Che. 8 GEOG 231 – Flashcards
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Specific languages of Germanic
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german, english, dutch, swedish, norwegian, danish, icelandic
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Specific languages of Romance
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italian, french, spanish, portuguese, catalan, romanian
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Specific languages of Slavic (2 alphabets)
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cyrillic, latin
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What are the causes of the economic hard times facing Eastern Europe today?
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privitization, government subsidies disappeared, loss of raw materials, factories collapsed and shut down
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assemblage of small, privately owned farms into large, state owned farms
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collectivization
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Which European country has the highest percentage of people living in poverty?
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Kosovo
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Which European Romance language contains many Slavic words?
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Romanian
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The number of speakers of Romance and Germanic languages in Europe is roughly equal. About how many speakers does each group have?
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200 million
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What is the 1st and 2nd most widely spoken Germanic languages in Europe?
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german, english
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What is the major factor determining whether a particular Slavic language uses the Latin or Cyrillic alphabet?
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religion
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Which European country has been most successful in dealing with its environmental problems?
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Italy
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Where does Europe rank in the world in terms of its environmental sensitivity and its efforts to improve its environment?
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one of the world's greenest
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Which river divides the unglaciated part of the European lowland in the south from the glaciated plains in the north?
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Rhine River
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Which part of Europe is the region's unquestionable focus of intensive agriculture, large cities, and major industrial activities?
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European Lowlands
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Where do immigrant workers in France come from?
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North Africa
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Where do immigrant workers in Germany come from?
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Turkey
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Where do immigrant workers in England come from?
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India, Pakistan, Caribbean, Africa
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Where do immigrant workers in the Netherlands come from?
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Indonesia
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By what other names is the European Lowland known?
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Northern European Plain
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What events/developments have contributed to the low population growth in Europe?
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urbanization, industrialization, contraception
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What is the national growth rate in Europe?
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very slow
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Which country of Europe has the largest population of the region?
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Germany
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What has damaged half of the forests of Poland and 3/4 of the forests of the Czech Republic?
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acid rain
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In which region of Europe are environmental conditions the worst?
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Eastern Europe
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What is the currency of the European Monetary Union?
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euro
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When did the first Eastern European countries join the European Union?
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1991
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What commodities were considered a central part of economic cooperation in western Europe at the end of WWII?
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coal and steel
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What is the agreement that reduced border formalities within the European Union?
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schengen agreement
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What is the agreement that established the European Union?
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Maastricht Treaty
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What are the anchor countries of the European Union?
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germany, france, italy, uk
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What kind of organization is the European Union?
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supranational organization
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In which country of Europe did the industrial revolution start?
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England
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Which former Soviet controlled countries divided after the Cold War?
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Czechoslovakia, yugoslavia
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What events took place after the end of the Cold War?
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Czechoslovakia and yugoslavia divided, germany reunited, soviet union dissolved
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a region to protect Russia from further European invasion
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buffer zone
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physically separated east and west Berlin
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Berlin Wall
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a symbolic barrier separating the former Soviet block and the Western prior
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Iron curtain
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How has globalization changed the landscapes of cities in the former communist countries of Europe?
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shopping malls, skyscrapers
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What three historical eras are represented in European city landscapes?
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medieval, renaissance, industrial
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densely settled; buildings next to streets; green space next to churches and public squares
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medieval
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wider streets, large gardens, monuments, ornate architecture
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renaissance
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urban sprawl developed
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industrial
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Germany's population includes a large number of guest workers from which country of SW Asia and North Africa?
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Turkey
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What is the major reason why people have migrated from east to west Germany?
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fall of berlin wall
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What event has been an important cause of the surge of immigration to european countries such as Germany since the beginning of the 1990s?
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fall of berlin wall and soviet union
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Why have many European countries encouraged immigration of foreign populations into their borders in the recent past?
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low growth, gaps in labor force
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Which country of Europe has a large Muslin migrant population?
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France
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What is the word for a state policy of reclaiming lost lands inhabited by people of the same ethnicity in another state?
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irredentism
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ideological struggle between the United States and former Soviet Union; lasted from 1946-1991 and included Soviet-occupied countries
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Cold War
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Europe was the battleground for which three wars during the 20th century?
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WWI, WWII, cold war
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What does NATO stand for?
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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How many countries does Europe contain?
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41
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What has been an important source of conflict in Northern Ireland
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interfaith boundary
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What is the widespread movement away from the historically prominent organized religions that has occurred in Europe?
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secularization
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Why did the population of Jews in Europe drop from 9.5 million before WWII to less than 2 million today?
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holocause
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Why did Jewish people cluster in the Muslim lands of the Iberian Peninsula around 900 CE?
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Muslims more tolerant
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In what part of Europe is roman Catholicism the dominant religion?
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south to east
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In what part of Europe is Protestantism the dominant religion?
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north
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What difference might you observe between Protestant and Catholic areas of Europe
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catholics have more ornate churches
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What are the 3 climate types of Europe?
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marine west coast, continental, mediterranean
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winter averages above freezing with rain and snow; summers cloudy with drizzle and rain
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marine west coast
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What countries are part of the marine west coast climate in Europe?
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england, ireland, france, belgium, netherlands
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hot summers, cold winters, 1-2 months below freezing; rain good for farming
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Continental
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Where is the continental climate in Europe?
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central Europe
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dry summers, drought possible, irrigation used some
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mediterranean
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What countries are part of the mediterranean climate in Europe?
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iberian, italian, balkan, pelopenesian peninsulas
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What is the approximate population of Europe?
