CJ Realities and Challenges : Ch. 1
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conflict prospective
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view of crime as one outcome of a struggle among different groups competing for resources in their society
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sanctions
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prescribed consequences intended to reinforce peoples conformity to norms
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criminal justice system
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the interdependent actors and agencies -- law enforcement, the courts , the correctional system and victim services -- at the local,state, and federal that deal with the problems of crime
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state courts
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the system in which state crimes are prosecuted; it includes both trial and appellate courts
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federal courts
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the system in which federal crimes are prosecuted consisting of district, appellate,circuit, and US Supreme Courts
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appellate courts
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courts that hear the appeals from trial courts and other lower courts
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corrections
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the systematic organized effort by society to punish offenders, protect the public, and change an offenders behavior
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alternative sentence
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a sentence that is served in a treatment facility or in community service
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Goals of sentencing
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retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, reintegration, and restitution
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probation
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an alternative to jail or prison in which the offender remains in the community under court supervision usually within the caseload of a probation officer
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parole
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an early release from prison conditional on complying with certain standards while free
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victims services
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a range of resources -- such as shelters, transitional housing, counseling, and 24-hour hotlines -- aimed at reducing the suffering and facilitating the recovery of victims, especially those who participate in the criminal justice process
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victim advocate
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a professional who assist the victim during the postvictimization period
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victim impact statement
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a victim written statement, usually in the Presentence Report, about how the experience with the crime affect him or her. Sometimes judges ask victims to read this statement in open court prior to sentencing
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secondary victims
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family and friends of an individual who has been victimized
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elocution
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process in which a victim impact statement is read in open court prior to sentencing
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criminal justice funnel
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the results of decisions by criminal justice professionals, suspects and others. Large number of people get arrested many fewer of whom are prosecuted and imprisoned
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wedding cake model
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an explanations of the workings of the criminal justice system that shows how cases get filtered according to the seriousness of the case. [infractions -> misdemeanor -> felony cases -> serious felonies -> celebrated cases ]
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crime control model
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a model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes the efficient arrest and processing of alleged criminal offenders
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due process model
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a model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of the justice process
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moral panic
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the reaction by a group of people based on exaggerated or false perceptions about crime and criminal behavior
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recidivism
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relapse into criminal activity
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