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Communication age

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age in which communication, technology, and media converge and deeply permeate daily life

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convergence

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the ways in which the many forms of technologically mediated ad face to face communication overlap and intersect in our daily lives

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digital natives

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people for whom digital technologies such a computers, cell phones, video games, and digital cameras, already existed when they were born

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digital immigrants

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people who have adopted and learned digital technologies later in life

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communication

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the collaborative process of using messages to create and participate in social reality

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face to face communication

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referes to situations in which the participants who are physically or bodily present speak directly to one another during the interaction

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mediated communication

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refers to communication or messages that are transmitted through some type of medium, including writing, the telephone, email, text messages, and the many forms of technological and computer mediated interaction

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interpersonal communication

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communication with or between persons who approach one another as individuals in a relationship

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small group communication

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communication among the members of a small group of people working together to achieve a common goal or purpose; three or more people working together interdependently for the purpose of accomplishing a task

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public communication

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situations in which a person delivers a message to an audience that is unified by some common interest

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mass communication

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messages transmitted by electronic and print media to large audiences that are distant and undifferentiated

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transmission metaphor

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the communication model that describes communication as a linear, one way transfer of information in which a source sends a message through a channel or a medium to a receiver in an environment of noise that serves as interference with effective transmission of the message

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interaction metaphor

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the communication model that describes communication as a two way process of reciprocal action, involving feedback and fields of experience

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feedback

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a receiver's response to a sender's message

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fields of experience

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the attitudes, perceptions, and backgrounds each person brings to the process of communication

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transaction metaphor

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the communication model that describes communication as a process in which participants, who are simultaneous senders and receivers, exchange meanings and influence their relationship.

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social construction metaphor

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the communication model that stresses that communication shapes and creates the larger social realities in which people operate

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communication competence

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the ability to communicate in a personally effective yet socially appropriate manner

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ethics

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a code of conduct based on respect for yourself, others, and your surroundings

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connecting

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the power of communication to link and relate us to people, groups, communities, social institutions, and cultures

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engaging

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the act of sharing in the activities of the group; in other words, participating

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communication activism

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direct energetic action in support of needed social change for individuals, groups, organizations, and communities

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avatar

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a digital representation of self

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cognitive complexity

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the degree to which a person's system of interpersonal constructs are numerous, abstract, organized, and capable of handling contradictions

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generalized other

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the viewpoint of the entire society, including its values, rules, roles, and attitudes

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interpretation

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the process of giving meaning to information

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looking glass self

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the notion that the self arises from interpersonal interactions in which a person views himself or herself through the eyes of other people

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perception

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the process of wing aware of an understanding the world

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possible selves

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visions of what a person might become,what he or she would like to become, and what he or she is afraid of becoming

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proteus effect

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the phenomenon in which the appliance of an avatar leads to behavioral changes in its user

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prototypes

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a person's image of the best example of a particular category of message, person, or social situation

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relational self

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a process of constantly changing and developing aspects of self as a result of togetherness with others

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saturated self

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an identity infused with the numerous, and sometimes incompatible, views of others

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schemas

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mental structures developed from past experiences that help people respond to stimuli in the future

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scripts

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organized sequences of action that define a well known situation

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selective attention

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the process of concentrating on one part of the environment while not paying attention to the rest

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selective exposure

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the process of exposing oneself only to beliefs, values, and ideas that are similar to one's own

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selective exposure theory

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the theory that individuals prefer messages that support their own positions to messages supporting other positions

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selective memory

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the process of retaining and recalling certain bits of information from pst interactions, while forgetting the rest

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selective perception

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the process in which individuals filter what they see and hear to make it suit their own needs, biases, or expectations

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self concept

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a persons genreal perception of who she or he is

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self esteem

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the component of self concept that refers to an individual's mental picture of him or herself

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standpoint theory

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the theory that a persons point of view arises from the social groups to which he or she belongs and influences how he or she socially constructs

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self image

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the component of self concept that refers to an individual's mental picture of him or herself

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stereotypes

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generalizations made to an entire group of people of situations on the basis of the observed traits of one or few members of the group

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symbolic interactionism

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the framework that positions communication as the primary means by which people internalize and use social values to guide how they see themselves, how they see others, and how they interact

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interpersonal constructs

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bipolar dimensions of judgement used to size up people or social situations

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analog code

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a system of representations based on likeness or similarity

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connotative meaning

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informal meanings associated with feelings and personal experiences

