question

Developing an understanding of corrections requires focusing on certain types of cases. The types of cases that are most helpful in development an understanding of corrections are typified cases, such as

answer

Tonya Drake

question

Jeffrey Reiman argues that the CJS can be credited for

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reinforcing the notion that crime is committed mainly by members of the underclass who deserve harsh punishment.

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a CJS designed to maintain and encourage the existence of a stable and visible class of criminals, according to Reiman?

answer

The CJS focuses on the social conditions that contribute to crime.

question

In the case of Christian Martensen described in your text, how many actual doses of LSD were involved?

answer

None. He was merely asked to find someone else who would be willing to sell LSD to Grateful Dead fans in exchange for $400.00.

question

Which of the following is true about the case of Tonya Drake, which is described in your text?

answer

All of the above - She was told by a man that she could keep the change from $100.00 if she would put a package in the mail for him; She was unaware that the package contained 232 grams of cocaine; She was sentenced to 10 years in a federal prison despite having no previous criminal record, drug related or otherwise; The judge acknowledged that her sentence was absurd, but had no choice under federal mandatory minimum sentencing laws.

question

America's prisons held more than _____ convicts in 2008, resulting in an incarceration rate of ____ per 100,000 US residents.

answer

1,610,446; 952

question

The imprisonment rate for black males is ____.

answer

3,161 per 100,000.

question

The imprisonment rate for Hispanic males is ____.

answer

1,200.

question

Between 1987 and 2007, the prison population

answer

tripled from 585,000 to almost 1.6 million.

question

Which country has a higher incarceration rate than the US?

answer

None of the above. THe US has the highest incarceration rate in the world.

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Which state has the highest recidivism rate in the country at 70%?

answer

California

question

______ is a form of politics aimed to appeal to people who feel that their views and interests have been left out of the debate over governance.

answer

Populism

question

In Governing Through Crime, Jonathan Simon argues that

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new forms of governance have stoked the fear of crime generating a demand for more punitive punishment.

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Feeley and Simon's concept of the new penology describes an approach whose goal is to

answer

identify and manage unruly groups.

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Scholars have argued that since the 1980s, a sizable proportion of the American public perceives the crime problem through a racial lens that results in an associate of crime with

answer

black men.

question

________ is the ideological foundation for social domination by the ruling class.

answer

Hegemony

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Hegemony is facilitated by _______ that allow the ruling class to exert its influence over civil society and government.

answer

Mass media

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Which of the following does your text give as an example of highly coded racial rhetoric?

answer

All of the above - drug kingpin, gang banger, welfare queen, and crack *****.

question

Some argue that increasingly harsher punishments for crime is a result of democratic policy making reflecting the desires of a majority of the population. Other scholars argue that the consent of most citizens for harsher penalties, especially white citizens, is engineered (or created) by the the ruling classes of society through their control of mass media. Which of the following statements supports the text book author's position in that debate?

answer

Many Americans favor liberal programs, such as rehabilitation, especially for youthful offenders.

question

The movie Escape from New York is an engaging science fiction tale, but it also addresses which of the following real issues concerning incarceration?

answer

A and B only - The construction of super-max facilities designed to contain what authorities claim to be a growing population of more dangerous felons; A lock 'em up and throw away the key sentiment that resonates in the public conversation about crime.

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More than ____ people are held in penal institutions worldwide.

answer

9.8 million

question

Internationally, prison populations are

answer

growing.

question

Robert Gangi of the Correctional Association of New York is quoted in your text as saying, building more prisons to address crime is like building more _____ to address a fatal disease.

answer

Graveyards.

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The workhouse movement of the 16th and 17th centuries can be interpreted as a form of _____, which was designed to sweep undesirables from the streets and put them in institutions away from public view.

answer

Social sanitation

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Which of the following economic and social circumstances was a reason for the use of transportation?

answer

All of the above - existence of a growing underclass, overcrowding in jails, and the need for labor in the colonies

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Among the oldest forms of collective punishment is ___.

answer

Stoning to death

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Which of the following was a punishment in ancient Greece?

answer

All of the above - stoning, burning alive, garroting.

