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The DSM-IV-TR contains all of the following EXCEPT

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a description of how to perform such procedures as trepanning to treat the disorders.

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During the Middle Ages, mental disorders were thought to be caused by

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spirit possession.

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The frequency of ______ personality disorder in women is nearly two to three times greater that in men, leading researchers to believe that hormonal influences, childhood experiences with incest or drug abuse, and a poor mother-infant relationship can cause the disorder.

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borderline

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The term ____ means that the person is unable to distinguish between reality and fantasy and has disturbances in thinking, emotions, and behavior.

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psychotic

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The study of abnormal behavior is called

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psychopathology.

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Anorexia nervosa is a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of _____ percent below expected body weight occurs.

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15

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An irrational and often persistent fear of an object, situation, or activity is called

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a phobia.

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The term that refers to the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which the person with the disorder was nurtured in order to correctly diagnose and treat the disorder is

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cultural relativity.

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_______ is the most commonly diagnosed mood disorder.

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Major depression

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_____ disorders involve a break in consciousness, memory, or a person's sense of identity.

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Dissociative

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Severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external causal factor is called

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major depression.

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In which Axis of the DSM-IV-TR are personality disorders diagnosed?

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Axis II

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There are ___ different categories of recognized types of personality disorders in the DSM-IV-TR.

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three

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_____ is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months.

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Seasonal affective disorder

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A person who finds it difficult to function on a day-to-day basis may be displaying ______ behaviors.

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maladaptive

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The ____ model explains disordered behavior as the result of repressing one's threatening thoughts, memories, and concerns in the unconscious mind.

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psychodynamic

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In the ______ model, abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.

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biopsychosocial

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This is apparent when there is a sudden onset of intense panic in which there can be multiple physical symptoms of stress occurring.

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a panic attack

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_______ is when a person believes that his or her behavior must be perfect or the result will be a total failure.

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All-or-nothing

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The dissociative disorder that occurs when a person travels away from home and then cannot remember the trip or personal information such as identity is

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dissociative fugue.

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The ______ theory explains dissociative disorders as the result of "thought avoidance" to avoid or decrease the pain of guilt, shame, or anxiety produced from disturbing thoughts and experiences.

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cognitive/behavioral

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A man with a paralyzing fear of heights has become unable to go upstairs or ride in an elevator. This is an example of

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subjective discomfort.

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Matthew, a psychology major, is worried that he and his family have the mental disorders he is reading about. Matthew is experiencing

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psychology student's syndrome.

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Maria is a college student and is generally anxious. She can not identify any one thing in particular that is bothersome but feels anxious most of the time. Maria is exhibiting

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free-floating anxiety.

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Bill is extremely vain and winds up steering all conversations towards himself. When evaluating situations, he can only see how they affect him. Bill may have which type of personality disorder?

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narcissistic

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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

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overactivity in the subcortical dopamine areas of the brain

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A woman who had been raped cannot recall the experience itself and also cannot recall anything that happened in the two weeks following the event. She remembers everything leading up to the event. The woman is suffering from

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dissociative amnesia.

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A child who witnessed the death of his mother experiences symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems as late as three years after the event. The child is suffering from

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posttraumatic stress disorder.

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Lois seems to have it all. She has a stable job that pays well with great benefits, she is well-liked and receives promotions, and her company is going strong. She also has a stable family life and is in great physical health. She cannot identify any one thing she is worried about yet she cannot sleep at night because she feels extremely anxious. Lois is suffering from

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free-floating anxiety.

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Scott experiences vast mood swings ranging from depression on one end of the spectrum to episodes when he feels euphoric and has so much energy that he can't sleep. Scott is suffering from

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bipolar disorder.

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_____ disorders involve a break in consciousness, memory, or a person's sense of identity.

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Dissociative

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The current name for what used to be called multiple personality disorder is

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dissociative identity disorder.

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The disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions is a(n) ______ disorder.

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personality

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The _____ assumes a biological sensitivity or vulnerability to a certain disorder will result in the development of the disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress.

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stress-vulnerability model

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The most dominant symptom of a(n) _______ disorder is excessive or unrealistic worrying and fearfulness.