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constitutive rules

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stipulations for what messages and behaviors count as and how they should be interpreted

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content

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the actual information contained in a spoken or written message

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cooperative principle

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the expectation that people will use messages that are appropriate and meet the demands of the type or nature of the conversation at hand

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coordinated management of meaning

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the theory focusing on how communicators move through eight levels of interpretation to coordinate their actions with one another and to make and manage meanings

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coordination

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the establishment of rules that help guide people through interactions

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denotative meaning

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formal and public word meanings often described as dictionary definitions

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digital code

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people who have adopted and learned digital technologies later in life

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episode

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a broad communication situation created by conversational partners

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inclusive language

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expressions and words that are broad enough to include all people and, avoid expressions and words that exclude particular groups

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language

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a system of words represented by symbols, used for a common purpose by a group of people

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linguistic relativity hypothesis

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the idea that language creates and shapes social reality

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message design logic

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distinct ways of thinking about communication situations, choosing which thoughts to express, and deciding how to express them in order to achieve goals

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morphemes

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the smallest unit of meaning in a language

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peak communication experience

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individuals' greatest moments of mutual understanding, happiness, and fulfillment in interpersonal communication

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phonemes

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the sound of a language

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polysemy

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multiple meanings associated with a single word or symbol

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referent

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the last point on the triangle of meaning, or actual object to which the word refers

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regulative rules

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rules that guide how individuals respond or behave in interactions

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semantics

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the study of the meaning of words

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speech act

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a specific action like a promise, an apology, or a greeting performed through speech

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symbols

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things that represent or stand for something else

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syntax

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meaning at the level of sentences

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adapters

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gestures we use to release tension

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affect displays

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nonverbal gestures, postures, and facial expressions that communicate emotions

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contact culture

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these cultures are frequent in touching

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contamination

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a type of intrusion in which someone's territory is marked with noise or population

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chronemics

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the study of the ways in which time is used to structure interactions

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deception cues

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things like avoiding eye contact, looking down at the floor, fidgeting, clearing the throat, and using lots of filled pauses like um and er commonly indicate that someone is lying. breaking or being unable to sustain eye gee is commonly believed to indicate deception

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deintensification

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to reduce the intensity of our facial expression of a certain emotion

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emblems

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specific, widely understood meanings in a given culture that may actually substitute for a word or phrase

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emoticons

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a textual expression of emotions that show our feelings in the digital world. the use of :) demonstrates our feelings in text

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environment

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the study of our surroundings; the physical setting of a presentation. the environment can shape the communication interaction

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gestures

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hand movement used to emphasize and reinforce a message

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haptics

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the study of touch

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illustrators

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gestures that complement, enhance, or substitute for the verbal message

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impression management

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the formation of an impression, a perception, or a view of the other

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intensification

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to use an expression that exaggerates how we feel about something

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intimate zone

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reserved for our significant others, family members, and closest friends

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invasion

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an intense and typically permanent intrusion, in which the intention is to take over a given territory

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kinesics

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the study of the body movement

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masking

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to hide an expression connected to a felt emotion and replace it with an expression more appropriate to the situation

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monochronic

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a time orientation that stresses being on time and maintaining a schedule for events

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neutralization

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the process of using facial expression to erase or numb how we really feel

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noncontact culture

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cultures infrequent in touching

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nonverbal communication

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all the ways we communicate without using words. nonverbal communication can include our clothing, physical appearance, gestures, facial and eye expressions, and more

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nonverbal immediacy

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the use of closeness inducing nonverbal behavioral cues

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personal zone

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reserved for personal relationships with casual acquaintances and friends

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physical appearance

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observable traits of the body and its accessories and extension

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physical attractiveness

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a perception of beauty derived from cultures

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polychronic

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a time orientation that places less emphasis on keeping a tight schedule and values greater flexibility

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proxemics

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the study of how we use space and distance to communicate

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public zone

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the distance typical of large, formal, public events

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regulators

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gestures used to control the turn taking in conversations

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social zone

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the distance at which we usually talk to strangers or conduct business

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somatyping

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a system that classifies people according to their body type

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territoriality

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the study of how people use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space

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violation

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the use of or intrusion into primary territory without our permission

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vocalics

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the study of the use of voice to express oneself

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appreciative listening

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listening of pleasure

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bias

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any assumption or attitude about a person, an issue, or a topic that is made before knowing all of the facts; a particular point of view that skews information