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Beccaria advanced the idea that ____ of punishment served as the crux of deterrence.

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A and B only - certainty and swiftness

question

Old, unseaworthy vessels that were converted into floating prisons were known as ____.

answer

All of the above - hulks, hell holds, and floating hells

question

The Bridewell, which was converted from a royal palace to an institution, and one of the first examples of the workhouse, confined _____.

answer

All of the above - the poor, lewd, and less serious offenders.

question

The Inquisition is an example of the role of ____ in law enforcement during the middle ages.

answer

Religious institutions

question

Galley slavery was often a(n) ____.

answer

Life sentence

question

The Enlightenment philosophers contributed to the field of CJ by _____.

answer

All of the above - criticizing arbitrary sentencing, inhumane punishment, and advocating for improvement of prison conditions

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The Bergundian Code categorized types of punishments according to _____.

answer

social class

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Devil's Island in French Guiana was used as a penal colony for ____ until 1953.

answer

France

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Which of the following has had the most influence over correctional practices throughout history?

answer

Economic factors, such as generating profit or reducing cost

question

Foucault argues that the constant inspection of inmates in the panopticon is _____.

answer

B and C - visible and unverifiable

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The panopticon was originally designed by ____, which became known as the "ultimate penitentiary"

answer

Bentham

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Beheading has been explained as ______.

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All of the above - an act to placate the gods, a form of apotropaic punishment, an honorable death

question

Some scholars have suggested that stoning has ____.

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All of the above - sacred meaning, a sacrificial function, and a cleansing effect on the community

question

During the Middle Ages, incarceration took place in _____, at times even inside monasteries.

answer

Makeshift arrangements

question

Galley slavery flourished during periods of ____.

answer

All of the above - imperialism, colonialism, and global expansion

question

During the Enlightenment, which flourished during the 18th century, _____ became a prevailing method of analyzing social life.

answer

All of the above - reason, humanitarianism, and secularism

question

During the Middle Ages, ordeals were used to test the innocence or guilt of those charged with crimes. The belief was that ______ would prevent an innocent person from being harmed during the ordeal.

answer

Divine intervention

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The institutionalization of galley slavery as a penal practice in 1348 and it's use until 1803 was primarily driven by ________ forces, since the labor of convicts would be lost if they were executed.

answer

Economic

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Foucault argues that the design of the panopticon shows that the target of social control is the prisoner's ____.

answer

Mind

question

The explanation for the use of beheading by ancient civilizations is subject to debate, but some have argued that beheading was an apotropaic act, which means that it was ___________.

answer

Meant to ward off evil

question

In ancient Rome, the Mamertime prison was _____.

answer

A primitive sewer

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_______ emerged as the prevailing political economy during the Middle Ages.

answer

Feudalism

question

The introduction of the crank, treadmill, and shot drill...

answer

make it apparent that thew ideal of genuine rehabilitation that came about after the Enlightenment were replaced with a more retributive approach.

question

The Justinian Code reflected an attempt to make punishments ______.

answer

More proportional to the severity of the offense

question

Damiens was convicted of ________ in Paris, France, in 1787. For this crime, he was sentenced to make the amende honorable before the main door of the church.

answer

Regicide, or the killing of one's king

question

The emphasis in Ch2 of your text is on the analysis of penalties and prisons, especially in the light of _______ forces that shape them.

answer

Social forces, because all of the above are social in nature

question

The basis for punishment, according to the Code of Hammurabi from ancient Babylon was lex talionis, meaning the law of _______.

answer

Retaliation

question

When groups of individuals come together to carry out punishment, so that they all participate, but no individual has to take direct responsibility, it is referred to as ____.

answer

Collective punishment

question

The 1987 UN Convention Against Torture prohibits the use of amputation of limbs as punishment, but in 2002, diplomats from _______ clashed with the UN over whether or nto amputation was covered by the treaty.

