Conceptual Chemistry Ch: 1-3 – Flashcards
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Science is:
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The product of observations, common sense, rational thinking, experimentation, and brilliant insights. It is a method for exploring nature and discovering the order within it.
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Which of the following best describes a theory?
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A comprehensive idea that has been extensively tested
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Why is reproducibility such a vital component of science?
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An experiment can only be considered valid if other scientists can reproduce the results.
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Which of the following would not be considered matter?
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Light
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What is basic research?
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Research that does not have useful applications
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Which of the following would be considered basic research?
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Examining why a mouse likes cheddar cheese more than swiss cheese.
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Is chemistry the study of the submicroscopic, the microscopic, or the macroscopic, or all three?
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All of the above because most everything is made of atoms and molecules.
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The wheel of scientific theory
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Ask a Broad Question, learn what is known, make observations, narrow the focus, specific questions, document expectations, perform experiments, confirm results, reflect on findings and communicate with others.
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Chemistry
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is the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo
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Matter
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is anything that has mass and occupies space.
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Basic research
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tells us how atoms combined to form molecules, or how the structures of molecules can be determined
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Applied research
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focuses on the development of useful applications of the knowledge laid down by basic research.
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John Dalton's postulates
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Each element consists of indivisible, minute particles called atoms. Atoms can be neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions all atoms of a given element are identical. Atoms of different elements have different masses.
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Mass of an object
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remains the same no matter where it is located.
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Weight of an object
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is the gravitational force exerted on an object by the most massive nearby body (depends on the location).
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Density
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Mass/Volume. Density is a measure of compactness, of how tightly mass is squeezed into a given volume.
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Energy
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Is the capacity to do work.
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Potential energy
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has the "potential" for doing work
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Kinetic energy
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is the energy of motion.
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absolute zero
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the temperature at which the particles of a substance have absolutely no kinetic energy to give up. -459 F, -273.15 C, 0 K (Kelvin)
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Boyle's Law: Pressure and Volume.
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Inversely related.
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Charles Law: Volume and Temperature
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Positively related.
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Avogadro's Law: Volume and number of particles
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AS the number of gas particles increase, so does the volume (empty plastic bag, blow into it).
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The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Molecular Theory
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The properties of a gas can be described by four interrelated quantities: pressure, volume, temperature, and number of particles. PV=nRT. Shows the relationship of all these quantities in a single equation. Good for predicting gas behavior.
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Elemental formula
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the number of atoms that arrange themselves in a unit of an element.
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How to separate mixture
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Filter paper, boiling points (distillations), centrifuge.
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homogenous mixture
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same composition throughout as judged by an eye
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Heterogenous mixture
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different components can be seen as individual substances.
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Aristotle described the composition and behavior of matter as
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Hot, cold, moist, and dry.
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Lavoiser hypothesized
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an element is any material made of a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into anything else.
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Heat
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is energy that flows from a higher- temperature object to a lower- temperature object.
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Temperature
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is the average amount of energy in a substance, not the total amount of energy.
