question

Techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.

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social control

question

Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

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sanctions

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The ultimate formal sanction is the:

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death penalty

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Social control is enforced by 4 areas:

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family, peers, companies, government

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The ____ defines the governmental social control.

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law

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Sanctions can be ____ or _____.

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formal, informal

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Going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior. This term was used by ______.

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conformity, Milgram

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Compliance with higher authorities in hierarchical structure.

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obedience

question

In the ______ Experiment, the experimenter instructed people to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a subject. About 2/3 (65%) fell in the category of "______ subjects". The key to obedience was the experimenter's _____ _____ as a "scientist".

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Milgram, obedient, social role

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In the modern world we view authority as _____ and more ______ than the individual.

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larger, important.

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People use _____ social control casually to enforce norms. ex: smiles, laughter, ridicule

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informal

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_____ social control is carried out by authorized agents. ex: police, employers

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formal

question

Sometimes ______social control can undermine ______social control, encouraging people to violate social norms. ex: peer pressure on binge drinking in college.

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informal, formal

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Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized into _____.

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laws.

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Governmental social control is also known as ____.

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law

question

The legal order reflects the ______ of those in a position to exercise authority.

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values

question

Sociologists see the creation of laws as a _____process. Law is not a static body of rules, but reflects continually changing standards of what is _____ and ______.

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social, right, wrong

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Travis Hirschi came up with the _____theory which suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms.

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control

question

The Control Theory is not always supported. People can think it through. Note the following: 1) People are _____, so they decide whether or not to engage in an act by weighing the potential outcome. 2) deviance can be _______. 3) most people would engage in deviance and crime if they could __ ____ ____ ____. 4) social controls are _______. 5) _______are more prone to deviant behavior.

answer

1) rational 2) rewarding 3) get away with it 4) insufficient 5) adolecents

question

Exhibiting behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. ex: alcoholics, gamblers, mentally ill

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deviance

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Deviance involves the violation of ____norms, which may/may not be formalized into law.

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group

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Deviance is hardly objective or set in stone. It is subject to social definition within a particular _____ and at a particular _____. Deviance is ______. Changes w/ the times, people, etc... Those with greater ______define what is acceptable.

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society, time. relative power

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______deviance is to stand up for people's rights. ex: whistle blower. deviance is not always negative.

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positive.

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Who coined the term "stigma"?

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Goffman

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The labels society uses to devalue member of certain social groups. ex: redheads, short people

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stigma

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______ _______ (cell phones, voicemail, internet) can redefine social interactions and standards of behavior related to them. ex: pirating of music is considered criminal, but not all people ____it that way.

answer

technological innovations. see

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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance: Functionalist Perspective: In _______view, the punishments established within a culture help define acceptable _______and contribute to ______.

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Durkheim's behavior stability

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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance: Functionalist Perspective: Loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. People can become more aggressive or ________.

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anomie depressed

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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance: Functionalist Perspective: Merton's Theory of Deviance. How people adapt in certain ways by conforming to or by deviating from cultural expectations is called: Deviance is a _______created behavior rather than the result of momentary impulses.

answer

anomie theory of deviance socially

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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance: Mertons anomie theory of deviance 5 basic forms of adaption are: 1) ____-adhearing to/following social norms. (opposite of deviance). 2) ____-alternative or illegitimate means to meet goals. 3) ____-rejects material goals of conventional society, but still follows rules. (work is way of life) 4) ____-drops out of convential society.(joins convent/cult) 5) ____-protests against convention. (militia)

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1) Conformist 2) Innovator 3) Ritualist 4) Retreatist 5) Rebel

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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance: Interactionist Perspective: Humans learn how to behave in social situations, whether properly or improperly is called: ______ _______ coined by: ________. ex: one learns criminal behavior by ________with others.

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cultural transmission Sutherland, interacting

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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance: Interactionist Perspective: Process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules is called: coined by: __________. also applies to noncriminal (smoking, truancy).

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differential association, Sutherland

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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance: Interactionist Perspective: Increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions (family, school, church, government) is called: coined by: ________

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social disorganization theory Zimbardo

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Which theory seems to "blame the victim"?

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social disorganization theory

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social disorganization theory: stopping the little things can stop the _______. The ______ _____ theory applies to "run down " neighborhoods and comes from the social disorganization theory.

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escalation Broken Window

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The ______Theory (coined by _____) attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others are not; also known as the ______ ______ ______.

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Labeling, Becker societal-reaction approach

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Response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance is known as the :

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societal-reaction approach

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Deviance is the product of the culture we live in. This is the: _____ _______perspective.

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socialist constructionist

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Socialist constructionists focus specifically on the _____ ______process that creates the deviant identity.

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decision-making

question

People with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their needs is the ______theory. 1) rests on larger structural analysis of inequalities based on ____, _____, & _____. 2) powerful impose labels on less ______. 3) powerful use money/influence to _____punishment.

answer

conflict class, race, & gender powerful escape

question

Crime & Race: Blacks are overrepresented in the : 1) ____ rates 2) ____rates 3) _____population Differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups is called:

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1) arrest 2) conviction 3) prison differential justice

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Feminist Perspective: ____ and _____-Lind argue existing approaches to deviance & crime were developed with only ____in mind. Society tends to treat women in ______fashion (traditional gender roles).

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Adler, Chesney-Lind, men stereotypical

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Feminist Perspective: Cultural views/attitudes toward women influence how they are _____ and _____.

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preceived and labeled.

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Violation of crimial law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties is called:

answer

crime

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List the Index Crimes published by the ____. a) List 4 violent b) list 4 property

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FBI a) murder, rape, robbery, assault b) burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

question

The crime index is disproportionately devoted to ______crimes.

answer

property

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The willing exchange amoung adults of widely desires, but illegal, goods and services is called :

answer

victimless crimes

question

A person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation. Also called:

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professional criminal, or career criminal

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the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activites.

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organized crime

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Illegal acts committed in the course of business activities by respectable people: The use of high technology to allow criminals to carry out crimes. Also called :

answer

white-collar crime, technology-based crime or computer crime.

question

crime that occurs across multiple national borders.

answer

transnational crime.

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Punishment: Goals of Incarceration 1) ______-owes debt to society 2) ______-peoples less inclined to commit crime if they know they'll get caught. 3) ______-keep criminals out of society. 4) ______-prisoners can be taught how to become functional members of society. * Inmates that participate in education are __% less likely to be incarcerated.

answer

1) retribution 2) deterrence 3) protection 4) rehabilitation 23%

question

Alternative Forms of Punishment: 1) ______ ______: death penalty 2) "___ ____" prison. acess to work-out facility, tv, etc... 3) rehabilitation and _________.

answer

1) capital punishment 2) no-frills 3) reintegration

question

____commit more violent crimes and property crimes.

answer

men

question

______crime dominates the world of illegal business just as large corps. dominate conventinal bus. Serves as a means for upward ______ to escape poverty.

answer

organized mobility

question

It is only possible to track crimes that are ______to law enforcement agencies.

answer

reported

question

Surveys of ordinary people, not police officers, to determine whether they have been victims of crimes are called __________surveys.

answer

victimization

question

Violent crimes are much more ______in the u.s. than western europe.

answer

common

question

What percentage of u.s. households have some type to firearm?

answer

42%

question

Sociologist's classify crimes in terms of how they are _______and how society views the _____.

answer

committed, offenses

question

_____people are more likely to commit crimes than older people. ages __-__ most crime prone. Also, _____people are more likely to commit crimes and more likely to be _____.

answer

younger 15-19 poorer, victims

Chpt 7: Deviance & Social Control – Flashcards

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