answer

Saudi Arabia

question

The ancient Greek philosopher Plato

answer

believed that punishment should make the individual "a better man, or failing that, less of a wretch"

question

One punishment used for Roman soldiers was ___, in which every tenth man was executed.

answer

Decimation

question

Under feudalism, punishment was designed to _______.

answer

All of the above - maintain the existing social order, reform the offender, preserve the exiting economic order

question

At the heart of Beccaria's theory and the classical school is the concept of _____.

answer

Free will

question

John Howard was appointed ______ in 1773.

answer

Sheriff of Bedfordshire, England

question

John Howard wrote ______.

answer

the Penitentiary Act, which was passed by the British Parliament in 1779.

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles that the Penitentiary Act was built around?

answer

Prisoners deserve their punishment and society's contempt.

question

Mr. Ferraby used a leather trace to whip his slave girl for the offense of _____.

answer

Burning the waffles for breakfast

question

Ch 3 in the textbook discusses the emergence of American punishment in light of which social force?

answer

All of the above - politics, economics, religion, and technology

question

Early English colonists of North America _____.

answer

Believed that criminals were sinners giving in to demonic possession

question

A _____ used for flogging, had knots of rawhide attached to a handle.

answer

Cat-o-nine tails

question

The last two states to use flogging as a formal punishment for a criminal offense were Maryland and _____.

answer

Delaware

question

Flogging remained on the books in some states as a possible punishment for crime until _____.

answer

1972

question

The brank was used in colonial america and was designed to punish ______.

answer

Those engaging in community gossip.

question

The ducking stool was last used in 1811 in _____.

answer

Georgia

question

______ were typically placed in the center of town where offenders were subject to humiliation and ridicule by the townspeople.

answer

A and B only - stocks and pillories

question

_____ an American teenager in Singapore, was sentenced to six lashes with a brine soaked rattan cane for spray painting and petty vandalism.

answer

Michael Fay

question

William Penn, a Quaker, founded the colony of Pennsylvania and introduced _______ which, among other reforms, restricted the use of the death penalty to offenders convicted of homicide.

answer

the Great law

question

Penn's legal reforms stayed in effect in Pennsylvania until _____, when he passed away, and then they were replaced by the Anglican code.

answer

1718

question

David Rothman contends that the English colonists in North America __________.

answer

Saw deviance as a predictable and inevitable component of society

question

In the English colonies in North America, jails were not expected to provide reform or rehabilitation, especially when ______ remained the preferred and most effective method of dealing with recidivism and threats to public safety.

answer

expulsion/banishment

question

Newgate Prison in Connecticut was built _______.

answer

in an abandoned copper mine.

question

Pennsylvania Quakers set out to reform harsh conditions in ___.

answer

The Walnut Street Jail

question

The Walnut Street jail ____.

answer

All of the above - abolished the fee system, provided adequate clothing, food, and bedding to inmates, and provided medical care to inmates

question

In the Walnut Street Jail, silence was enforced ______.

answer

because it was believed that silence would reduce criminal contamination among inmates.

question

Takagi argues that the Philadelphia Prison Society was motivated more by _______ than anything else.

answer

centralizing political power

question

Newgate Prison of NYC was established in 1797 in an area know known as _______.

answer

Greenwich Village

question

Newgate Prison of NYC was initially viewed as a progressive institution _______.

answer

but eventually suffered from overcrowding

question

The Jacksonian era of American history began in the 1830s with the election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency. During that period, _______ was drastically reconceptualzied as a critical social problem.

answer

All of the above - crime, poverty, insanity

question

______ emerged as the primary means of coping with growing social problems in the years after the American Revolution.

answer

Institutionalization

question

During the Jacksonian period, institutionalization was used as a place of ________ resort.

answer

First

question

Before the Jacksonian period, during the colonial period, institutionalization was used as a place of ______ resort.

answer

Last

question

As a British colony, America enforced the legal codes established by ______.