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anxiety

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_______ made the first recorded attempt in history to explain abnormal behavior and mental illness as due to some biological process.

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Hippocrates

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The treatment of choice for spirit possession during the Middle Ages was

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exorcism.

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Trepanning was the surgery that was performed during ancient times in order to release _______ from the brain.

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demons

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The ______ theory explains dissociative disorders as the result of "thought avoidance" to avoid or decrease the pain of guilt, shame, or anxiety produced from disturbing thoughts and experiences.

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cognitive/behavioral

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Behavioral theorists link depression to

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learned helplessness.

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Behaviorists explain disordered behavior as being

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learned through classical or operant conditioning.

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Of the delusions, a delusion of reference best characterizes disordered thinking when an individual with schizophrenia believes

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other people, television characters, and books are speaking directly to them.

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______ symptoms in schizophrenia reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as hallucinations or delusions

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Positive

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_______ psychologists see anxiety disorders as a result of illogical, irrational thought processes.

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Cognitive

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Todd has been struggling with _____ characterized by the intruding thought that his hands are covered in germs. He cannot pursue daily tasks unless he completes a ritualistic routine to wash his hands until he feels clean. These rituals have taken up so much of his time that he rarely manages to finish a task or complete his work at his job.

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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A sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying, is a(n)

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panic attack.

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A woman who cuts herself to relieve anxiety would be suffering from

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maladaptive behavior.

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The ______ theory explains dissociative disorders as the result of "thought avoidance" to avoid or decrease the pain of guilt, shame, or anxiety produced from disturbing thoughts and experiences.

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cognitive/behavioral

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Criteria such as: behavior going against social norms, behavior that causes subjective discomfort, maladaptive behavior that causes an inability to function, and behavior causing a person to be dangerous to self or others are all indications of a(n)

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psychological disorder.

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Symptoms of schizophrenia appear to reflect a decrease of normal functions such as

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display of appropriate emotions and ability to focus.

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Researchers have found a connection between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the onset of ______ in adolescence.

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bipolar disorder

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The number-one diagnosed mental disorder in the United States is

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depression.

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Personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, would be found on which axis of the DSM-IV-TR?

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Axis II

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The biological model proposes that psychological disorders have a _____ or _______ cause.

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biological; medical

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Approximately what percentage of people over the age of 18 suffer from mental disorders in any given year?

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26 percent

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An individual who uses _____ takes one negative event and interprets it as a never-ending pattern of defeat.

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overgeneralization

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One way to measure abnormality is to use ______, which is the social or environmental setting of a person's behavior.

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situational context

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An individual with _______ schizophrenia would display symptoms of bizarre, childish behavior, confused speech, vivid hallucinations, inappropriate or flat affect, and may neglect cleanliness.

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disorganized

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The ______ model of abnormality explains disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia as caused by chemical imbalances, genetic disorders, and brain damage.

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biological

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Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are ailments most often found in Western society, and are therefore called

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culture-bound syndromes.

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Someone who has difficulty forming social relationships, odd and eccentric behavior, and a tendency to hold magical beliefs would most likely be diagnosed with ______ personality disorder.

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schizotypal

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Bulimia nervosa is a condition in which a person develops a cycle of binging on enormous amounts of food and then using inappropriate methods to avoid weight gain. What causes a person to binge when he or she is so worried about weight gain?

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prompts such as an anxious or depressed mood, social stressors, or intense hunger after extreme diet attempts

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_________ results from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems concentrating, and flashbacks for as long as one month following the event.

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Acute stress disorder

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In psychological terms,affect means

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"emotion."

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______, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't really there,are not uncommon in someone diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia.

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Hallucinations

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According to the DSM-IV-TR, diagnosis of a patient thought to have a mental disorder requires looking at

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five separate axes.

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Suggested causes of personality disorders include

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genetics, social relationships, and parenting.

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One of the most researched and well-known personality disorders is known as _____ personality disorder. These individuals are literally "against society."

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antisocial

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In a panic disorder, a person may interpret a racing heart as a heart attack. This form of irrational thinking is

answer

magnification.

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