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comprehensive listening

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listening to understand and make meaning of a message

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critical listening

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listening to evaluate an argument or stance and develop an opinion based on evidence

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discriminative listening

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listening to understand the different stimuli in the environment in order to process their meanings

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empathic listening

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listening to another person by responding nonjudgementally to his or her physical and or emotional needs

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hearing

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the physical process in which the ear and brain receive sound waves

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HURIER

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a six step listening process of hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding

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listening

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the active process of receiving and understanding spoken or written messages

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listening anxiety

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apprehension associated with receiving messages that triggers the inability to process and interpret incoming information

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listening goal

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the objective a person aims to accomplish by listening in a particular context or situation

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listening tour

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a person's visit to one or more communities made with the specific purpose of listening to the concerns and ideas of those who live within them

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media awareness

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the ability to selectively attend to and evaluate messages in the media

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medium distractions

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characteristics of the channel through which a message is delivered that obstruct the ability to receive messages

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mindfulness

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the ability to remain in the present moment and be fully aware of the speaker, the environment, and the message

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situational distractions

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features of a particular environment, location, or setting that interfere with the ability

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source distractions

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behaviors or mannerisms of the message source or the characteristics of a mediated message that detract from the ability to listen

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androgyny

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a blend of both feminine and masculine traits

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co cultural communication

answer

the interactions amend underrepresented and dominant group members

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collectivist cultures

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cultures where more emphasis is placed on the group rather than the individual to promote group cohesion and loyalty

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cultural competence

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the level of knowledge a person has about others who differ in some way in comparison to self

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cultural rituals

answer

practices, behaviors, celebrations, and traditions common to people, organizations, and institutions

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cultural value dimensions

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the idea o people having particular ways of thinking that developed from the timid of childhood including individualism versus collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity versus femininity, and long term versus short term orientation to time

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culture

answer

the rules of living and functioning in society

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discrimination

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the act of excluding people from or denying them products, rights, and services based on their race, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, sexual orientation, disability

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diversity

answer

a term used to describe the unique differences in people

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economic imperative

answer

countries are becoming more and more independent in shaping a global economy. importing and exporting ware important to countries across the globe

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ethical imperative

answer

guides you in doing what is right versus what is wrong in various communication context

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ethnicity

answer

a social group that may be joined together by factors such as shared history, shared identity, shared geography, or shared culture

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ethnocentrism

answer

evaluating another culture using the standards of one's own culture

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femininity

answer

behaviors associated with being caring or compassionate

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gender

answer

the psychological and emotional characteristics of individuals

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hate speech

answer

general to uncivil discourse phrases, terms, cartoons, and entire campaigns used to humiliate people based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, social class

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heterosexist

answer

a view or an assumption that everyone is heterosexual

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high context cultures

answer

cultures that place emphasis on the total environment or context where interactions occur

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individualistic cultures

answer

cultures where more emphasis is place on individuals rather than groups

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long term time orientation

answer

emphasizes processes for accomplishing tasks not focused on a quick end result. a persistent and focused process is believed to achieve the best outcome

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low context cultures

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the message itself means everything, and its more important to have a well structured argument or a well delivered presentation that it is to be a member of a high status family or to actually be related to the person by blood

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masculinity

answer

behaviors associated with being more assertive or aggressive

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mutual respect

answer

when individuals and groups communicate with the goal of mutual understanding to avoid cultural tensions, misunderstandings, and conflict

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peace imperative

answer

essential in understand the foundations of communication, culture, and diversity. while conflict exists between various cultures, it is a top priority to maintain overall peace

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perception checking

answer

the practice of asking others to get a more informed sense of understanding

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power distance

answer

the perceived equality or inequality felt between people in certain cultural or social contexts

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prejudice

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the dislike or hatred one has toward a particular group

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race

answer

the categorization of people based on physical characteristics such as skin color dimensions of the human face, and hair

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rapport talk

answer

cooperative messages used to establish connection

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report talk

answer

information based messages used to establish status and gain power

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self awareness imperative

answer

encourages communicators to learn about other cultures. not only do you learn about other cultures themselves but by doing so you learn more about your own culture

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short term time orientation

answer

emphasizes efficiency, production, and fat results

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technological imperative

answer

important in todays society as technological advances make the world more easily accessible

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uncertainty avoidance

answer

deals with the way that a culture handles change and accepts uncertainty within social or cultural contexts

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