answer

Duke of York

question

The colonists believed that criminal behavior was an individual failing. The Jacksonians believed that criminal behavior _______.

answer

was caused by the corrupting influence over society.

question

The Jacksonians believed imprisonment was necessary to ______.

answer

Protect inmates from society

question

Warden Thomas Eddy and his family resided inside ______ in order to serve as role models for its inmates.

answer

Newgate prison (NYC)

question

Eastern State Penitentiary eventually became burdened with the cost of maintenance, so inmates at were assigned individual handicrafts such as shoemaking and weaving, while maintaining their forced monastic like silence. This shows the effect of _______ forces on punishment.

answer

A and C only - economic and religious

question

Due to the lack of _____, few institutions were willing to replicate the Penn. system of complete solitary confinement.

answer

profit

question

The Auburn model introduced a _____ style of inmate management.

answer

quasi-militaristic

question

Auburn's first keeper, Elam Lynds, viewed all prisoners as ______.

answer

cowards who needed their spirits to be broken before they could be reformed.

question

Lynds, the warden at Auburn, regarded ______ as the most humane of all punishments because it did no injury to the prisoner's health.

answer

Flogging

question

The utopian vision of the American penitentiary began to crumble by the 1850s. Few traces of the rehabilitation philosophy remained and a ______ dominated institutionalization.

answer

custodial philosophy

question

The interior cellblocks and congregate workshops at Elmira were modeled after the ______.

answer

Auburn model

question

_____ was not expected to be self-supporting financially, because the administration argued that the use of labor with the inmates was primarily a form of training.

answer

Elmira Reformatory

question

About __% of the inmates at Elmire were beaten twice a week with a leather strap that had been soaked in water.

answer

30

question

Under this system of prison labor, used primarily in the south, private contractors paid state governments for the use of inmates, taking them away from the institution and forcing them to work on plantations, levees, and railroads.

answer

leasing system

question

Under this system of prison labor, used mainly in the industrial North, inmates remained incarcerated in the institution while manufacturing goods to be sold on the open market.

answer

contract system

question

Under this system of prison labor, furniture, clothing, food, and license plates are manufactured by inmates inside the prison, but these goods are only used for government agencies and are not sold on the open market.

answer

state use system

question

A common theme in the writings of Foucault, Ignatieff, and Rothman is that to understand the development of prisons, we must ___________.

answer

look beyond the basic notion that penal reform resulted from humanitarian social movements.

question

In his Essay on Crimes and Punishments, published in 1764, Beccaria condemned ____.

answer

All of the above - arbitrary penalties, the death penalty, and the use of torture

question

In the movie A Clockwork Orange, the character Alex is given drugs which _____.

answer

Cause him to feel nauseous when he is exposed to violence

question

In order to achieve the greatest deterrent effect, Bentham suggested the use of _____ to create in citizens fear of punishment.

answer

Actors and theatre managers

question

Walker refers to tough in crime proposals based on deterrence research as a crime-control ________, since deterrence is accepted as an article of faith rather than being supported by empirical facts.

answer

theology

question

Deterrence models fail to account for all but the following elements of crime.

answer

risks

question

In their 2002 report, Langan and Levin of the BJS found that _____% of prisoners released from state prisons in 1994 committed at least one serious new offense within 3 years.

answer

67

question

In Langan and Levin's report, their finding was an increase of ______% from 1983 to 1994.

answer

5

question

The textbook argues that it is actually ______ more than crime that serves as a unifying force and creates social cohesion.

answer

punishment

question

Which is the best description of the mood and atmosphere of the gathering of people outside Raiford Prison in Starke, Florida just before Ted Bundy's execution?

answer

a tailgate party

question

The nation gravitated towards the political right in the 1980's. This paved the way for the _________ model of imprisonment.

answer

just deserts

question

________ is the objective of the just deserts model of imprisonment.

answer

Retribution

question

The just deserts model ________.

answer

does not attempt to reduce criminality.

