison of NYC was initially viewed as a progressive institution _______.
answer
but eventually suffered from overcrowding
question
The Jacksonian era of American history began in the 1830s with the election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency. During that period, _______ was drastically reconceptualzied as a critical social problem.
answer
All of the above - crime, poverty, insanity
question
______ emerged as the primary means of coping with growing social problems in the years after the American Revolution.
answer
Institutionalization
question
During the Jacksonian period, institutionalization was used as a place of ________ resort.
answer
First
question
Before the Jacksonian period, during the colonial period, institutionalization was used as a place of ______ resort.
answer
Last
question
As a British colony, America enforced the legal codes established by ______.
answer
Duke of York
question
The colonists believed that criminal behavior was an individual failing. The Jacksonians believed that criminal behavior _______.
answer
was caused by the corrupting influence over society.
question
The Jacksonians believed imprisonment was necessary to ______.
answer
Protect inmates from society
question
Warden Thomas Eddy and his family resided inside ______ in order to serve as role models for its inmates.
answer
Newgate prison (NYC)
question
Eastern State Penitentiary eventually became burdened with the cost of maintenance, so inmates at were assigned individual handicrafts such as shoemaking and weaving, while maintaining their forced monastic like silence. This shows the effect of _______ forces on punishment.
answer
A and C only - economic and religious
question
Due to the lack of _____, few institutions were willing to replicate the Penn. system of complete solitary confinement.
answer
profit
question
The Auburn model introduced a _____ style of inmate management.
answer
quasi-militaristic
question
Auburn's first keeper, Elam Lynds, viewed all prisoners as ______.
answer
cowards who needed their spirits to be broken before they could be reformed.
question
Lynds, the warden at Auburn, regarded ______ as the most humane of all punishments because it did no injury to the prisoner's health.
answer
Flogging
question
The utopian vision of the American penitentiary began to crumble by the 1850s. Few traces of the rehabilitation philosophy remained and a ______ dominated institutionalization.
answer
custodial philosophy
question
The interior cellblocks and congregate workshops at Elmira were modeled after the ______.
answer
Auburn model
question
_____ was not expected to be self-supporting financially, because the administration argued that the use of labor with the inmates was primarily a form of training.
answer
Elmira Reformatory
question
About __% of the inmates at Elmire were beaten twice a week with a leather strap that had been soaked in water.
answer
30
question
Under this system of prison labor, used primarily in the south, private contractors paid state governments for the use of inmates, taking them away from the institution and forcing them to work on plantations, levees, and railroads.
answer
leasing system
question
Under this system of prison labor, used mainly in the industrial North, inmates remained incarcerated in the institution while manufacturing goods to be sold on the open market.
answer
contract system
question
Under this system of prison labor, furniture, clothing, food, and license plates are manufactured by inmates inside the prison, but these goods are only used for government agencies and are not sold on the open market.
answer
state use system
question
A common theme in the writings of Foucault, Ignatieff, and Rothman is that to understand the development of prisons, we must ___________.
answer
look beyond the basic notion that penal reform resulted from humanitarian social movements.
question
In his Essay on Crimes and Punishments, published in 1764, Beccaria condemned ____.
answer
All of the above - arbitrary penalties, the death penalty, and the use of torture
question
In the movie A Clockwork Orange, the character Alex is given drugs which _____.
answer
Cause him to feel nauseous when he is exposed to violence
question
In order to achieve the greatest deterrent effect, Bentham suggested the use of _____ to create in citizens fear of punishment.
answer
Actors and theatre managers
question
Walker refers to tough in crime proposals based on deterrence research as a crime-control ________, since deterrence is accepted as an article of faith rather than being supported by empirical facts.
answer
theology
question
Deterrence models fail to account for all but the following elements of crime.
answer
risks
question
In their 2002 report, Langan and Levin of the BJS found that _____% of prisoners released from state prisons in 1994 committed at least one serious new offense within 3 years.
answer
67
question
In Langan and Levin's report, their finding was an increase of ______% from 1983 to 1994.
answer
5
question
The textbook argues that it is actually ______ more than crime that serves as a unifying force and creates social cohesion.
answer
punishment
question
Which is the best description of the mood and atmosphere of the gathering of people outside Raiford Prison in Starke, Florida just before Ted Bundy's execution?
