Complexity Approaches to Intervention – Flashcards
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FITB Regarding the complexity approach, research indicates that more complex linguistic input promotes greater learning or change on _____ ______ _____ throughout children's phonological systems.
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untreated related targets
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The complexity approach was primarily designed for children with a ____ ____ phonological impairment.
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The complexity approach was primarily designed for children with a moderate-severe phonological impairment.
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Investigations into the efficacy of the complexity approach has focused on children ranging from ____ to ____, averaging around ____.
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Investigations into the efficacy of the complexity approach has focused on children ranging from 2;8 to 7;11, averaging around 4;0.
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The complexity approach is ideal for children missing __ or more sounds, across __ manner classes, and scoring at least __ SD below the norm on the GFTA.
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The complexity approach is ideal for children missing 6 or more sounds, across 3 manner classes, and scoring at least 1 SD below the norm on the GFTA.
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Assessment methods for the complexity approach are appropriate for children who primarily have difficulties with phonological _____, rather than difficulties with phonological ____.
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Assessment methods for the complexity approach are appropriate for children who primarily have difficulties with phonological content, rather than difficulties with phonological frame.
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Difficulties with phonological content would refer to something like...
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limited phonetic inventory
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Difficulties with phonological frame would refer to something like...
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limited word length or stress pattern inventory (I would add here, limited syllable/word shape)
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Assessment for a complexity approach warrants both adequate ____ ____ of all segments across word positions, and a comprehensive independent ____ ____.
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Assessment for a complexity approach warrants both adequate speech sampling of all segments across word positions, and a comprehensive independent phonological analysis.
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Selection of a complex target for intervention should/may be derived from the examination of what three areas?
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Productive Phonological Knowledge, Sonority, & Stimulability
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The text mentions 2 word lists that can be used to conduct independant phonological analysis, they are:
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Phonological Knowledge Protocol Onset Cluster Probe
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In regards to productive phonological knowledge (PPK), Gierut (1985) proposed that children can have __ types of PPK, ranging on a continuum from most knowledge to least knowledge. Ranking children along this continuum is an important step in the selection of ___ ___.
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In regards to productive phonological knowledge (PPK), Gierut (1985) proposed that children can have 6 types of PPK, ranging on a continuum from most knowledge to least knowledge. Ranking children along this continuum is an important step in the selection of complex targets.
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An alternative approach to examining a childs PPK of consonant clusters relies upon analyzing the speech sound errors in the context of _______________.
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An alternative approach to examining a childs PPK of consonant clusters relies upon analyzing speech sound errors in the context of the sonority of clusters.
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The sonority sequencing principle places all phonemes within a scale ranging from ___ to __, with vowels being the most sonorous with a ranking of ___ , with voiceless plosives (the least sonorous) ranking at ___.
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0 to 7...0...7
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Which clusters do not abide by the sonority sequencing principle?
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/s/+stop clusters (i.e. /sp, st, sk/)
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Intervention targeting clusters with ___ sonority difference scores will facilitate greater widespread generalization to other clusters with the same as well as larger sonority difference scores, when compared with targeting clusters with ____ sonority difference scores.
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Intervention targeting clusters with small sonority difference scores will facilitate greater widespread generalization to other clusters with the same as well as larger sonority difference scores, when compared with targeting clusters with large sonority difference scores.
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A child is stimulable for a sound if the sound is produced in ____ or in __ __ __ syllables with at least ___ accuracy after being given auditory and visual cues.
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A child is stimulable for a sound if the sound is produced in isolation or in CV, VCV, VC syllables with at least 20% accuracy after being given auditory and visual cues.
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Stimulability is important to access because it is thought to reflect some degree of ____.
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Stimulability is important to access because it is thought to reflect some degree of PPK.
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Studies on the role of stimulability and intervention progress have suggested that greater widespread change is associated with targeting _____ rather than ____ speech sounds.
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Studies on the role of stimulability and intervention progress have suggested that greater widespread change is associated with targeting nonstimulable rather than stimulable speech sounds.
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The complexity approach draws on three different theoretical perspectives, what are they?
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Linguistics, Complexity, and Learnability Theory
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Within the linguistic theoretical framework, there are two major constructs that are important to the complexity approach, name them.
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Distinctive Features, & Linguistic Universals
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Distinctive Features underlie the concept of a ___ ___ or ___ ___.
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Distinctive Features underlie the concept of a phonological contrast or distinctive opposition.
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Features seem to be hierarchically organized such that some features (and by extension, phonemes) are more or less complex than others. What concept does this describe?
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Markedness
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An _____ ____ is one in which two traits or features are in relationship with one another.
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An implicational law is one in which two traits or features are in relationship with one another.