question

J. Edgar Hoover referred to academic researchers who focus on the external factors of crime as _____.

answer

cream-puff criminologists

question

Lombroso was greatly influenced by _________.

answer

Darwin's writings on evolution

question

Lombroso's term for those who did not possess any outward pathological traits, but still engaged in crime.

answer

criminaloids

question

By the end of his career, Lombroso went beyond the evolutionary perspectvie and began to look at ________ factors that explained criminal behavior.

answer

social

question

Enrico Ferri argued that human behavior was controlled by _______ factors.

answer

external

question

The theories of Ferri and Garofalo can be interpreted as being supportive of _____.

answer

fascism

question

___________ is based on the principle of crime prevention since offenders are physically prevented from committing crimes while incarcerated.

answer

incapacitation

question

Selective incapacitation relies on multivariate methods of analysis, making it more _________ than gross incapacitation because it strives toward a scientifically informed method of prediction.

answer

positivistic

question

Selective incapacitation of high risk offenders _________.

answer

All of the above - assumes criminal careers are longer than than the sentence imposed; assumes that criminals are specialists; imposes longer sentences on some offenders and short sentences on others for precisely the same crime.

question

The use of __________ as a prediction criterion in the use of selective incapacitation is problematic because it discriminates on the basis of social class.

answer

unemployment

question

Prediction based programs are fallible. The term _________ is used to refer to those offenders who are predicted to commit future crimes but do not.

answer

false positives

question

Selective incapacitation and prediction based strategies remain biased in that they focus exclusively on __________.

answer

street crime

question

Although he was sane when he was convicted of murdering a Florida police officer and sentenced to death, ________ developed paranoid schizophrenia while awaiting his execution.

answer

Alvin Ford

question

Which of the following is a problem with using castration in lieu of imprisonment for sex offenders?

answer

All of the above - Castration lowers but does not eliminate an individuals sex drive; Castration does not address the role of anger in the commission of sex crimes. It may in fact exacerbate it.; Castration leaves sex offenders in the community which may jeopardize public safety.

question

When researchers evaluating rehabilitation programs find that they are ineffective, there is a possibility that

answer

All of the above - the program may in fact be ineffective; the program as it is designed is effective, but it may be administered in a faulty way; the evaluation methods and research are flawed to such an extent that they cannot accurately determine whether the problem is an ineffective program or ineffective administration

question

Conservative retributionist Ernest van den Haag makes the point that

answer

All of the above - rehabilitation can only affect criminals after their first conviction; even if rehabilitation was completely effective, it would make no difference in the portion of the crime rate that is composed of first offenses; he criminal justice system should emphasize punishment to deter future crimes.

question

________ can be so potent that eventually the accused internalizes the stigma, proceeding toward a self-fulfilling prophecy that enhances one's chances of failure.

answer

Labeling

question

Even early positivists such as Lombroso expressed reservations about long term effectiveness of individual based treatment unless _________.

answer

they were coupled with sustained social and economic reforms

question

As an alternative perspective on crime, criminal justice, and corrections, __________ sets out to understand in greater depth the social context in which the individual is situated.

answer

radicalism

question

Radical criminologists view lawbreaking and punishment as stemming from ___________.

answer

structured inequality along lines of political, economic, and racial disparities in American society

question

Critical, or radical, criminology is shaped by the work of _____.

answer

A and B - Bonger and Marx

question

Members of the underclass, what Marx termed the ____________ go their entire lives without any genuine economic opportunity and often resort to street crime.

answer

lumpenproletariat

question

According to critical criminology, criminal justice makes sense only in the larger context of social _____.

answer

justice

question

Which perspective of crime uses the term surplus labor pool?

answer

critical

question

Chiricos and Bales discovered that when compared with employed whites convicted of drug crimes, employed African-Americans were _____ times more likely to be incarcerated.

answer

5.9

question

According to __________, the criminal justice system is geared more to control offenses committed by members of the working class and underclass than those of the middle and upper class whose crimes are more subject to regulatory inspection.

answer

radical and critical criminology

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