Contemporary Sport Management 5th Edition Chapters 12-20 – Flashcards
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branding
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the process of using a name, design, symbol, or any combination of the three to help differentiate a sport product from the competition
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external factors
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factors outside of a sport organization that affect the sport marketing climate
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internal factors
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factors inside a sport organization that affect the sport marketing climate
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marketing mix
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the elements of product, price, place, and promotion which sport marketers manipulate to achieve marketing goals and objectives
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marketing plans
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comprehensive strategic frameworks for identifying and achieving a sport organization's marketing goals and objectives
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marketing research
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the systematic process of obtaining, analyzing, and interpreting data or information to evaluate and improve marketing practices
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market segmentation
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the process of identifying smaller and viable clusters of sport consumers who may exhibit similar wants, needs, and interests regarding sport
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place
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the comprehensive manner in which sport is distributed to consumers
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product life cycle
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the lifespan stages of a sport product include introductions, growth, maturity, and decline
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promotions mix
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the collection of integrated activities that seek to communicate, inform, and ultimately persuade consumers to participate in the sport consumption activity, experience, or event
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sport marketing
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the process of designing and implementing activities for the production, pricing, promotion, and distribution of a sport product or sport business product to satisfy the needs of desires of consumers and to achieve the company's objectives
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sport sponsorship
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the acquisition of rights to affiliate or associate with a sport product or sporting event in order to device benefits from the affliction or association
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SWOT analysis
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a management technique available to sport marketers to help them assess the strengths and weaknesses of an organization and the opportunities and threats that it faces
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aspirational reference group
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a group to which an individual wishes to belong
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cognitive dissonance
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feelings of anxiety or doubt that can occur after an important decision has been made
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diversion
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a distraction from a course or activity
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eustress
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positive levels of arousal provided to sport spectators
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extrinsic rewards
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rewards given to a person by someone else
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intrinsic rewards
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rewards received by a person from the experience itself
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market segment
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a portion of the population that is distinctive in terms of its needs, characteristics, or behavior
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need recognition
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perception of a difference between a desired state and the actual situation; the first stage of the decision-making process
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situational influence
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the influence arising from factors that are particular to a specific time and place and are independent of individual customers' characteristics
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target market
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market segment or segments identified as the focus of an organization's marketing efforts
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community relations
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often focuses on the promotion of charitable initiatives affiliated with the sport organization and the development of opportunities for face-to-face contact with sport organization stake holders
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effects
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varied results of communication in regard to its effect on audience members and society in general
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electronic communication
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communication by electronic media, including sports broadcasting on television
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new media
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communication through nontraditional media platforms, most of them internet based and ranging from traditional websites to mobile applications to e-commerce systems
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one-way model of public relations
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a communication model focusing exclusively on the flow of information from the sport organization to its public
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print communication
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communication through printed publications, including sport sections in newspapers, sport magazines, and sport books
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social media
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web-based applications that enable people to share content such as information, opinions, and experiences
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sport communication
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a process by which people in sport, in a sport setting, or through a sport endeavor share symbols as they create meaning through interaction
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sport public relations
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a managerial communication-based function designed to identify a sport organization's key publics, evaluate its relationships with those publics, and foster desirable relationships between the sport organization and those key publics
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strategic sport communication model (SSCM)
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a model depicting the dynamics of communication and the various settings in which communication occurs in sport
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two-way model of public relations
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a communication model focusing on communication give and take between a sport organization and its key publics
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demand
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the relationship between the price of a product and the amount of the product that consumers are willing to buy
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economic interaction
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the exchange of one product of value for another product of value
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law of demand
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consumers will demand less of a product as its price increases and more of a product as its price falls
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law of supply
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suppliers will increase production as the price of the product increases and decrease production as the price falls
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market equilibrium
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the price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied
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market shortage
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a price at which the quantity demanded of a product is greater than the quantity supplied
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market surplus
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a price at which the quantity supplied of a product is greater than the quantity demanded
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scarcity
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the basic economic problem facing all institutions, including sport. A sport product is considered scarce if people want more of the product than is freely available for consumption
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sport economic impact studies
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analyses of how expenditures on sport teams, events, or facilities economically affect a specific geographic region
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supply
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the relationship between the price of a product and the amount of the product that suppliers are willing to produce and sell
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Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
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legislation that protects people with disabilities from discrimination. Specific to sport facilities, the law states that managers must provide "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities
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boilerplate
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generic document that uses standard language and a fill-in-the-blank format to outline expectations between parties
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booking
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securing and contracting one specific sport or entertainment
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cost analysis
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a systematic process used to provide an estimation of the revenues and expenses of an event
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documentation