answer
a tailgate party
question
The nation gravitated towards the political right in the 1980's. This paved the way for the _________ model of imprisonment.
answer
just deserts
question
________ is the objective of the just deserts model of imprisonment.
answer
Retribution
question
The just deserts model ________.
answer
does not attempt to reduce criminality.
question
J. Edgar Hoover referred to academic researchers who focus on the external factors of crime as _____.
answer
cream-puff criminologists
question
Lombroso was greatly influenced by _________.
answer
Darwin's writings on evolution
question
Lombroso's term for those who did not possess any outward pathological traits, but still engaged in crime.
answer
criminaloids
question
By the end of his career, Lombroso went beyond the evolutionary perspectvie and began to look at ________ factors that explained criminal behavior.
answer
social
question
Enrico Ferri argued that human behavior was controlled by _______ factors.
answer
external
question
The theories of Ferri and Garofalo can be interpreted as being supportive of _____.
answer
fascism
question
___________ is based on the principle of crime prevention since offenders are physically prevented from committing crimes while incarcerated.
answer
incapacitation
question
Selective incapacitation relies on multivariate methods of analysis, making it more _________ than gross incapacitation because it strives toward a scientifically informed method of prediction.
answer
positivistic
question
Selective incapacitation of high risk offenders _________.
answer
All of the above - assumes criminal careers are longer than than the sentence imposed; assumes that criminals are specialists; imposes longer sentences on some offenders and short sentences on others for precisely the same crime.
question
The use of __________ as a prediction criterion in the use of selective incapacitation is problematic because it discriminates on the basis of social class.
answer
unemployment
question
Prediction based programs are fallible. The term _________ is used to refer to those offenders who are predicted to commit future crimes but do not.
answer
false positives
question
Selective incapacitation and prediction based strategies remain biased in that they focus exclusively on __________.
answer
street crime
question
Although he was sane when he was convicted of murdering a Florida police officer and sentenced to death, ________ developed paranoid schizophrenia while awaiting his execution.
answer
Alvin Ford
question
Which of the following is a problem with using castration in lieu of imprisonment for sex offenders?
answer
All of the above - Castration lowers but does not eliminate an individuals sex drive; Castration does not address the role of anger in the commission of sex crimes. It may in fact exacerbate it.; Castration leaves sex offenders in the community which may jeopardize public safety.
question
When researchers evaluating rehabilitation programs find that they are ineffective, there is a possibility that
answer
All of the above - the program may in fact be ineffective; the program as it is designed is effective, but it may be administered in a faulty way; the evaluation methods and research are flawed to such an extent that they cannot accurately determine whether the problem is an ineffective program or ineffective administration
question
Conservative retributionist Ernest van den Haag makes the point that
answer
All of the above - rehabilitation can only affect criminals after their first conviction; even if rehabilitation was completely effective, it would make no difference in the portion of the crime rate that is composed of first offenses; he criminal justice system should emphasize punishment to deter future crimes.
question
________ can be so potent that eventually the accused internalizes the stigma, proceeding toward a self-fulfilling prophecy that enhances one's chances of failure.
answer
Labeling
question
Even early positivists such as Lombroso expressed reservations about long term effectiveness of individual based treatment unless _________.
answer
they were coupled with sustained social and economic reforms
question
As an alternative perspective on crime, criminal justice, and corrections, __________ sets out to understand in greater depth the social context in which the individual is situated.
answer
radicalism
question
Radical criminologists view lawbreaking and punishment as stemming from ___________.
answer
structured inequality along lines of political, economic, and racial disparities in American society
question
Critical, or radical, criminology is shaped by the work of _____.
answer
A and B - Bonger and Marx
question
Members of the underclass, what Marx termed the ____________ go their entire lives without any genuine economic opportunity and often resort to street crime.
answer
lumpenproletariat
question
According to critical criminology, criminal justice makes sense only in the larger context of social _____.
answer
justice
question
Which perspective of crime uses the term surplus labor pool?
answer
critical
question
Chiricos and Bales discovered that when compared with employed whites convicted of drug crimes, employed African-Americans were _____ times more likely to be incarcerated.
answer
5.9
question
According to __________, the criminal justice system is geared more to control offenses committed by members of the working class and underclass than those of the middle and upper class whose crimes are more subject to regulatory inspection.
answer
radical and critical criminology
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New