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531 million
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How does Europe compare in size to the US?
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fit in eastern 2/3 of the US
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flooded valleys created by glaciers thousands of years ago (mostly in Norway)
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fjord
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What is Europe's longest river?
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Danube
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In Europe, with what type of feature are the names Rhine, Loire, Thames, Danube, and Elbe associated?
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rivers
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What mountain range in Europe is over 500 miles long and has peaks reaching 15,000 feet?
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Alps
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Which country of Europe experiences the greatest seismic activity, including both earthquakes and volcanic explosions?
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Italy
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What is the one element that helps to understand geographies of climate, vegetation, and agriculture in the Russian domain?
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high latitude
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What is the dominant climate type in the Russian domain?
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continental climate
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Where is the eastern edge of Europe and the western edge of the Russian domain approximately located?
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Ural Mountains
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Why is it called the Russian domain?
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lasting influence of Russia
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Which countries are considered part of the Russian domain?
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russia, ukraine, belarus, georgia, armenia, moldova
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Which body of water in the Russian Domain is the world's largest reserve of freshwater?
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lake baikal
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Which part of the Russian domain has historically provided the most productive agriculture areas of the region?
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ukraine
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What makes Russia distinctive?
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largest land area of any country on earth
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The Caucasus Mountains are between which 2 bodies of water?
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black and caspian sea
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In which region of the Russian domain is permafrost a problem?
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siberia
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Which region of the Russian domain is semi-arid?
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east
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What is the source of the threat to Pacific salmon in the Russian domain?
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South Korean, Canadian, and Russian oil companies drilling where salmon spawn
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Where has the Russian domain dumped its nuclear wastes?
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off novaya-zemlya in barents sea
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Why is the city Chernobyl well known?
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world's largest nuclear disaster
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What kind of pollution has damaged Russia's Lake Baikal?
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pulp and paper factories
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Which country of the Russian domain has the largest population in the region?
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Russia
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By 2050, how much could the Russian population decrease?
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45 million
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What is a characteristic of the demography of Russia today?
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rising death rates in middle aged males
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What has been the pattern of population growth in the Russian domain since the demise of the USSR?
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persistently declining
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the highest population densities in the Russian domain are found in which part of the region?
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western
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Do most people live in rural or urban environments?
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urban
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2 important railroads that helped facilitate eastward movement
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trans-siberian, baikal-amur
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Where does the Trans-siberian railroad begin and end?
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moscow, vladivostok
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Which region of the former soviet union became known as "repository for political dissidents and trouble makers"?
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georgia
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In what region of the Russian domain was the soviet union's Gulag Achipelago located?
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siberia
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Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, what has become of the policy of russification within former soviet republics?
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reversed
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Since the fall of the soviet union, what group of people would be likely to emigrate from the Russian domain?
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mail order brides, jews, well educated people
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Which Soviet leader encouraged eastward movement into siberia?
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stalin
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What was the purpose of Russification?
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increase russian dominance
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In which Union Republic was Russification most intense?
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kazakhstan
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What city is Russia's largest metropolitan area as measured by population?
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moscow
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Where russian cities were carefully planned by the soviets
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city
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What is the shape of the land-use zones in the russian domain?
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circular
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self-contained housing projects of the 70s/80s
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mikroayons
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In what kind of housing do most average Russians live?
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high rise apartment
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faction of Russian communists representing the interests of the industrial workers
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bolsheviks
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Who was the main architect of the Soviet Union?
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lenin
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What did most Russians do for a living in 1917?
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factory workers
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What was the capital of Russia until 1917?
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St. Petersburg
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In the russian domain, what non-christian religion has the greatest number of believers?
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sunni muslims
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What is the current policy toward religion in the russian domain in the post-soviet era?
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religious revival
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What was the policy of the former Soviet Union regarding religion within its borders?
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discouraged, prosecuted
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Approximately what percentage of Russian citizens claim a Russian linguistic identity?
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80
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What is the language of the Volga Tatars of the russian domain?
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turkish
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What language group dominates in the russian domain?
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slavic
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By the early 1900s, high culture citizens of russia emulated which world region?
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western europe
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an art style devoted to the realistic depiction of workers challenging nature or struggling against capitalism
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social realism
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Who were the original founders of Russia?
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warriors from sweden
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The russian empire had its origins as a small principality in the vicinity of which russian city?
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moscow
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Which russian port provides russia with the most rapid access to the pacific ocean?
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vladivostok
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What russian city was known as Leningrad during the soviet era?
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st. petersburg
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In theory, which unique right was given to each of the former USSR's administratively autonomous "union republics"?
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right to secede
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Why did the russian military invade Chechnya in 1994?
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attempted to establish independent state
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What territories have russians refused to return to Japan?
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Kuril islands
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a USSR policy of greater openness during the 1980s that encouraged several Union Republics to demand independence
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glasnot
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planned economic restructuring; an early move to a free market
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perestroika?
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During what period of time did Russia experience "the most abrupt economic contraction within the industrial world since the great depression of the 1930s"?
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1980s
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What happened to the economy in the Russian domain after the demise of the former soviet union?
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steady growth
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What influence did the break up of the soviet union have on the russian mafia?
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allowed to flourish
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What is the primary destination for russian petroleum products?
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Western europe
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Why is development in siberia limited?
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mostly desert, no water
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What countries are Russia's major trading partners?
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britain, germany
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a deal made with the US to convert highly enriched uranium from nuclear weapons to low enriched uranium
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megatons to megawatts