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detailed records that describe the event
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in-house
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services provided by the facility staff
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privatization
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moving the management of facilities from the public sector to private companies or organizations
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settlement
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reconciling the expenses and revenues of an event and dividing the profits according to a contracted arrangement
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split
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a prearranged negotiated percentage used to divide various sources of revenue between the promoter and the facility
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work order
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a detailed document that illustrates all requirements of the event
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common law
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the body of law derived from the judgements and decrees of the courts rather than those laws created by legislatures
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constituencies
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any people influenced by a particular decision
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due process
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as it is embodied in the 5th and 14th amendments to the United States Constitution, due process ensures that a law shall not be unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious and that the means selected for enforcing a law shall have a reasonable and substantial relation to the objective sought by the government
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precedent
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a legal case establishing a principle or rule that a court may need to adopt when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts
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proximate cause
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a cause that directly produces an event and without which the event would not have occurred
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restatements
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secondary legal research sources that seek to estate the legal rules that constitute the common law in a particular areas such as contracts, torts, property, foreign relations, and product liability
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stare decisis
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literally means "to stand by things decided"
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statutes
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enactments made by a legislature and expressed in a formal document
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tort
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a civil wrong or injury for which the law permits a recovery
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empirical
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knowledge based on experimental method and observation versus theory or supposition
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gender roles
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a set of perceived behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females, in a given social group or system
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heterosexism
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an ideology and a behavior that promote privilege for dominant groups
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homophobia
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an irrational fear, a contempt or an antipathy toward homosexuals and and homosexuality
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race logic
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an attributional pattern of athletic success in which Black athletes' successes are attributed to natural athletic abilities and genetic advantage and White athletes' achievements are attributed to discipline, intelligence, and hard work
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role learning
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a social process by which children learn various roles, such as neighbor, friend, student, sibling, daughter, or son, and the characteristics associated with them
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socialization
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the process by which people learn and develop through social interaction and come to know the environment around them
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sport sociology
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the scientific investigation of relationships, social interactions, and culture that are created, maintained, changed, and contested in and through sport
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stacking
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a disproportionate allocation of athletes to central and non central positions as a function of their race or ethnicity
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Title IX
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federal legislation passed in 1972 that amended the 1964 Civil Rights Act and was designed to prohibit sex discrimination in educational settings
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ambush marketing
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a tactic whereby a company attempts to undermine the sponsorship activities of a rival that owns the legal rights to sponsor an event; intended to create the sense that the ambusher is officially associated with the event
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BALCO (Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative)
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founder Victor Conte and others have been implicated in providing designer performance-enhancing drugs and steroids to MLB players and several Olympic athletes
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blood doping
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the practice of illicitly boosting the number of red blood cells, which transport oxygen, to enhance athletic performance
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CRPD
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United Nations' Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
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EU
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known as the European Union, this is a unique economic and political partnership between 27 democratic European countries
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FIFA
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Federation internationale de football association
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GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
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An agreement negotiated in 1947 among 23 countries, including the United States, to increase international trade by reducing tariffs and other trade barriers
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GGSP (gross global sport product)
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total economic output of the sport industry worldwide
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International Olympic Committee (IOC)
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a non-profit, international, multi-sport federation responsible for the governance of the Olympic Movement and its premier event, the Summer and Winter Olympic Games
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International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
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a non-profit, international, multi-sport federation responsible for the governance of the Paralympic Movement and its premier event, the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games
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NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
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a 1994 agreement reached by the United States, Canada, and Mexico that instituted a schedule for the phasing out of tariffs and eliminated a variety of fees and other hindrances to encourage free trade among the three countries
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position player
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any baseball player other than a pitcher
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Title IX
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A U.S. law mandating equal opportunity for women and men in educational programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance
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Youth Olympic Games (YOG)
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new, elite multi-sport event created by the International Olympic Committee to provide competitive opportunities to youth aged 15 to 18 years old in 28 summer sports and 7 winter sports
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action research
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generating knowledge about a social system while at the same time attempting to change it
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anonymity
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normally, the names of people who participate in research are not revealed in the reporting of the study
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confidentiality
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what individual people say or report in research is not revealed in the reporting of the study
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empirical
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refers to data or the results of a study that can appear in many forms, including numbers, words, or pictures
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pseudoscience
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information that appears to be based on systematic research when it is not
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reliability
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the consistency or dependability of measures of abstract concepts
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research design
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a strategy or plan of action that links the research questions to the choice of research methods and the desired outcomes
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science
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information based on systematic research
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theory
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provide possible explanations for a phenomenon of interest to sport management researchers
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validity
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the degree to which measures capture the meaning of abstract concepts