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Generally, it can be said that the more _____ a trait is, the later it will be acquired.
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Generally, it can be said that the more marked a trait is, the later it will be acquired.
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Within an implicational relationship the existence of a _____ marked feature implies the existence of the _____ marked feature, but not vice versa.
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Within an implicational relationship the existence of a more marked feature implies the existence of the less marked feature, but not vice versa.
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Consider this implicational law: Voiced obstruents imply voiceless obstruents. Judging solely by the structure of the statement, which of these is the more complex class?
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Voiced obstruents... when x implies y, x is (with the exception of phonological processes) the more marked (complex) feature.
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Why is intervention targeting more complex targets thought to facilitate wide spread change in the child's phonological system?
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Because the existence of more complex traits implies the existence of the implicationally related less complex traits through phonological generalization.
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Rescher (1988) provided three perspectives for conceptualizing complexity, what are they?
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The epistemic perspective (descriptors that define a system) The ontological perspective (the parts and hierarchical organization of the parts within a system) The functional perspective (the principles and rules that regulate or govern the working of the system)
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Gierut proposed four general categories of complexity, they are:
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linguistic structure, psycholinguistic structure, articulatory phonetic factors, & conventional clinical factors
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_____ _____ aims to logically and mathematically formulate the possible ways in which a language can be learned from the input from the surrounding speech community.
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Learnability theory aims to logically and mathematically formulate the possible ways in which a language can be learned from the input from the surrounding speech community.
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The majority of investigations have focused on children's production of ____ _____ and ____-____ ____ ____.
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The majority of investigations have focused on children's production of singleton consonants and word initial consonant clusters.
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What is the prerequisite to targeting three-element clusters (i.e. /stɹ, spl/)?
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The client should have phonemic knowledge of a subset of the cluster constituents, ideally the second and third consonants from a three element cluster.
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In terms of word-level complexity effects, ___ ___ and ___ ___ have been shown to facilitate phonological change.
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In terms of word-level complexity effects, word frequency and neighborhood density have been shown to facilitate phonological change.
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Targeting ____-frequency words has been shown to facilitate phonological improvement.
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Targeting high-frequency words has been shown to facilitate phonological improvement.
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Targeting words from ___-density neighborhoods has been shown to inhibit learning, and it is suggested that they be avoided altogether.
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Targeting words from high-density neighborhoods has been shown to inhibit learning, and it is suggested that they be avoided altogether.
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T/F There is a general consensus amongst communication disorder researchers that, in cases where a client's phonological deficits warrants it, the complexity approach to target selection is superior to that of developmental target selection.
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False, In a randomized controlled study, Rvachew & Norwak found evidence contradicting the claims made by the proponents of this methodology.
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T/F It has been found, by proponents of the complexity approach, targeting two maximally distinct sounds (treatment of the empty set) was reported to facilitate greater system-wide changes when compared to targeting one sound in maximal opposition contrast.
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True
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Positive empirical evidence for maximal oppositions and treatment of the empty set collectively suggests three important factors for facilitating change, what are they?
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1) Number of feature differences 2) Nature of feature differences (major class vs non-major class) 3) The relationship of the selected targets to a child's pretreatment grammar (known vs unknown)
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Summarize what targets under the rubric of the complexity approach consist of.
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Targets are consonant or consonant clusters that are linguistically complex, non-stimulable, later developing, consistently in error, and reflect least PPK for the individual client.
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When utilizing ____ ____ ____ , a known consonant is paired with an unknown maximally contrastive consonant.
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In taking a maximal opposition approach to target selection, a known consonant is paired with an unknown maximally contrastive consonant.
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When utilizing ____ ____ ____ , two sounds reflecting least PPK for a child, that are maximally contrastive with respect to to the number of feature differences AND the nature of those differences (major class distinctions).
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When utilizing treatment of the empty set, a known consonant is paired with an unknown maximally contrastive consonant.
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Speaking of major classes, can you name the 3 (or 4 depending on how you count them) major classes?
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[syllabic]* [consonantal] [approximate] [sonorant]
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A complexity based approach to intervention generally utilizes a _____ goal attack strategy.
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sequential
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What does it mean to have a sequential goal attack strategy?
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This means that selected targets are adressed for a period of time until predetermined performance criteria have been met.
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What is the rationale behind utilizing a sequential goal attack strategy?
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This affords the client the with the opportunity for massed practice, which in turn facilitates stabilization of target speech sound production.
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When implementing therapy under the complexity approach, regular collection of ____ _____ data is key, as changes to the phonological system generally is likely to occur before improvement to the target speech sounds.
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When implementing therapy under the complexity approach, regular collection of phonological generalization data is key, as changes to the phonological system generally is likely to occur before improvement to the target speech sounds.
